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UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

'fate  formal  and  fprainjn<|  School 


POTSDAM,  N.  Y. 


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POTSDAM,  N.  Y., 

JElltot  #a\?  &  Sons,  printers, 
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The  increasing  interest  in  the  Professional  Training  of  Teachers  is  a  logi- 
cal sequence  to  the  proposition  which  is  gaining  credence  that  Teaching  is  a 
Science  as  well  as  an  Art.  It  has  taken  half  a  century  to  demonstrate  to  the 
American  schoolmaster  the  correctness  of  this  proposition,  and  even  now  it  is 
questioned  by  teachers  of  high  standing.  With  the  conviction  that  the  State 
Normal  and  Training  School  at  Potsdam,  N.  Y.,  has  made  no  inconsiderable 
contribution  to  Pedagogics,  both  by  its  literature  and  the  living  power  of  its 
graduates,  it  has  seemed  fitting  that  a  permanent  record  of  its  First  Quarter 
Century  should  be  made  in  the  form  of  a  historical  review.  To  this  end  a 
special  effort  has  been  made  to  gather  brief  biographical  sketches  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Local  Board,  of  the  teachers  who  have  been  associated  with  the 
faculty,  and  of  the  alumni  whose  labors  are  a  proof  of  the  right  of  the  Normal 
to  a  place  among  the  professional  schools  of  the  land;  to  those  sketches  there 
has  been  added  such  material  of  a  historical  and  professional  character  as  has 
been  thought  necessary  to  make  the  First  Quarto-Centennial  Book  a  work  of 
value  to  the  friends  of  education,  and  of  interest  to  those  who  have  been  more 
directly  concerned  in  the  development  of  the  School. 

From  the  fact  that  there  have  been  frequent  changes  in  the  management 
of  the  school,  with  attending  changes  in  educational  theory,  and  from  the  fact 
that  no  record  of  the  alumni  had  been  preserved,  it  has  required  no  small 
labor  to  collect  the  desired  material,  and  unavoidable  delays  have  attended 
the  enterprise.  The  editor  regrets  that  he  has  been  unable  to  obtain  res- 
ponses from  all  of  the  alumni,  and  that  time  and  space  do  not  permit  of  a 
more  thorough  and  comprehensive  resume,  for  the  work  wrought  by  the 
alumni  would  constitute  a  volume  replete  with  interest  and  instruction. 

The  failure  to  reach  all  of  the  alumni,'  many  more  of  whom  would  have 
gladly  responded,  is  greatly  regretted.  In  conseqence  of  such  failure  many 
personal  sketches  are  wanting,  and  classmates  will  look  in  vain  for  desired  in- 
formation. The  editor  feels  that  a  longer  delay  would  not  be  excused,  and 
therefore  he  ventures  to  commit  the  work  with  all  its  omissions  and  defects  to 
the  kindly  judgment  of  those  who  will  read  between  its  pages  a  labor  or  love. 

The  recent  literature  on  the  school  system  of  New  York  is  so  full  and 
detailed  that  it  has  not  seemed  desirable  to  attempt  a  history  of  the  Normal 
Schools,  or  even  to  give  a  condensed  resume  of  the  work  done  by  the  other 
Normal  Schools  of  the  State,  but  rather  to  emphasize  the  distinctive  work 
of  the  Potsdam  School. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  arrangement  of  the  biographical  sketches  by  classes 
will  be  especially  satisfactory  to  classmates,  and  that  the  "Index  of  Persons," 
at  the  close  of  the  volume,  will  meet  all  other  purposes  of  reference. 


I  151559 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2013 


http://archive.org/details/firstquartocenteOOstat 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

URBANA 


CO 


<$A  priendl^  O^ofd  for  §>f.  baWrer\(e  <^Academ^. 
— ««^&— m— 

By  Geo.  H.  Sweet,  her  Last  Principal. 

Something  more  than  three-fourths  of  a  century  ago, 
when  this  present  prosperous  village  of  Potsdam  was  in  its 
very  infancy — a  mere  hamlet — St.  Lawrence  Academy  was 
established  and  incorporated  and,  with  a  small  endow- 
ment in  comparatively  valueless  real  estate,  opened  her 
doors  as  a  higher  institution  of  learning,  having  in  view 
the  prospective  demands  of  this  then  undeveloped  section 
of  country  for  higher  educational  facilities.  This  now 
time  honored  and  warmly  cherished  institution  embarked 
upon  her  noble  mission  on  a  bright  September  morn  in 
1816,  with  no  flourish  of  trumpets,  in  an  unpretentious,  one 
story,  one  room,  five  hundred  dollar  wooden  building, 
erected  for  the  purpose  on  what  was  then  known  as  Ray- 
mond street.  One  solitary  teacher  wTas  there  as  faculty 
and  guiding  star  ol  that  new  born  enterprise.  But  he,  with 
this  embryonic  venture  and  hardly  divining  the  great  fu- 
ture before  it,  was  surrounded  and  energetically  sustained 
in  his  lonely  trust  with  a  score  of  philanthropic,  broad 
minded  pioneers,  through  whose  liberality  and  efforts  St. 
Lawrence  Academy  had  become  a  possibility.  If  I  mistake 
not  these  men,  whose  forethought  conceived  this  grand  old 
institution,  whose  manly  courage  was  strong  enough  to 
successfully  carry  it  through  its  early  struggles  and  vicis- 
situdes, have  passed  on  to  their  reward.  Still  it  is  a  mat- 
ter of  great  compensating  satisfaction  for  us  to  know  that 
nearly  all  of  them  lived  to  see  St.  Lawrence  Academy  vic- 
toriously stem  the  tempestuous  current  of  adversity,  con- 
sequent upon   these   primeval  times,  and  securely  anchor 


Potsdam  Normal  School. 


herself  upon  that  commanding  pedestal  of  success  and 
fame  which  made  her  the  well  deserved  idol  of  Northern 
and  Eastern  New  York — the  educational  Mecca  at  whose 
shrines  of  lore  the  best  minds  of  those  days  devotedly 
drank  and  counseled,  in  fact  the  equal,  yea  peer  of  the  best 
Academies  in  the  Empire  State. 

Starting-  from  such  humble  beginning,  but  surcharged 
with  the  true  spirit  of  broad  and  progressive  education, 
St.  Lawrence  Academy  soon  got  a  strong  hold  upon  the 
people  and  so  grew  in  public  estimation  and  patronage 
that  the  plain  Academy  building  on  Raymond  street  was 
wholly  inadequate  and  ten  years  after  its  erection  a  sub- 
stantial stone  structure  was  built,  and  in  1836-7  still  another 
stone  building  was  put  up  to  meet  the  growing  demands 
of  this  Academy.  These  two  last  named  Academy  build- 
ings were  located  upon  and  occupied  a  part  of  the  beauti- 
ful grounds  across  the  park — one  upon  Main  and  the  other 
upon  Elm  street — on  which  the  State  Normal  School  build- 
ing now  stands.  They  were  both  taken  down  in  1867  to 
give  place  lor  the  present  modern  and  commodious 
structure. 

The  early  history  of  St.  Lawrence  Academy  and  St. 
Lawrence  County  are  closely  interwoven.  The  sons  and 
daughters  of  all  classes,  seeking  an  academic  education  in 
those  days,  rounded  up  school  life  in  St.  Lawrence  Acad- 
emy. The  ties  between  the  Academy  and  people  were 
very  strong,  friendly,  intimate. 

Taking  her  existence  as  a  whole,  St.  Lawrence  Academy 
admittedly  took  the  center  position  in  the  front  rank  of 
Academies  in  this  section,  and  was  an  authority  on  education- 
al matters.  She  called  a  class  of  students  of  mature  years 
from  near  and  far,  who  were  looking  for  the  best  and  most 
representative  Academy,  the  Academy  offering  the  largest 
advantages,  the  best  instruction,  the  highest  character. 
Her  halcyon  days  cover  no  inconsiderable  part  of  her  ex- 
istence. All  who  knew  her  point  with  justifiable  pride  to 
the   high    water   mark  reached  by  her  in  many,  very  many 


67.  Lazvrence  Academy. 


continuous  years  of  her  existence.  To  be  sure  the  financial 
struggles  of  the  Academy  at  times  were  severe;  but  with 
determined  friends  ever  to  her  aid,  with  merit  and  worthi- 
ness ever  at  her  mast-head,  she  always  successfully  sur- 
mounted them.  St.  Lawrence  Academy  was  not  founded 
in  abundance  and  luxury.  Her  course  was  rugged,  her 
career  had  to  be  cut  through  hard,  flinty  rock.  Her  fame 
was  self-made,  self-won.  In  the  open  field  of  Academic 
strife  she  manfully  entered  the  lists  and  scored  a  brilliant 
victory,  relying  solely  upon  her  superior  work,  her  clean 
cut,  high,  moral,  scholastic  standing.  Genuine  merit,  born 
of  intelligently  directed  grit,  was  emblazoned  upon  her 
banner,  and  with  this  for  her  battle-cry  no  barrier  seemed 
insurmountable,  no  achievment  too  high,  no  goal  too  dis- 
tant to  zealously  strive  for. 

Potsdam  proved  good  soil  in  which  to  plant  a  higher  in- 
stitution of  learning  thus  early  in  the  century.  Its  geo- 
graphical situation  was  admirable  and  the  natural  intelli- 
gence of  her  people  caused  the  importance  of  such  an 
Academy  to  be  fully  understood  and  appreciated.  This 
Academy  was  also  remarkably  fortunate  in  the  uniformly 
high  order  of  its  students,  also  in  the  main,  intelligence 
and  wisdom  characterized  her  management.  With  spare- 
ing  exceptions  those  in  control  were  live,  scholarly  men, 
with  marked  aoility  for  educational  work.  Such  names 
as  Asa  Brainerd,  Elijah  W.  Plumbe,  William  H.  Parker, 
come  down  the  corridor  of  time,  not  simply  as  good  men 
and  good  citizens,  but  as  brainy  educators,  successful 
managers,  rarely  equalled  in  their  day.  As  a  rule  the 
instruction  and  general  unwavering  aim  of  this  Academy 
were  progressive  in  the  fullest  sense.  Among  the  first 
academies  to  arrange  and  adopt  courses  of  study  was  St. 
Lawrence.  The  earlier  suggestions  about  teachers'  classes 
and  special  instruction  lor  teachers  are  credited  to  St. 
Lawrence  Academy.  The  strong  growth  and  popularity 
indeed,  are  attributable  in  no  slight  degree  to  the  educa- 
tional resources  and  forethought  of  those   who,  from  time 


Potsdam  Normal  School. 


to  time,  were  at  the  helm.  For  certainly  progressive  no- 
tions, new  and  improved  ideas  give  life  and  zest  to  schools 
as  well  as  other  commendable  undertakings.  Truly  may 
it  be  said  that  the  successful  history  of  St.  Lawrence 
Academy  rested  upon  the  primary  foundation  of  cause 
and  effect.  Its  success  was  by  no  means  accidental,  but 
was  due  to  its  fortunate  location,  the  hearty  co-operation 
of  the  people  and  its  meritorious  work. 

"By  their  fruits  ye  shall  know  them"  was  the  standard 
named  by  Christ  in  His  sermon  on  the  Mount.  Measured 
by  its  fruits  St.  Lawrence  Academy  shines  in  most  resplend- 
ent rays.  Her  students,  living  and  dead,  scattered  broad- 
cast over  this  fair  land,  are  potential  monuments  of  her 
utility  and  her  noble  work.  During  her  short  but  brilliant 
existence  of  but  little  more  than  half  a  century  thousands 
of  young  men  and  women  drank  from  her  scholastic  foun- 
tain and  laid  the  structural  foundations,  true  and  plumb,  of 
lives,  to  be  useful  and  successful  in  nearly  all  the  avenues 
and  callings  of  life.  Possibly  none  of  her  students  ever 
reached  in  after  life  the  highest  round  on  the  ladder  of  dis- 
tinction and  preferment ;  possibly  no  one  can  be  singled 
out  as  the  most  dazzling  star  of  his  day  in  the  firmament  of 
statesmanship,  law,  journalism,  pulpit  or  the  commercial 
world,  but  countless  is  the  number  who  turn  with  respect 
and  devotion  to  St.  Lawrence  Academy  as  their  Alma 
Mater,  who  have  rilled  and  still  are  rilling  all  these  vocations 
with  conceded  ability  and  most  enviable  success.  If  the 
long  roll  of  registered  scholars  of  this  grand  old  Academy 
could  be  called  on  this  anniversary  occasion,  before  this 
banquet  of  learning,  although  twenty-five  years  have  fled 
since  her  doors  were  closed,  what  enthusiasm,  what  local 
pride  would  be  awakened,  what  glorious  remembrances 
would  well  up,  as  the  roll  books,  covered  with  names,  his- 
toric and  well-known,  because  of  honored  and  honorable 
lives,  were  opened  afresh  to  our  view.  To  snatch  an  occa- 
sional name  from  the  long  roll  of  honor  of  St.  Lawrence 
Academy's   sons   and   daughters   would  pass  the  bounds  of 


St.  Lawrouc  Academy. 


time  generously  accorded  me  as  the  last  Principal  of  this 
Academy,  by  this  educational  gathering-,  for  a  reminiscent 
word  in  regard  to  this  old  institution,  which  was  supplanted 
twenty-five  years  ago  by  the  Potsdam  State  Normal 
School,  whose  students,  alumni,  teachers,  principals  many 
of  you  are  or  have  been,  and  as  such  this  day  are  celebrating 
the  first  quarter  century  milestone  of  its  successful  existence. 
It  must  suffice  on  this  occasion  to  say  generally  that  there 
is  hardly  a  county  or  town  in  this  magnificent  State,  hardly 
a  State  in  this  matchless  Commonwealth,  where  the  student 
of  St.  Lawrence  Academy  has  not  been  heard  or  felt; 
where,  alas!  after  at  least  local  name  had  been  honorably 
won  in  life's  glorious  battles,  silent  words  upon  the  granite 
tablet,  in  the  city  of  the  dead,  speak  tenderly  and  lovingly 
of  his  noble  life.  Suffice  it  to  record  that  St.  Lawrence 
Academy  marshals  among  her  fruits,  her  out-put,  a  gratify- 
ingly  large  number  of  full  average,  self-made,  self-reliant, 
stalwart  men  and  women,  well  equipped  to  adorn  any  of 
the  professions  and  creditably  perform  any  of  life's  call- 
ings. Her  galaxy  of  names  is  clearly  discernable  upon  the 
boundless  scroll  of  men  and  women  whose  lives  have  made 
mankind  better;  and  I  feel  certain  that  many,  yea,  legions 
of  her  sons  and  daughters,  who  have  entered  the  higher 
portals,  performed  life's  tasks  so  well,  that  ere  this  they 
have  heard  the  welcome  plaudit,  "Well  done,  good  and 
faithful  servants,"  the  highest  encomium,  from  the  highest 
authority,  awaiting  mankind. 

Students,  graduates  and  teachers  of  the  Potsdam  Normal, 
I  am  happy  to  say  that  your  lines  were  cast  in  more  aus- 
picious times  than  existed  for  the  student  of  St.  Lawrence 
Academy  fifty  or  seventy-five  years  ago. 

A  magnificent  school  building,  with  all  modern  school 
appliances,  a  large  array  of  the  best  up-to-date  instructors 
—the  vast  resources  of  the  great  State  of  New  York  at  its 
back — bless  your  school  days.  You  enjoy  the  conspicuous 
advantages  offered  by  the  Potsdam  Normal,  conceded  the 
first  in  the  Normal  school  system  of  the  State. 


Potsdam  Normal  School. 


As  a  representative  of  the  interests  and  memories  of  St. 
Lawrence  Academy  on  this  Quarter  Centennial  Normal 
School  Anniversary,  will  you  kindly  permit  me  to  leave 
two  thoughts  with  you. 

First,  St.  Lawrence  Academy  paved  the  way  and  made 
it  possible  for  Potsdam  to  secure  this  Normal  School.  May 
1  add  my  own  individual  conviction,  that  it  would  never 
have  been  located  in  this  village  had  it  not  been  for  the 
healthy,  wide-spread  reputation  which  Potsdam  enjoyed 
as  an  educational  center  through  and  on  account  of  the 
well  known  and  efficient  educational  work  of  St.  Lawrence 
Academy.  It  was  my  good  fortune  to  be  connected  either 
as  teacher  or  principal  with  St.  Lawrence  Academy  dur- 
ing the  last  few  years  of  its  existence.  Vividly  do  I  recall 
the  desperate  struggles  of  various  localities  in  1866-7  for  the 
one  of  the  six  Normal  Schools  to  be  located  in  Northern 
New  York.  The  several  contesting  localities,  as  well  as 
Potsdam,  promptly  met  and  pledged  all  money  require- 
ments demanded  by  the  State,  and  no  stone  was  left  un- 
turned by  any  of  them  to  secure  it.  At  this  time  the  civil 
war  had  closed  and  young  men  had  returned  to  school  in 
vast  numbers.  St  Lawrence  Academy  was  filled  to  over- 
flowing with  an  unusually  mature  class  of  students.  Her 
success  was  then  phenomenal  and  the  old  Academy  was 
manfully  sustaining  its  old-time  record  as  one  of  the  largest 
in  the  State.  Her  lustre  was  still  undimned,  her  good 
name  unsullied  and  prominently  before  the  educational 
world.  This  educational  halo,  this  reputation  for  culture 
which  St.  Lawrence  Academy  had  won  for  Potsdam,  were 
peculiarly  fortunate  in  that  crisis  and  strikingly  useful  to 
supplement  Potsdam's  herculean  efforts  to  Turn  the  scales 
in  favor  of  this  locality  and  give  this  village  the  Normal 
School. 

Second,  St.  Lawrence  Academy  is  not  dead  but  sleepeth. 
There  legally  rests  in  her  bosom  an  improbable  contin- 
gency that  must  not  be  lost  sight  of,  for  these  dormant 
rights  may  some  day  resurrect  and  rehabilitate  her.      This 


St.  Lawrence  Academy. 


is  not  probable  but  possible.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  however, 
the  State  of  New  York  has  not  the  absolute  ownership  of 
this  great  Normal  School  plant.  It  has  only  a  life  lease  of 
this  vast  school  property.  It  is  the  State's  only  while  used 
by  her  as  a  Normal  School  to  instruct  teachers.  The  fee 
simple,  the  underlying  title,  is  still  vested  in  St.  Lawrence 
Academy.  Should  the  State  of  New  York  ever  abandon 
or  give  up  this  Normal  School,  which  I  sincerely  trust 
may  never  be  the  case,  that  moment  the  State  forfeits  its 
rights,  and  this  Normal  School  property  reverts  to  St. 
Lawrence  Academy.  The  terms  of  the  transfer,  drawn  by 
the  thoughtful  pen  of  Judge  Charles  O.  Tappan,  do  not 
convey  absolute  title.  Therefore,  students,  graduates, 
teachers,  ex-teachers  of  the  Potsdam  Normal,  have  you 
not  most  potent  reasons,  on  this  your  quarter  century  cele- 
bration, not  only  to  admire  the  achievements  of  St.  Law- 
rence Academy,  but  also  to  extend  to  her  some  reverential 
consideration  as  the  progenitor  of  your  Alma  Mater,  the 
Potsdam  State  Normal — possessing  as  she  does  bed  rock, 
not  forfeited,  not  forfeitable  rights,  with  dormant  plenary 
powers  I  propose,  and  I  am  sure  you  will  all  heartily  join 
me  in  inscribing  the  following  sentiment  to  her  cherished 
memory: 
St.  Lawrence  Academy — the  best  of  her  day — the 

WORTHY    FORERUNNER   OF     THE     POTSDAM    STATE    NoRMAL 

School. 
Reouiescat  in  Honore. 


fplje  J^oiYnal  Idea. 


A  brief  reference  to  the  growth  of  what  may  be  called 
the  "Normal  Idea"  seems  an  appropriate  introduction  to 
the  History  of  the  First  Quarter-Century  of  the  Potsdam 
Normal  School. 

Differences  in  conception  of  the  final  cause  of  education 
have  occasioned  the  differences  in  the  agencies  employed 
to  effect  its  realization.  If  the  aim  of  education  be  the  pos- 
session of  subject-matter,  the  Normal  idea  would  date  its 
birth  from  the  inception  of  the  first  school,  but  if  the  pur- 
pose of  education  be  the  inculcation  of  habit  and  the 
awakening  of  taste,  if  intellection  be  subordinate  to  emo- 
tion, there  follows  quite  a  different  conception  of  the 
teacher's  work.  It  seems  to  the  writer  that  the  necessity 
of  training  schools  for  teachers  was  an  outgrowth  of  the 
religious  and  educational  awakening  which  characterized 
the  Reformation.  "  Since  the  greatest  evil  in  every  place 
is  the  lack  of  teachers  *  *  *  we  must  take  the  trouble  to 
educate  them  and  prepare  them,"  was  the  thought  of  the 
German  reformer. 

Whoever  was  the  originator  of  the  training  school  idea, 
it  did  not  take  definite  form  until  the  last  quarter  of  the 
17th  century,  when,  at  Lyons,  under  Demia  (1675)  and  at 
Rheims  under  LaSalle  (1684)  were  established  the  first 
Normal  Schools  as  they  are  known  to-day. 

The  Growth  of  the  Normal  Idea  in  America. 

It  would  be  a  matter  of  interest  to  note  the  great  changes 
that  have  been  wrought  in  the  school  curriculum  within  a 
century.  The  first  reading  book  prepared  for  our  schools 
was  Webster's  "Third  Part,"  1 785.  Geography  was  intro- 
duced in  1786,  and  History  much  later;  but  even  more  im- 


Professional  Training.  t3 


portant  changes  have  been  effected  in  the  conception  of 
the  end  of  education. 

In  the  Massachusetts  Magazine,  1789,  is  found  evidence 
of  the  beginning  of  the  Normal  school  idea  in  America. 
The  article  has  two  fundamental  motives,  primarily  "to 
lessen  every  unnecessary  expense,"  and  secondly,  to  qualify 
''for  the  office  of  school-keeping  *  *  *  and  to  teach  these 
branches  with  ease  and  propriety." 

It  is  difficult  to  determine  just  how  much  the  Lancaster- 
ian  or  Monitorial  system,  introduced  into  this  country  in 
1 8 10,  had  to  do  with  the  Normal  Idea,  but  its  advocates 
were  enthusiastic  in  its  commendation  and  profuse  in  its 
praise.  Gov.  DeWitt  Clinton,  one  of  the  foremost  of 
American  educators,  said  (18 10),  "I  consider  the  system  as 
creating  a  new  area  in  education,  a  blessing  sent  down  from 
Heaven,"  "a  wonderful  combination  of  economy  in  expense 
and  rapidity  of  instruction."  "I  am  desirous  that  all  our  com- 
mon schools  should  be  supplied  with  teachers  of  this  de- 
scription." There  is  probably  an  historic  connection  be- 
tween this  system  and  the  Normal,  but  the  motive  of  the 
system  and  its  conception  of  education  are  quite  distinct 
from  the  Normal,  hence  it  seems  to  me  that  this  new  idea 
was  first  conceived  by  Prof.  Olmstead,  (later  of  Yale  Col- 
lege) who  in  1 8 16  set  forth  an  argument  for  a  "Seminary  for 
School-Masters,"  to  which  students  were  to  be  admitted 
after  "an  approved  examination"  and  in  which  "pupils 
were  to  study  and  recite  whatever  they  were  themselves 
afterward  to  teach,  for  the  purpose  of  learning  *  *  the 
best  modes  of  teaching."  In  this  article  he  shows  the 
necessity  for  advanced  scholarship  as  well  as  for  "instruc- 
tion in  the  organization  and  government  of  a  school." 

In  1823,  at  Concord,  Vt.,  Mr.  Samuel  R.  Hall  established 
a  school  for  training  teachers,  and  published  "Lectures  on 
School-Keeping,"  which  contain  advanced  views  regarding 
the  profession.  In  Vol.  V.  of  Barnard's  Journal  will  be 
found  a  brief  account  of  these  lectures.  At  about  the 
same    date  Mr.  James  G.  Carter   urged  the  establishment 


Potsdam  Normal  School. 


of  a  Normal  School  in  Massachusetts,  embracing  the  three 
characteristics  of  our  best  current  Normal  Schools,  viz: 
I.  Scholarship.  2.  Theory  of  Teaching.  3.  Practice  Schools. 
His  contributions  to  educational  literature  and  his  labors 
in  the  halls  of  the  Legislature,  entitle  him  to  great  distinc- 
tion as  a  promoter  of  professional  training  of  teachers. 

A  number  of  articles  by  various  educators  which  ap- 
peared within  a  few  years  show  that  the  idea  of  special 
preparation  of  teaching  was  taking  a  strong  hold  upon  the 
American  mind. 

The  rapid  progress  of  the  Normal  idea   in   America,  is 
worthy  of  especial  mention  when  contrasted  with  the  slow 
development   of   the    same   idea    in    the    Old   World.      In 
less  than  a    quarter  of   a  century  after    the  first  agitation 
of  the  question  in  this  country,  the  first   Normal  school  in 
America  was    opened    in    1839  at  Lexington,  Mass.,  (now 
Framingham,  Mass.)  with   Mr.  Cyrus   Peirce,  the   "Arnold 
of  America,"  at  the  head.     Without  doubt    the   establish- 
ment   of    professional    schools    in    Europe,    especially    the 
Prussian    system,   had    much  to    do  with  accelerating  the 
work  in   America,  but  great  credit  should  be  given  these 
early    pioneers    who    with    feeble    beginnings,    and    with 
meager    appointments,    were    able   to    give    such    impetus 
to  the   work  in  the  New  World,    for  the    evidence   seems 
conclusive     that     the    originators    of    the     movement     in 
America,  Mr.    Olmstead   (1816),  Mr.   Hall  (1823),  Mr.  Gal- 
laudet   (1825),    and    others,  conceived    the  idea  from  their 
own  observations   of    the  needs  of  their  schools.     In  1834 
Rev.    Charles    Brooks   (Hingham,  Mass.)   after    thorough- 
ly acquainting  himself  with  the  Prussian  system,  "resolved 
to  do    something  about  State  Normal  Schools."     To  the 
untiring  labors  of  this  man,  more   than  any  other  agency, 
is    probably    due    the  particular    form    of    Normal    school 
training  in  this  country,  viz:  "that  the  true  function  of  the 
Normal  school  consists  in  pedagogical  instruction." 

It  should  not  be  forgotten  that  the  first  educational  jour- 
nal in  the  English  language,  the  "American  Journal  of  Ed- 


Professional   Training.  1 5 


ucation,"  was  published  in  Boston  in  1826,  Mr.  William  C. 
Woodbridge,  editor.  In  1836  Mr.  J.  Orville  Taylor  edited 
the  "Common  School  Assistant"  in  New  York;  in  1837 
Horace  Mann  started  the  "Massachusetts  Common  School 
Journal,"  and  Dr.  Henry  Barnard  began  his  famous  "Jour- 
nal" the  year  following.  The  faith  of  these  men  in  the  per- 
manency of  our  institutions  and  the  future  development  of 
our  schools  was  almost  prophetic.  No  mind  can  com- 
pute the  indebtedness  of  American  schools  and  American 
institutions  to  the  influence  of  these  leaders  in  educational 
matters. 

A  summary  of  the  growth  of  the  Normal  Idea  in  America 
will  show  the  following  stages : 

1.  That  academic  scholarship  is  the  sole  test  of  teaching 
qualifications. 

2.  That  more  extended  scholarship,  including  mastery  of 
the  principles  or  science  of  education,  is  needed. 

3.  In  addition  to  the  foregoing  there  must  be  actual  prac- 
tice under  competent  supervision. 

4.  That  child-mind  must  be  studied,  and  tests  must  be 
made  to  determine  the  aptitudes  and  tastes  of  children. 

5.  That  professional  training  is  as  applicable  to  higher 
institutions  as  to  secondary  and  primary  grades. 

6.  That  pedagogics  should  be  studied  experientially 
with  laboratory  methods. 

Professional  Training  of  Teachers  in  the 
Empire  State. 

In  his  annual  message  in  1827,  Governor  DeWitt  Clinton 
called  the  attention  of  the  Legislature  to  the  necessity  of 
trained  teachers.  He  says:  "With  a  full  admission  of  the 
merits  of  several  who  now  officiate  in  that  capacity,  still  it 
must  be  conceded  that  the  information  of  the  instructors 
of  our  common  schools  does  not  extend  beyond  rudimental 
education;  that  our  expanding  population  requires  constant 
accessories   to    their    numbers;  and    that    to    realize    these 


Potsdam  Normal  School. 


views,  it  is  necessary  that  some  new  plan  for  obtaining  able 
teachers  be  devised.  I  therefore  recommend  a  seminary  for 
the  education  of  teachers."  In  his  message  the  following 
year,  1827,  he  emphasizes  his  position  and  recommends  the 
establishment  of  a  school  in  each  county  for  the  special 
training  of  teachers.  As  a  result  of  the  awakening  of  pub- 
lic sentiment,  the  Legislature  appropriated  $150,000  "to 
promote  the  education  of  teachers." 

In  the  report  of  the  Regents  made  to  the  State  Legisla- 
ture, February  29,  1832,  Simeon  Dewitt,  Chancellor,  are 
found  these  words  in  regard  to  St.  Lawrence  Academy: 

"By  a  reference  to  the  abstract  it  will  appear  that  St. 
Lawrence  Academy,  at  Potsdam,  St.  Lawrence  County, 
has  sent  out  during  the  last  year  (1831)  eighty  teachers  of 
common  schools,  and  that  part  of  the  study  consists  of 
lectures  upon  the  principles  of  teaching.  The  superiority 
which  St.  Lawrence  Academy  has  acquired  in  this  respect 
is  to  be  ascribed  altogether  to  the  new  branch  of  instruc- 
tion introduced  into  it."  (Page  n.)  And  in  the  report  of 
January  8,  1835:  "In  the  neighborhood  of  St.  Lawrence 
Academy  the  school  districts  are  almost  entirely  supplied 
with  teachers  educated  at  that  institution,  and  so  beneficial 
has  been  the  effect  of  introducing  into  the  schools  a  better 
class  of  instructors,  and  more  efficient  plans  of  instruc- 
tion, that  the  compensation  of  teachers  is  already,  on 
an  average,  from  thirty  to  forty  dollars  per  annum  more 
than  it  was  before  the  Academy  had  established  a  depart- 
ment for  training  them."  (Page  84.)  From  schedule  11 
of  the  report  of  the  Regents  for  February  29,  1836:  "In 
order  to  give  character  to  their  efforts  to  prepare  teachers, 
the  trustees  employed  three  graduates  for  three  years; 
*  *  *  they  now  supply  gratuitously  the  greater  part 
of  the  text  books  used  in  this  department.  ::"  "::"  *  One 
evening  a  week  has  been  devoted  to  a  public  discussion 
of  questions  connected  with  the  theory  and  practice  of 
teaching."  At  one  of  these  meetings  one  of  the  scholars 
reports    that  "seven    years    ago    (1828)    he    attended    this 


Professional  Training 


school  one  quarter,"  (the  first  term  that  special  efforts  were 
made  in  behalf  of  teachers)  "and  that  he  had  since  taught 
rising  800  different  children,  of  whom  he  had  kept  a  list, 
and  that  more  than  80  of  them  had  since,  to  his  knowledge, 
been  employed  as  teachers  in  district  schools."  (Page  97.) 
From  this  evidence  it  appears  that  St.  Lawrence  Academy 
enjoys  the  distinguished  honor  ol  being  the  pioneer  in  the 
professional  training  of  teachers  in  the  Empire  State. 

Teachers'  Classes. 

In  May,  1834,  a  statute  was  enacted  authorizing  the 
Regents  to  spend  a  portion  of  the  literature  fund  for  the 
special  education  of  teachers,  and  a  special  appropriation 
of  $500  was  made  to  one  Academy  in  each  Senatorial  dis- 
trict for  books  and  apparatus,  and  $400  was  paid  for  special 
instructor  of  teachers.  The  first  classes  in  these  Academies 
were  opened  in  the  fall  of  1835.  This  was  the  beginning 
of  the  Teachers'  Classes  in  the  Academies  of  the  State. 

The  supervision  of  Teachers'  Classes  was  transferred  to 
the  Department  of  Public  Instruction  bv  Chapter  137  of 
the  Laws  of  1889,  and  the  report  of  the  Supervisor  of 
Teachers'  Training  Classes,  as  they  are  now  designated, 
for  the  school  year  ending  July  31,  1894,  shows  a  total 
registration  of  3653  pupils  in  227  training  classes,  and  the 
amount  paid  for  their  maintenance  $48,840.00. 

Teachers'  Institutes. 

In  April,  1834,  the  first  Teachers'  Institute  was  held  at 
Ithaca,  with  a  registration  of  twenty-eight  teachers,  the 
session  continuing  two  weeks. 

The  report   for  Teachers'   Institutes  held    for  the  year 
ending  July    31,  1894,  shows  that   there  were  one  hundred 
and  eleven  Institutes  held  with    15,607   teachers  in  attend- 
ance, at  the  total  cost  to  the  State  ot  $35,222.74. 
Q.  C.  H.  2. 


1 8  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

State  Normal  Schools. 

Hon.  Calvin  T.  Hulburd,  Member  of  Assembly  from  St. 
Lawrence  Co.,  introduced  a  bill  in  the  State  Legislature 
(1843)  i°  consequence  of  which  the  first  State  Normal  School 
in  the  Empire  State  was  opened  at  Albany  in  1844,  which 
school  was  changed  in  March,  1890,  to  "The  New  York 
State  Normal  College." 

The  second  school  was  opened  at  Oswego  in  1861,  as  the 
exponent  of  a  new  idea,  giving  emphasis  to  work  in  the 
Schools  of  Practice,  thus  making  these  schools  emphatically 
Training  Schools.  All  of  the  Normal  and  Training  Schools 
of  the  State  follow  substantially  the  course  adopted  by  the 
Oswego  school.  Ten  such  schools  have  been  established 
besides  the  Normal  College  and  the  school  at  Jamaica,  L.  I., 
for  which  provision  was  made  during  the  last  session  of 
the  State  Legislature.  These  schools  have  real  estate  val- 
ued at  one  and  one  half  million  dollars  and  furniture  and 
apparatus  valued  at  two  hundred  thousand  dollars  more. 
The  last  report  for  the  year  ending  July  31,  1894,  shows 
a  total  registration  of  4,000  Normal  pupils,  and  a  total  gradu- 
ation of  603.  The  State  has  paid  for  the  maintenance  of 
these  schools  nearly  one  quarter  million  dollars.  In  addi- 
tion to  these  eleven  schools  the  city  of  New  York  supports 
a  Normal  College  for  the  preparation  of  teachers  for  its  own 
schools,  which  College  was  opened  in  1870.  During  some 
portion  of  the  year  ending  July  31st,  1894,  there  were  em- 
ployed in  the  public  schools  32,929  teachers,  of  whom 
27,833  were  women  and  5,096  were  men.  Of  these  teachers 
3,177  were  Normal  graduates.  It  is  gratifying  to  know 
that  of  the  twenty  million  dollars  expended  by  the  State 
for  her  public  schools  twelve  millions  were  paid  for  teach- 
ers' salaries. 

That  the  trend  of  public  thought  in  the  State  is  in  the 
direction  of  demanding  trained  teachers  in  all  our  public 
schools,  is  evidenced  by  the  demands  made  in  qualifications 
of  teachers  and  the  multiplication  of  educational  institu- 
tions.     The    fathers    planned    wisely  in  their  provision  for 


Professional   Training.  1 9 


the  professional  training  of  teachers.  No  one  would  claim 
for  their  early  scheme  clearness  or  comprehension  of  edu- 
cational problems.  They  looked  for  academic  scholarship 
rather  than  for  skill  in  imparting  instruction  and  know- 
ledge of  soul  development.  But  they  inspired  public  con- 
fidence in  the  work  of  the  public  schools,  and  in  the  science 
of  pedagogics.  Their  children  make  larger  demands  for 
schools,  generous  provision  for  their  support,  and  accept 
the  proposition  that  academic  scholarship  is  not  the  sole 
test  of  teaching  qualifications.  Technical  training  is  as 
much  demanded  for  teaching  as  it  is  for  any  of  the  other 
so-called  professions.  All  honor  to  those  who  inaugurated 
the  school  system  of  the  Empire  State  ;  all  honor  to  those 
who  have  sustained  and  enlarged  its  scope,  and  all  honor 
to  those  wrho  have  persistently  advocated  the  claims  and 
the  rights  of  the  profession. 


^ 


jpl?£  potsdam  State  formal  and  ^prainin^  School. 


At  the  close  of  the  Rebellion  the  thought  of  the  people 
was  again  turned  to  the  internal  welfare  of  the  Common- 
wealth. The  influence  of  free  schools  upon  the  army  of 
the  north  had  been  demonstrated,  and  the  school  policy  of 
the  north  had  been  vindicated.  That  the  efficiency  of  the 
schools  might  be  increased,  better  supervision  and  instruc- 
tion were  demanded,  which  called  for  better  qualified  in- 
structors. 

Upon  recommendation  of  Victor  M.  Rice,  Superintend- 
ent of  Public  Instruction,  April  7,  1866,  the  Legislature 
passed  Chapter  466,  Laws  of  1866,  naming  the  Governor, 
Lieut.-Governor,  the  Secretary  of  State,  the  Comptroller, 
the  State  Treasurer,  the  Attorney  General  and  the  Super- 
intendent of  Public  Instruction  as  a  committee  "to  receive 
proposals  in  writing  in  regard  to  the  establishment  of 
Normal  and  Training  schools  for  the  education  and  discip- 
line of  teachers  for  the  common  schools  of  the  State,  from 
the  board  of  supervisors  of  any  county,  from  the  corpo- 
rate authorities  of  any  city  or  village,  from  the  board  of 
trustees  of  any  college  or  academy,  and  from  one  or  more 
individuals."  The  act  provided  for  the  appointment  by  the 
State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  of  a  Local 
Board  which  should  have  the  immediate  supervision  and 
management  of  the  school. 

General  E,  A.  Merritt,  who  was  a  member  of  the  staff  of 
Governor  Fenton,  and  who  had  assisted  Superintendent 
Rice  in  securing  the  passage  of  the  Normal  School  bill, 
foreseeing  the  advantage  which  must  accrue  to  any  commu- 
nity from  the  establishment  of  such  a  school  in  its  midst, 
suggested  to  the  Board  of  St.  Lawrence  Academy  the  de- 
sirability  of   their  securing   for   Potsdam   one   of   the   four 


Early  History.  21 


Normal  Schools  proposed  in  the  bill.  His  labors  seconded 
by  his  zeal  were  constant  and  unremitting  until  the  end 
sought  was  attained. 

St.  Lawrence  Academy,  located  at  Potsdam  for  half 
a  century,  had  sustained  its  reputation  for  broad  and  gen- 
erous scholarship,  and  had  been  one  of  the  first  academies 
to  respond  to  the  demand  for  teachers'  classes  in  1835,  the 
first  experiment  of  its  kind  in  the  Empire  State,  if  not  on 
the  continent.  From  its  organization  in  1816  it  had  edu- 
cated large  numbers  of  teachers  for  the  common  schools, 
and  its  prosperous  condition  under  the  efficient  manage- 
ment of  Principal  Geo.  H.  Sweet,  A.  M.,  at  the  time  of  the 
visit  of  inspection  by  the  committee,  contributed  not  a 
little  to  the  decision  in  favor  of  Potsdam. 

Early  in  1866  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  academy  passed 
a  resolution  tendering  to  the  State  Normal  School  Com- 
mission the  grounds,  buildings,  library  and  apparatus  be- 
longing to  that  institution  for  the  use  of  a  Normal  school, 
should  it  be  located  at  Potsdam. 

Among  the  most  active  promoters  of  this  enterprise 
special  mention  should  be  made  of  Mr.  Henry  Watkins 
and  Charles  O.  Tappan,  Esq.,  who  were  afterwards  made 
President  and  Secretary  respectively  of  the  original  Local 
Board.  These  gentlemen  caused  petitions  to  be  circulated 
in  the  various  townships  of  the  county,  to  awaken  interest 
and  to  secure  sufficient  pledges  for  sums  to  meet  the  con- 
ditions named  by  the  Normal  School  Commission,  which 
conditions  required  that  $72,000  should  be  raised  in  addi- 
tion to  grounds  and  buildings  donated.  At  a  special 
meeting  of  the  Board  of  Supervisors,  held  June  19,  1866, 
$10,000  were  pledged  for  establishing  the  Normal  School 
at  Potsdam,  which  sum  was  raised  to  $25,000011  November 
19  following,  and  on  December  19  of  the  same  year  the 
village  corporation  voted  the  generous  sum  of  $35,000  in 
addition  to  $12,000  previously  pledged,  which  completed 
the  amount  necessary  to  determine  the  location  of  the 
school.     On  the    29th  of   November,  1867  a   contract  was 


22  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

entered  into  for  the  construction  ot  the  building,  the  corner 
stone  of  which  was  laid  with  imposing-  ceremonies  June  24, 
1868. 

Local  Board. 

The  original  Local  Board  as  appointed  by  Superintendent 
Victor  M.  Rice,  August  10,  1867,  consisted  of  nine  mem- 
bers, as  follows:  Henry  Watkins,  A.  M.,  President,  deceased 
March  29,  1891  ;  Charles  ().  Tappan,  A.  M.,  Secretary 
resigned  January  23,  1879,  to  take  "his  position  as  Judge  of 
the  Supreme  Court,  deceased  August  20,  1895  ;  Jesse  Rey- 
nolds, M.  D.,  Treasurer;  Pres.  Ebenezer  Fisher,  D.  D.,  St. 
Lawrence  University,  Canton,  deceased  February  21,  1879; 
Principal  John  I.  Gilbert,  A.  M.,  Franklin  Institute,  Malone; 
Principal  R.  G.  Pettibone,  A.  M.,  Ogclensburg  Academy,  re- 
signed July  3,  '90,  because  of  removal  from  State;  Mr.  Noble 
S.  Elderkin,  deceased  December  31,  1875;  A.  W.  Deming, 
resigned  August  14,  1873;  Abraham  X.  Parker,  Esq.,  re- 
signed  January  12,  1882,  to  assume  duties  of  Congressman. 

In  the  selection  of  representative  men  for  the  board, 
great  care  was  exercised  to  place  the  school  in  the  charge 
of  gentlemen  whose  official  positions  or  professional  duties 
made  them  familiar  with  the  practical  workings  of  a  school. 
It  was  thought  expedient  that  various  portions  of  the 
county  should  be  represented,  and  that  the  most  prominent 
schools  in  Northern  York  should  have  a  voice  in  fixing 
the  policy  of  the  new  school  in  which  their  graduates 
would  naturally  seek  their  professional  training,  and  to 
which  they  would  naturally  look  for  a  portion  at  least  of 
their  own  teaching  force. 

The  board  are  fortunate  in  having  still  in  their  counsels 
two  of  the  original  members,  Dr.  Jesse  Reynolds,  and  Hon. 
John  I.  Gilbert.  The  following  changes  have  occurred  in 
the  board:  Gen.  E.  A.  Merritt,  LL.  D.,  at  date  President 
of  the  board,  was  appointed  August  14,  1873.  William  H. 
Wallace,  appointed  December  31,  1875,  resigned  May  C, 
1878.      Hon.  George  Z.  Erwin,  A.   M.,  appointed   January 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

URBANA 


President  Watkins. 


Local  Board.  23 


23,  1878,  Treasurer,  deceased  January  16,  1894.  William  A. 
Poste,  A.  M.,  appointed  May  6,  1878,  resigned  July  3,  1890. 
Absalom  G.  Gaines,  D.  D.,  appointed  June  4,  1879. 
Hon.  J.  G.  Mclntyre,  A.  M.,  present  Secretary,  appointed 
January  12,  1882.  Geo.  H.  Sweet,  A.  M.,  present  Treasurer, 
appointed  July  1,  1890.  William  R.  Weed,  appointed 
July  3,  1890.  Hon.  John  A.  Vance,  appointed  July  1,  1891. 
Thomas  Spratt,  Esq.,  appointed  January  24,  1894. 

Few  persons  are  aware  of  the  amount  of  unseen  work 
done  by  the  Local  Board  of  the  Normal  School.  These 
gentlemen  not  only  were  active  in  establishing  the  school, 
but  are  its  constant  guardians,  giving  thoughtful  oversight 
to  its  management  and  well-being.  Without  remuneration, 
save  the  consciousness  of  faithful  discharge  of  public  trust, 
these  men  guard  with  zealous  care  the  interests  centered 
in  this  institution  for  professional  training.  It  is  fitting  that 
the  undergraduates  and  the  alumni,  as  well  as  the  public 
should  know  something  of  their  preparation  and  fitness 
for  this  important  trust. 

Henry  Watkins,  A.  M.,  the  first  President  of  the  Local 
Board  was  born  in  Rutland,  Vt.,  in  October,  18 19.  He 
graduated  from  Middlebury  College  and  came  to  Potsdam 
in  1842.  For  several  years  he  was  professor  of  Mathematics 
in  the  St.  Lawrence  Academy.  From  1847  until  his  death 
— March  29,  1 891 — he  was  engaged  in  business. 

When  the  movement  was  started  to  secure  the  location 
of  the  normal  school  in  Potsdam,  Mr.  Watkins  entered  in- 
to it  with  all  his  energy.  He  was  active  in  all  the  plans 
connected  with  the  building  of  this  institution  and  was 
familiar  with  all  details  of  its  management.  He  was  per- 
sonally acquainted  with  every  graduate  to  the  time  of  his 
death. 

Hon.  Charles  O.  Tappan,  the  first  Secretary  was  born 
in  Addison,  Vt.,  April  17,  1831.  He  began  the  study  of 
Law  in  1851  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  July  4,  1853, 
when   he   became   a  resident  of  Potsdam.     In  1861  he  was 


24  Potsdam  Normal  Scliool. 


appointed  U.  S.  Commissioner  for  the  Northern  District  of 
New  York.  In  1871  he  was  elected  County  Judge  and 
January  1,  1878,  took  his  seat  as  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  State  and  served  a  term  of  fourteen  years. 

In  educational  affairs  Judge  Tappan  has  been  especially 
active.  He  was  a  metnoer  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  Academy  at  the  time  of  the  agitation  of  the 
Normal  School  question  and  was  active  in  securing  the 
location  of  the  school  in  Potsdam.  He  was  one  of  the 
Commission  entrusted  with  the*  superintendence  of  the 
construction  of  the  building.  When  he  assumed  the  duties 
of  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  January  1,  1878,  he  ten- 
dered his  resignation  as  a  member  of  the  Local  Board. 

Dr.  Jesse  Reynolds,  the  first  Treasurer,  was  born  in 
Chazy,  N.  Y.,  December  10,  1823.  He  graduated  from  the 
Vermont  Medical  College  at  Woodstock,  Vt.,  June  14,  1847. 
After  twelve  years  of  practice,  in  i860,  he  located  in  Pots- 
dam. He  is  one  of  the  members  of  the  original  board  ap- 
pointed by  Superintendent  Rice.  Dr.  Reynolds  has  always 
found  time  in  the  midst  of  a  large  and  busy  practice  to  at- 
tend to  the  interests  of  the  Normal  School  of  which  he  is 
a  firm  friend.  He  is  a  staunch  advocate  of  pure  morals 
and  high  educational  qualifications. 

Ebenezer  Fisher,  D.  D.,  one  of  the  original  board,  was 
born  in  Charlotte,  Me.,  in  181  5.  His  early  educational  op- 
portunities were  limited.  From  the  age  of  nineteen  to  that 
of  twenty-three  he  was  the  school  master  in  his  own  coun- 
ty. In  1840  Mr.  Fisher  was  elected  as  Representative  to 
the  Maine  Legislature.  In  1841  he  began  a  pastorate  at 
Addison  Point,  Me.,  which  lasted  six  years.  In  September 
of  this  year  he  married  Amy  W.  Leighton  of  Pembroke, 
Me.  On  May  4,  1847,  ne  began  a  pastorate  in  Salem,  Mass., 
which  he  held  until  tailing  health  forced  him  to  retire  in 
1853.  In  1858,  he  resigned  the  pastorate  at  So.  Hedham 
to  accept  a  call  to  Canton,  to  be  the  President  of  the  then 
new  Universalist  Theological   School,      Here    Dr.   Fisher 


Local  Board.  25 


did  his  life  work  continuing  in  this  enterprise  till  death 
relieved  him  February  21,  1879. 

Hon.  John  I.  Gilbert,  A.  M.,  LL.  D.,  one  of  the  two 
surviving  original  members  of  the  board,  was  born  at 
Pittsford,  Vt,  and  prepared  for  college  at  Granville  (N.  Y.) 
Academy  and  at  Barre,  Vt.,  and  was  graduated  from  the 
University  of  Vermont,  A.  B.,  in  1859,  anc*  A.  M.,  in  1862. 
He  was  Principal  at  Roylston,  Vt.,  for  two  years  and  for 
several  years  held  the  same  position  in  Franklin  Academy, 
Malone,  N.  Y.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  '69;  was  a 
member  of  the  Assembly  in  '76,  'jj  and  '78.  In  'yj  Gov. 
Robinson,  in  his  message  attacked  the  Normal  Schools, 
which  attack  was  supported  by  a  speech  in  the  Assembly 
by  Judge  Ruggles  (later  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion) on  which  occasion  Mr.  Gilbert  began  his  defense  of 
the  Normal  Schools.  In  '78  he  was  appointed  chairman 
of  a  Committee  to  investigate  the  Normal  Schools,  the  re- 
port of  which  committee  gave  these  schools  a  permanency 
which  they  have  ever  since  enjoyed. 

In  1884-5  ne  was  a  member  of  the  State  Senate  and  in  '84 
a  delegate-at-large  from  New  York  to  the  Republican 
National  Convention.  In  '89  he  was  the  Republican  candi- 
date for  Secretary  of  State,  and  in  '94  he  was  one  of  the 
fifteen  delegates-at-large  to  the  Constitutional  Convention. 
For  many  years  he  has  been  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Education  of  Malone,  and  President  of  the  State  Deaf 
Mute  Institution  at  that  place. 

Hon.  Noble  S.  Elderkin  was  born  in  Potsdam,  August 
27,  1 8 10.  In  early  life  he  became  identified  with  the  State 
Militia  and  was  promoted  for  his  efficiency  through  the 
various  grades  to  brigadier  general.  He  was  speaker  of 
the  State  Assembly  in  1853.  He  was  a  trustee  of  St.  Law- 
rence Academy  at  the  time  of  the  location  of  the  Normal 
School  when  it  became  merged  into  the  latter  institution 
and  he  rendered  valuable  assistance  in  locating  and  in 
organizing  the  school.  He  remained  a  member  of  the 
Local  Board  until  his  death,  December  29,  1875. 


26  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Roswell  G.  Pettibone  is  a  son  of  the  late  Rev.  R. 
G.  Pettibone,  who  was  for  many  years  pastor  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Church  at  Canton,  N.  Y.  Mr.  Pettibone  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  original  members  of  the  board,  August 
10,  1867.  Mr.  Pettibone  had  been  principal  of  the  Ogdens- 
burg  Academy  from  1849  to  l^3  and  had  filled  the  posi- 
tion with  distinguished  ability.  In  1863  he  received  the 
appointment  of  postmaster  at  Ogdensburg  and  held  this 
position  for  about  twenty  years.  He  took  an  active  inter- 
est in  the  Normal  school  and  was  a  most  efficient  member 
of  the  board.  He  resigned  upon  his  removal  to  Tacoma, 
Washington,  July  3d,  1890.  Mr.  Pettibone  is  now  preach- 
ing at  Temno  in  that  State. 

Aaron  N.  Deming  was  born  in  Potsdam,  and  received 
his  education  at  the  St.  Lawrence  Academy.  His  business 
life  was  spent  as  a  farmer  and  later  as  a  produce  merchant. 
He  was  a  man  of  pronounced  energy,  which  he  gave  to 
promoting  the  interests  of  the  Normal  in  its  early  history. 
He  was  appointed  one  of  the  original  members  of  the 
Board,  Aug.  10,  1867  and  resigned  Aug.  14,  1873  when  he 
removed  to  Kansas  where  he  died. 

Hon.  Abraham  X.  Parker,  A.  M.,  was  born  in  Gran- 
ville, Vt.,  Nov.  14,  1831,  and  has  been  a  resident  of 
Potsdam  since  1839.  Se  attended  St.  Lawrence  Academy, 
taking  his  last  term  in  1849.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar 
from  the  Albany  Law  School  in  1854.  In  1863  he  took  his 
seat  in  the  Assembly  and  was  re-elected  in  1864.  In  '65  he 
was  unanimously  re-nominated,  but  declined  the  honor. 
He  served  as  a  member  of  the  State  Senate  during  its  91st 
and  92nd  sessions,  and  as  Representative  from  the  19th 
District  in  the  47th  Congress,  re-elected  in  '82,  '84  and  '86. 
In  1890  he  was  appointed  Assistant  United  States  Attor- 
ney-General by  President  Harrison. 

His  active  interest  in  educational  affairs,  commended 
him  to  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  who  ap- 
pointed him  one    of    the    original    members    of    the    Local 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

URBANA 


Gen.  Merritt. 


Local  Board.  27 

Board  ot  which  he  was  the  Secretary  from  December  31, 
1877  to  the  time  of  his  resignation  to  assume  his  duties  as 
Congressman. 

Gen.  E.  A.  Merritt,  LL.  D.,  President  of  the  Board, 
was  born  in  Sudbury,  Vt.,  February  26,  1828  and  became  a 
resident  of  St.  Lawrence  County  in  1841. 

As  a  civil  engineer  he  published  the  first  map  to  guide 
tourists  to  the  Adirondack  Wilderness  in  i860,  and  super- 
intended the  location  and  construction  ol  the  eastern  por- 
tion of  the  R.  W.  &  O.  R.  R. 

He  was  elected  Assemblyman  in  1859  and  re-elected  in 
i860.  At  the  opening  of  the  Rebellion  he  took  an  active 
part  in  raising  troops  and  went  to  the  front  as  quarter- 
master of  the  60th  New  York  Volunteers.  While  in  ser- 
vice he  was  appointed  a  member  of  Gov.  Fenton's  staff  and 
entered  upon  the  duties  of  that  office  Januarv  1,  1865.  In 
1867  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Con- 
vention and  in  March  1869  he  was  appointed  Naval  Officer 
of  the  port  of  New  York.  In  1871  he  was  tendered  the 
position  of  United  States  Minister  to  Brazil.  In  1877  he 
was  made  Surveyor  of  the  Port  of  New  York  and  July  1879 
was  promoted  to  the  Collectorship,  being  the  only  man  who 
ever  held  the  three  offices  of  Surveyor,  Naval  Officer  and 
Collector  of  the  Port  of  New  York.  In  the  last  position 
he  served  until  1881  when  he  was  appointed  Consul- 
General  to  London.  In  his  repeated  public  services  he  has 
earned  the  gratitude  of  his  countrymen. 

Gen.  Merritt  has  always  been  active  in  educational  af- 
fairs, and  was  especially  influential  in  securing  the  location 
of  the  Normal  School  in  Potsdam.  Having  secured  the 
end  sought,  after  identifying  himself  thoroughly  with  the 
work  he  declined  the  honor  of  a  position  on  the  original 
board  and  generously  accorded  this  honor  to  another.  He 
was  appointed  to  the  board  August  14,  1873  a°d  upon  the 
death  of  President  Watkins  in  1891  he  was  unanimously 
chosen  as  his  successor  in  office.  He  is  also  President  of 
the  Board  of  Trustees  of  St.  Lawrence  University. 


28  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Gen.  Merritt's  public  career  has  been  an  exceptionally 
active  one,  but  public  life  has  never  interfered  with  his  in- 
terest in  ordinary  affairs,  nor  has  it  turned  him  aside  from 
the  path  of  temperance  and  integrity.  His  thorough 
familiarity  with  the  details  of  management  of  the  Normal 
School  qualifies  him  to  be  an  able  counsellor,  and  his  fre- 
quent visits  to  the  class-room  keep  him  in  close  contact 
with  the  progress  and  needs  of  the  institution. 

William  H.  Wallace,  A.  M.,  was  born  in  Richmond, 
Vt.,  November  28,  1821,  and  with  his  parents  came  to  Pots- 
dam when  a  child.  He  was  a  graduate  of  the  University 
of  Vermont;  in  1849  he  edited  and  published  the  "St.  Law- 
rence Mercury;"  he  taught  several  years  ;  was  School  Com- 
missioner; '6o-'62  was  President  of  the  Village;  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Bar,  and  practiced  law  in  Potsdam.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Local  Board  from  December  31,  1875,  un- 
til his  death  in  1878. 

Hon.  George  Z.  Erwin,  A.  M.,  Treasurer  from  January 
30,  1879,  to  January  16,  1894,  was  born  in  Madrid,  N.  Y., 
January  15,  1840.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  entered  the  St. 
Lawrence  Academy  and  after  four  years  of  preparatory 
study  he  entered  Middlebury  College,  from  which  he  grad- 
uated with  honor  in  1865.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in 
1867.  His  painstaking  preparation  of  the  case  in  hand  and 
his  power  to  present  the  same  made  him  not  only  success- 
ful as  a  practitioner  but  made  him  conspicuous  in  later 
years  in  the  halls  of  the  State  Legislature.  In  1881  he  was 
elected  Member  of  Assembly,  and  was  re-elected  for  five 
successive  terms.  In  the  Legislature  he  served  on  the 
Ways  and  Means  Committee,  as  Speaker  of  the  Assembly, 
as  Chairman  of  the  General  Land  Committee  and  on  im- 
portant special  committees. 

In  his  twelve  years  of  legislative  life  Mr.  Erwin  showed 
masterful  leadership,  and  comprehensive  grasp  of  the 
many  problems  that  occupied  his  attention.  A  man  ol 
powerful    convictions,   of  equal   courage   and    indomitable 


Local  Board.  29 


will,  he  was  always  accessible  and  mindful  of  the  interests 
of  his  constituents.  "He  was  too  great  to  harbor  resent- 
ment and  too  generous  to  cherish  the  memory  of  personal 
wrong." 

The  memory  of  his  early  efforts  to  obtain  an  education 
gave  him  an  active  sympathy  with  every  effort  for  self-im- 
provement. He  labored  assiduously  in  the  struggle  to 
locate  the  Normal  School  at  Potsdam.  He  was  appointed 
a  member  of  the  board  January  23,  1878,  and  was  elected 
Treasurer,  June  30,  1879. 

In  the  Legislature  he  was  recognized  as  an  earnest  advo- 
cate of  the  common  school  system,  and  championed  all 
legislation  which  promoted  the  development  of  the  Normal 
School  system.  His  genial  nature  won  for  him  hosts  of 
friends,  even  his  political  enemies  seeking  his  personal 
friendship,  for  no  one  excelled  him  in  generous,  hearty 
good  nature. 

In  his  death,  which  occurred  January  16,  1894,  the  school 
system  of  the  Empire  State  lost  one  of  its  most  ardent 
friends  and  ablest  defenders.  Appropriate  memorial  ser- 
vices were  held  in  Normal  Hall,  January  19,  1894,  at  which 
addresses  were  delivered  by  Lieut. -Governor  Sheehan  and 
by  members  of  the  Senate  and  Assembly,  who  came  as 
legislative  representatives  to  attend  his  funeral. 

William  A.  Poste,  A.  B.,  was  born  in  Canton,  N.  Y., 
November  9,  1849,  a°d  graduated  A.  B.  from  the  St.  Law- 
rence University  in  the  class  ol  '71.  He  was  Chase  Pro- 
fessor, Latin  and  Greek,  Dean  Academy,  Franklin,  Mass., 
'71-2  ;  Principal,  Westbrook  Seminary,  Deering,  Me. ,'73,  and 
Acting  Professor,  Greek,  St.  Lawrence  University,  '74-5. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar,  September  1877.  He  mar- 
ried Anna  A.  Ellsworth,  of  Canton,  1878.  He  was  appoint- 
ed a  member  of  the  local  board  May  6,  1878,  and  served 
twelve  years,  resigning  July  3,  1890.  He  was  Civil  Service 
Commissioner  '90-92,  and  is  now  engaged  in  the  practice  of 
Taw,  New  York  City. 


30  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

Rev.  Absalom  G.  Gaines,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  was  educated 
at  the  University  of  Virginia  and  was  elected  President  of 
St.  Lawrence  University  in  1872,  which  office  he  resign- 
ed on  account  of  ill  health  in  1888,  retaining  his  chair  of 
Psychology  and  Ethics.  "A  man  of  earnest  convictions 
and  marked  individuality,  his  influence  in  moulding  charac- 
ter has  been  notable."  In  1879  ne  was  appointed  a  member 
of  the  local  board  to  succeed  the  late  Dr.  Fisher.  His 
familiarity  with  school  life  has  made  him  a  valuable  coun- 
sellor and  firm  friend  of  the  school. 

Hon.  John  G.  McIntyre,  A.  M.,  was  born  in  the  town 
of  Massena,  N.  Y.,  December  1,  1839.  ^n  '57  ne  entered  St" 
Lawrence  Academy  where  he  prepared  for  college,  enter- 
ing Middlebury  College  in  1861  and  graduating  in  1865. 
Alter  graduating  he  spent  one  year  in  Northfield,  Vt.,  at 
the  head  of  the  Academy,  and  in  1866  was  elected  Professor 
of  Mathematics  in  the  St.  Lawrence  Academy  where  he 
taught  until  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1867.  •  In  1893  he  was 
elected  to  the  Constitutional  Convention  which  convened 
in  1894,  in  which  he  was  a  conspicuous  member  of  the 
committees  on  Education  and  Railroads. 

January  12,  1882,  he  was  appointed  a  member  ol  the 
local  board  and  was  elected  Secretary  January  28,  in 
place  of  Hon.  A.  X.  Parker,  resigned.  His  practical 
knowledge  of  teaching  and  his  familiarity  with  the  theory 
and  management  of  the  school  make  him  a  most  valuable 
counsellor.  He  has  had  practical  oversight  of  the  recent 
repairs  and  improvements,  and  has  spared  neither  time 
nor  strength  to  promote  the  welfare  of  the  school.  In 
1892  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  building  committee  for 
the  erection  and  equipment  of  the  new  school  building  in 
District.  No.  8,  which  is  an  ornament  to  the  town  and  a 
monument  to  the  committee's  indefatigable  oversight. 

George  H.  Sweet,  A.  M.,  LL.  B.,  was  born  in  Nichol- 
ville,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  17,  1837.  In  l857"5g  ne  prepared  for  col- 
lege at  Franklin  Academy,  Malone,  N.   Y.     He  graduated 


Local  Board.  31 


from  Middlebury  College  with  the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  1862 
and  came  to  Potsdam  as  teacher  of  Ancient  Classics  in  the 
St.  Lawrence  Academy.  H  e  graduated  from  the  Albany 
Law  School  in  1865  and  in  1866  was  elected  Principal  of 
St.  Lawrence  Academy  which  position  he  held  until  it  was 
merged  into  the  Normal  School,  when  he  was  elected  first 
Vice-Principal  and  teacher  of  Ancient  Classics  which  posi- 
tion he  resigned  in  1872  to  become  one  of  the  proprietors 
of  the  Courier  and  Freeman,  acting  as  editor  until  1880,  in 
which  year  he  was  appointed  Private  Secretary  to  the  Col- 
lector of  the  Port  of  New  York.  July  3,  1890  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  member  ol  the  local  board  and  January  10,  1894 
was  elected  Treasurer  to  succeed  the  late  Senator  Erwin. 
Professor  Sweet  is  a  thorough  advocate  of  classic  cult- 
ure and  maintains  high  standards  for  professional  training 
of  teachers.  The  many  students  who  have  studied  under 
him  congratulate  the  Normal  School  that  it  has  the  benefit 
of  his  experience  in  its  counsels. 

William  R.  Weed  was  born  at  Glens  Falls,  N.  Y.  July 
5,  i860,  and  received  his  education  at  the  Glens  Falls 
Academy.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  entered  the  First 
National  Bank  of  Glens  Falls  where  he  served  for  five 
years  and  resigned  to  accept  the  position  of  book-keeper  in 
the  First  National  Bank  of  Saratoga  Springs  which  he  held 
for  two  years.  In  March  1886  he  moved  to  Potsdam  and 
became  interested  in  the  extensive  business  of  the  A.  Sher- 
man Lumber  Co. 

Mr.  Weed  is  a  thoroughly  public  spirited  man  and  takes 
an  active  interest  in  the  educational  affairs  of  the  State. 
July  3,  1890  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  local 
board.  In  April  1893  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
State  Forest  Commission. 

Hon.  John  A.  Vance  was  born  in  Osnabruck,  Canada, 
October  8,  1836.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  came  to  Pots- 
dam where  he  entered  the  St.  Lawrence  Academy.  His 
first  experience  as  teacher  was  in  Canada  in  1853.     In    1859 


32  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


he  began  the  study  of  law  and  at  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Rebellion  he  entered  the  service  as  first  lieutenant  in  the 
16th  New  York  Volunteers.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he 
resumed  his  studies  and  in  1864  was  admitted  to  the  Bar. 
In  1882  he  was  elected  Supervisor  and  held  the  office 
eleven  years  until  he  was  elected  Surrogate  of  St.  Law- 
rence County,  in  1892,  being  for  three  successive  terms 
elected  Chairman  of  the  Board. 

July  1,  1 89 1  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  local 
board.  His  devotion  to  his  duties  private  and  public  and 
his  thorough  integrity  make  him  a  valuable  counsellor  in 
the  affairs  of  the  School. 

Thomas  Spratt,  Esq.,  was  born  in  Rossie,  N.  Y.,  De- 
cember 12,  1848,  and  received  his  education  in  the  Common 
Schools  and  Academies  of  the  County.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  Bar  in  1870  and  ranks  as  one  of  the  ablest  attorneys 
in  Northern  New  York. 

Mr.  Spratt  is  a  self  made  man  and  is  a  thorough  believer 
in  a  practical  education  which  meets  the  needs  of  the 
masses.  He  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  local  board 
January  24,  1894. 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

URBANA 


Dr.  Malcolm  MacVicar. 


ISio^rapfyc&l  §ftefcl?€S  of  faculty 


REV.  MALeOLM  MacVICA*R,  A.  M„  Ph.  D.   LL.O. 

Principal  1869-80. 

Malcolm  MacVicar,  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  was  born 
in  Argyleshire,  Scotland.  His  father,  John  MacVicar,  was 
a  farmer  in  Dunglass,near  Campbeltown,  Kintyre, Scotland, 
and  was  known  as  a  man  of  great  physical  and  intellectual 
vigor.  He  was  recognized  by  all  who  knew  him  in  his 
native  Scotland  and  in  Canada,  the  land  of  his  adoption,  as 
a  man  of  unusual  ability,  generosity,  and  sterling  integrity. 
His  wife,  Janet  MacTavish,  possessed  a  similar  character, 
and  reached  the  age  of, ninety-two  years,  having  seen  her 
children's  children  in  positions  of   usefulness  and  influence. 

Malcolm,  was  one  of  twelve  children,  and  came  with  his 
parents  to  Canada  in  1835  and  settled  on  a  farm  at  Chat- 
ham, Ontario.  Having  an  earnest  desire  to  secure  an  edu- 
cation he  went,  along  with  his  brother  Donald,  now  Prin- 
cipal of  the  Presbyterian  College  in  Montreal,  to  Toronto 
in  1850,  and  entered  Knox  College  to  study  for  the  Presby- 
terian ministry.  While  a  student  in  Knox  College  his 
views  of  doctrines  underwent  a  change,  which  caused  him 
to  become  connected  with  the  Baptist  denomination  and 
turn  his  attention  to  teaching  ,and  fitting  young  men  for 
the  Toronto  University,  preaching  occasionally.  He  was 
ordained  to  the  Baptist  ministry  in  1856,  and  in  1858  he 
went  to  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  and  entered  the  Senior  Class  of 
the  University  of  Rochester,  taking  his  Degree  of  B.  A. 
the  following  summer.  He  immediately  went  to  Brock- 
port,  in  the  same  county,  and  accepted  a  position  in  the 
Faculty  of  the  Brockport  Collegiate  Institute,  then  under 
the  Principalship  of  David  Burbank,  LL.  D.  With  the 
Q.  C.  H.  3. 


34  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

exception  of  one  year  spent  in  the  Central  High  School, 
Buffalo,  he  continued  in  the  Collegiate  Institute  until  the 
summer  of  1868,  first  as  teacher  of  Mathematics  and  the 
Natural  Sciences,  then  as  Principal,  during  which  time  the 
Institution,  chiefly  through  his  efforts,  was  transformed 
into  a  State  Normal  School. 

He  was  a  very  successful  teacher  from  the  first,  being 
full  of  energy,  and  ambitious  to  devise  new  and  improved 
methods  of  illustrating  and  impressing  the  truth.  His  ef- 
forts however,  were  not  confined  to  the  class  room;  he  was 
constantly  seeking  improved  methods  of  organizing  the 
educational  work  immediately  under  his  charge,  as  well  as 
all  over  the  State.  He  was,  therefore,  quickly  recognized 
by  the  Regents  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New 
York,  as  one  of  the  foremost  teachers  and  principals  in  the 
State.  In  August,  1865,  by  appointment,  he  read  a  paper 
before  the  Convocation  of  that  body  on  the  "Internal  Or- 
ganization of  Academies,"  which  was  the  first  step  towards 
instituting  and  putting  in  practice  the  "Regents'  Examina- 
tions" in  the  Academies,  as  a  basis  for  the  distribution  of 
the  income  of  the  Literature  Fund.  He  was  shortly  after- 
wards appointed  by  the  Chancellor  of  the  University  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  Chairman  of  a  Committee  of  Prin- 
cipals of  Academies  to  consider  and  report  on  the  prac- 
tical workings  and  results  of  the  system  of  Regents'  Exami- 
nations then  instituted.  His  report  upon  this  subject,  the 
product  of  a  careful  examination  of  the  system  instituted, 
was  made  to  the  Convocation  of  Colleges  and  Academies 
the  following  year,  and  is  given  in  extenso  in  the  Regents' 
Report  for  that  year. 

During  the  years  of  his  connection  with  the  Collegiate 
Institute,  he  took  a  lively  interest  in  the  subject  of  Teach- 
ers' Classes,  or  so-called  Normal  Training  in  Academies, 
and  became  convinced  that  the  utmost  that  could  be  done 
in  these  Classes,  under  the  circumstances,  was  too  little  to 
meet  the  needs  of  the  Common  Schools  of  the  State.  He 
therefore,   with   the  advice   and  co-operation  of  friends  of 


Biographical  Sketches  of  faculty.  3$ 


education  in  Brockport  and  Rochester,  and  the  Hon*  Vic- 
tor M.  Rice,  then  State  Superintendent,  proposed  to  the 
Legislature  of  New  York,  in  1865-66,  a  bill  for  the  establish- 
ment of  a  Normal  and  Training-  School  at  Brockport,  N.  Y. 
The  authorities  of  the  Brockport  Collegiate  Institute  of- 
fered the  property  of  the  School  to  the  State  for  that  pur- 
pose on  very  liberal  terms.  Subsequently  the  bill  proposed 
to  the  Legislature  was  modified  so  as  to  provide  for  four 
schools  instead  of  one,  and  to  leave  the  location  of  them  to 
a  Board  consisting  of  the  Governor,  State  Superintendent 
and  State  Officers.  In  this  form  the  bill  became  a  law, and 
a  plan  for  the  organization  of  the  schools  provided  for  in  the 
law  had  at  once  to  be  devised.  Superintendent  Rice  very 
naturally  turned  to  Dr.  MacVicar  as  the  best  man  he  could 
secure  to  draft  this  plan.  The  Doctor  in  a  comparatively 
short  time  submitted  the  draft  of  a  plan,  which,  with  some 
slight  modifications,  was  adopted  and  became  the  basis  of 
the  organization  of  all  the  schools  established  under  the 
law.  In  consideration  of  the  services  rendered  by  Dr. 
MacVicar  and  other  friends  of  the  cause,  the  first  school 
was  located  in  Brockport  and  he  was  appointed  its  first 
Principal.  He  immediately  set  to  work  to  organize  this 
school,  and  opened  it  in  the  spring  of  1867,  having  among 
the  members  of  his  Faculty  Professors  Charles  D.  McLean, 
William  J.  Milne,  and  James  H.  Hoose,  afterwards  the 
Principals  of  the  Normal  Schools  established  at  Brockport, 
Geneseo  and  Cortland.  The  first  year  of  Normal  School 
work,  carried  on  as  it  was  in  connection  with  planning  and 
supervising  the  erection  of  the  new  buildings  for  the 
School,  proved  a  very  trying  one  to  Principal  MacVicar 
and  his  health  gave  way  under  the  pressure.  He  therefore 
resolved  to  offer  his  resignation  at  the  end  of  the  school 
year,  1867-68.  This  he  accordingly  did, but  the  State  Super- 
intendent, preferring  not  to  lose  him  from  the  State,  granted 
him  a  year's  leave  of  absence  instead  of  accepting  his  resig- 
nation. He  then  took  a  trip  West,  during  the  summer  of 
1868,  and  was  invited  to  become  the  Superintendent  of  the 


36  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

schools  of  the  City  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas.  After  some 
consideration  he  accepted  this  position  and  remained  there 
until  the  following  April;  in  the  meantime  he  organized  the 
schools  from  bottom  to  top,  a  work  that  had  hitherto  been 
neglected.  His  Western  trip  having  restored  him  to  per- 
fect health,  he  returned  to  New  York  State  but  thought  it 
best  not  to  again  take  up  his  work  at  Brockport;  a  Normal 
School  having  been  located  in  Potsdam,  St.  Lawrence 
County,  N.  Y.,  and  about  ready  to  open,  he  was  invited  to 
become  its  Principal  and  accepted  the  position.  He  at 
once  gathered  around  him  a  corps  of  teachers  and  opened 
a  second  Normal  School,  three  weeks  after  he  lelt  Leaven- 
worth. The  Regents  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New 
York  welcomed  him  back  to  the  State,  and  expressed  their 
estimation  of  his  ability  as  an  educator  by  conferring  upon 
him  the  Degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy,  the  following 
year,  and  in  the  summer  of  1869,  his  Alma  Mater,  the  Uni- 
versity of  Rochester  added  the  Degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws. 

The  school  at  Potsdam  was  no  sooner  organized  than  he 
gave  himself  anew  to  the  study  of  methods  of  instruction  and 
the  philosophy  of  education,  for  which  he  possessed  peculiar 
aptitude.  He  at  this  time  became  the  author  of  a  series 
of  Arithmetics,  and  also  the  author  and  inventor  of  various 
important  devices  to  illustrate  objectivelv  the  principles  of 
arithmetic,  geography  and  astronomy;  chief  among  these 
was  a  Tellurian  Globe,  published  by  Andrews  and  Com- 
pany, of  Chicago. 

In  December,  1880,  Dr.  MacVicar  was  invited  to 
take  the  Principalship  of  the  Michigan  State  Normal 
School,  at  Ypsilanti,  and  finding  it  the  only  school  of  the 
kind  in  that  State,  and  there  being  no  diversity  of  interests 
in  the  educational  management  of  the  State,  it  seemed  to 
him  to  offer  an  opportunity  for  something  like  ideal  Nor- 
mal School  work,  so  he  accepted  the  position.  He  remain- 
ed there  however,  only  one  year;  being  thoroughly  worn 
out  with  hard  work,  he  resigned  his  position  in  the  Michi- 
gan  State  Normal  School,  and,  urgently   pressed  to  do  so, 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  37 

he  became  a  member  of  the  Faculty  of  Toronto  Baptist 
College,  Toronto,  Canada.  He  was  induced  to  take  this 
step  because  the  Professorship  in  the  College  offered  en- 
tire freedom  from  responsibility  and  care,  and  leisure  to 
prosecute  lines  of  investigation  which  he  found  impossible 
as  the  Principal  of  a  large  Normal  School.  For  seven 
years  he  filled  in  the  College  the  Chair  of  Christian  Apolo- 
getics, and  Biblical  Interpretation  in  English.  When  Mac- 
Master  University  was  founded,  in  1888,  of  which  Toronto 
Baptist  College  became  the  Theological  Department,  Dr. 
MacVicar  was  chosen  as  its  first  Chancellor,  a  position 
which  he  accepted  very  reluctantly,  because  of  the  labor 
which  it  necessarily  imposed.  He,  however,  assumed  the 
responsibility  at  the  urgent  request  of  its  Senate  and  Board 
of  Governors,  and  in  two  years  he  completed  the  organiza- 
tion of  every  department  of  the  University.  He  then  re- 
signed, as  he  contemplated  when  he  consented  to  under- 
take the  work  of  organization,  and  bscame  the  Superintend- 
ent of  the  Educational  Work  done  in  the  x^merican  Baptist 
Home  Mission  Society  for  the  Colored  People  of  the  South, 
and  for  the  Indians,  Chinese,  and  Mexicans.  In  this  work, 
to  which  he  had  a  pressing  invitation  shortly  after  he  ac- 
cepted the  position  in  Toronto  Baptist  College,  he  has  been 
deeply  interested  for  many  years.  He  has  now  under  his 
supervision  one  Theological  Seminary,  seven  Colleges,  and 
twenty-four  Academies. 

Dr.  MacVicar  excelled  as  a  mathematician  and  metaphy- 
sician, having  read  extensively  in  both  directions  as  well  as 
in  the  natural  sciences.  He  has  also  made  the  relation  of 
science  and  religion  a  special  study.  As  a  writer,  and  in 
the  class  room,  he  is  characterized  by  the  utmost  clearness 
and  force,  and  his  career  as  an  educator  has  been  eminently 
successful.  It  has  fallen  to  his  lot  to  perform  a  vast 
amount  of  hard  organizing  work,  in  all  of  which  he  has 
shown,  in  a  remarkable  degree,  a  spirit  of  self  sacrifice, 
through  which  he  has  been  the  means  of  advancing  many 
others  to  positions  of  high   trust  and   usefulness.     His  in- 


38  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

vestigations  in  the  science  of  Education  have  been  critical 
and  original,  being-  based  upon  extensive  observation  and 
a  large  induction  of  facts.  Having  for  over  thirty  years 
taught  a  wide  range  of  subjects,  and  being  naturally  pos- 
sessed of  strong  and  well  trained  logical  powers,  he  is  well 
qualified  to  analyze  the  human  mind  and  all  that  is  con- 
cerned in  its  proper  education  and  harmonious  develop- 
ment. To  this  work  he  has  devoted  such  time  as  he  could 
spare  from  his  many  other  onerous  duties.  Recently  a 
small  volume  from  his  pen,  entitled,  "Principles  ol  Educa- 
tion," has  been  published  by  Ginn  &  Co.,  of  Boston,  Mass., 
which  embodies,  in  a  condensed  form,  some  of  his  views  of 
the  work  of  the  true  educator.  As  a  theologian,  his  views 
are  definite  and  comprehensive,  thoroughly  evangelical  and 
uncompromisingly  opposed  to  the  materialistic  pantheism, 
and  philosophical  and  scientific  scepticism  of  the  present 
day. 

On  the  ist  of  January,  1855,  Dr.  MacVicar  was  married 
to  Isabella  MacKay,  of  Chatham,  Canada,  a  union  to  which 
he  owed  largely  his  success  as  an  educator.  Mrs.  Mac- 
Vicar's  tactful  and  efficient  management  of  everything  con- 
nected with  the  home  life,  permitted  him  without  distrac- 
tion, and  under  the  most  favorable  conditions  to  devote  his 
entire  energy  to  his  chosen  work.  It  is  but  due  to  the 
memory  of  Mrs.  MacVicar,  who  was  called  to  her  reward 
January  seventh,  1895,  to  state,  as  Dr.  MacVicar  freely 
conf esses,  that  to  the  wisdom  of  her  counsel,  encourage- 
ment and  effective  help,  sometimes  under  trying  circum- 
stances, as  much  as  to  his  own  efforts,  is  to  be  attributed 
his  success  as  an  educator.  She,  as  well  as  himself,  came 
into  the  most  intimate  relation  with  the  many  students  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada  who  have  shared  his  instruction, 
and  no  one  knew  better  than  she  how  to  cheer  and  en- 
courage the  homesick  boy  or  girl,  nor  could  any  one  be 
quicker  to  discover  those  who  were  struggling  with 
poverty  or  other  difficulties,  and  to  devise  effective  means 
to  help  them.     She  was  a  friend  true  as  steel,  and  constant 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  39 

as  the  sun.  Counting  the  living  and  the  dead,  a  large  com- 
pany of  students,  as  well  .as  others,  shared  her  cheerful 
words  and  helpful  deeds  in  times  of  real  need,  for  which 
she  will  always  be  held  in  grateful  remembrance.  She  left 
to  mourn  her  loss  a  husband,  daughter  and  two  sons. 

The  foregoing  sketch  indicates  in  brief  form  the  promi- 
nent features  in  Dr.  MacVicar's  educational  efforts  up  to 
the  present  time.  The  influence,  however,  of  his  work 
while  Principal  upon  the  present  and  future  development 
of  the  School,  can  only  be  correctly  judged  in  the  light  of 
the  educational  principles  espoused  and  which  guided  him 
in  its  organization,  and  also  during  the  eleven  years  of  his 
Principalship.  From  the  very  beginning  of  his  work  as  a 
teacher,  he  held  advanced  views  of  education,  and  hence 
for  many  years  he  gave  careful  attention  to  approved 
methods  of  teaching.  He  visited,  usually  unknown,  Nor- 
mal and  other  schools  where  special  attention  was  given 
to  training  teachers,  and  he  derived  from  these  visits  much 
that  he  afterwards  utilized  in  his  own  school.  Early  in  his 
work  as  a  teacher  he  became  acquainted  with  Dr.  E.  A. 
Sheldon,  then  Superintendent  of  the  schools  of  Oswego 
and  now  Principal  of  the  State  Normal  School,  Oswego, 
N.  Y.,  and  he  heartilv  endorsed  the  views  of  elementary 
education  and  of  the  training  of  teachers,  of  which  Dr. 
Sheldon  is  justly  known  as  the  pioneer  advocate  in  the 
United  States.  Agreement  in  views  between  Dr.  Sheldon 
and  Dr.  MacVicar  upon  this  and  other  important  educa- 
tional questions,  soon  resulted  in  a  sincere  friendship,  which 
has  with  advancing  years  ripened  into  a  sympathy  for 
each  other  which  only  brothers  can  experience.  It  was 
natural,  therefore,  that  when  Dr.  MacVicar  was  called  to 
the  Principalship  of  this  School,  that  he  should  go  to  his 
friend  Dr.  Sheldon  for  teachers  to  put  in  charge  of  the 
Training  Department  of  the  work.  A  most  fortunate  se- 
lection was  made  of  four  well  trained  and  efficient  gradu- 
ates of  the  Oswego  Normal  School,  namely,  Miss  Amelia 
Morey,    who  is  still  a  member  of  the  Faculty,  Miss  Ellen 


40  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

M.  Merritt,  Miss  Eleanor  Jones,  Miss  Mary  F.  Hall.  Each 
of  these  teachers  was  a  specialist  in  her  chosen  work, 
and  it  is  but  just  to  state  that  Dr.  MacVicar  always  at- 
tributed his  success  in  organizing  the  Practice  School,  and 
in  overcoming  the  strong  prejudices  which  then  existed 
against  the  employment  of  pupil  teachers  in  class  work,  to 
the  devotion  and  earnest  co-operation  of  these  four  teach- 
ers. They  spared  not  themselves  in  their  constant  efforts 
in  behalf  of  their  pupils,  and  in  their  efforts  to  exemplify  in 
their  work  the  benefits  they  had  received  from  their  own 
course  of  training  in  the  Oswego  Normal  School.  To  their 
devotion  therefore  to  their  work  as  well  as  to  their  ability, 
toil  and  good  management,  Dr.  MacVicar  iustly  attributes 
his  success  in  organizing  the  Practice  School,  upon,  sub- 
stantially, the  plan  on  which  it  has  been  conducted  ever 
since.  The  place  which  Dr.  MacVicar  believed  the  Prac- 
tice School  should  have  in  the  training  of  teachers  can  be 
fully  appreciated  only  by  carefully  noting  the  following 
brief  outline  of  his  views  on  which  his  efforts  were  based 
while  Principal  of  the  School. 

Qualifications  of  Teachers. 

The  views  which  Dr.  MacVicar  held  of  the  qualifications 
of  a  true  teacher  were  of  a  high  order.  His  experience 
however  in  training  teachers,  made  him  painfully  conscious 
of  the  fact  that  these  qualifications  were  rarely,  if  ever, 
combined  in  one  person.  But,  notwithstanding  this  fact, 
he  held  that  these  ideal  qualifications  should  always  be 
kept  before  those  under  training  as  the  end  for  which  they 
should  constantly  strive.  The  following  presents  in  brief 
form,  what  the  Doctor  aimed  to  enforce  in  his  teaching  as 
the  ideal  qualifications  which   true  teachers  should  possess. 

i.  They  should  possess  a  reliable,  transparent  and 'unim- 
peachable character,  and  a  strong  personality,  marked  by 
tact  and  common  sense. 

2.  They  should  possess  the  power  of  forming,  intuitively 
a  reliable  estimate  of  the  real  character  of  their  pupils,  and 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  41 

of  the  forces  by  which  their  conduct  is  directed   and   con- 
trolled. 

3.  They  should  possess  a  commanding  presence,  accom- 
panied by  a  sympathetic  nature  guided  by  a  sensitive  con- 
science, and  a  firm  and  controlling  will. 

4.  They  should  be  true  to  every  duty  and  personal  con- 
viction, yet  generous  and  fair  in  their  treatment  of  the  con- 
victions of  others,  recognizing  in  the  fullest  sense  the  prin- 
ciple of  "soul  liberty,"  and  maintaining  in  acts,  as  well  as  in 
words,  the  Golden  Rule  as  the  true  standard  of  life's  con- 
duct. 

5.  Thev  should  be  sympathetic  towards  their  pupils,  giv- 
ing to  them  their  confidence,  and  rendering  them  effective 
help  whenever  necessary. 

6.  They  should  be  entirely  impartial  in  their  dealings 
with  their  pupils.  Their  course  in  this  respect  should  be 
so  transparent  that  no  pupil  can  fail  to  recognize  the  just 
and  unbiased  character  of  their  actions. 

7.  They  should  exercise  a  kind  and  diligent  watchfulness 
over  every  step  in  the  progress  ol  their  pupils  in  manly 
and  womanly  self  development,  surrounding  them  constant- 
ly with  the  most  favorable  conditions  to    promote  this  end. 

8.  They  should  be  models  to  their  pupils  in  all  things 
that  pertain  to  personal  conduct,  or  that  pertain  to  any  line 
of  school  work  in  which  pupils  are  engaged.  They  should 
never  fail  to  sustain  by  their  own  acts,  every  requirement 
they  make  of  their  pupils. 

9.  They  should  possess  a  correct,  and  in  a  certain^  sense, 
exhaustive  knowledge  of  the  subjects  on  which  they  give 
instruction,  and  also  of  subjects  on  which  these  are  depend- 
ent. 

10.  They  should  possess  a  correct  knowledge  of  the  pres- 
ent attainments  of  their  pupils;  their  present  and  past  en- 
vironment, and  of  the  connection  which  the  subjects  under 
consideration  sustain  to  the  knowledge  previously  acquir- 
ed. 


42  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


11.  They  should  possess  the  power  of  holding  vividly  in 
their  minds,  while  in  the  act  of  conducting  their  classes,  the 
results  which  they  seek  to  secure,  and  the  general  course 
the  pupil  must  pursue  in  reaching  these  results. 

12.  They  should  possess  the  power  of  inventing  simple 
and  pertinent  illustrations  at  the  time  they  are  required  in 
class,  which  will  call  into  service  the  present  knowledge  of 
the  pupils;  hence,  place  them  in  a  position  to  understand 
the  difficulties  encountered,  and  to  perform  their  work. 

13.  They  should  possess  the  power  of  logically  question- 
ing their  pupils  in  such  a  manner  as  to  stimulate  them  to 
put  forth  such  efforts  as  may  be  necessary  to  master  the 
subjects  under  consideration,  without  assistance  from  out- 
side sources. 

Management  of  Schools. 

The  views  which  Dr.  MacVicar  held  on  school  manage- 
ment, and  which  he  successfully  enforced  in  his  teaching 
and  practice,  may  be  briefly  stated,  as  follows  : 

He  held  that  mental  discipline  alone  is  not  a  preparation 
for  the  highest  form  of  success  in  practical  life,  nor  is  it 
the  measure  of  the  highest  form  of  manhood  and  woman- 
hood. The  building  of  a  strong  and  reliable  character  he 
regarded  as  the  crowning  excellency  of  true  scholarship. 
Hence,  he  maintained  that  the  various  regulations,  privi- 
leges, restrictions  and  requirements  of  a  school,  should 
constitute,  in  the  strictest  sense,  a  course  of  study  and 
training  through  which  the  pupil  would  acquire  correct 
views  of  the  relations  of  the  governing  to  the  governed, 
correct  habits,  and  the  power  of  self-government.  He  held 
therefore  that  in  the  management  of  a  school  the  teacher 
and  pupils  should  be  co-workers,  exactly  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  in  conducting  class  exercises  in  grammar  or  arith- 
metic. In  harmony  with  this  view,  he  held  that  the  rela- 
tion of  the  teacher  and  pupils  in  the  management  of  a 
school  should  be  controlled  by  the  following  general  prin- 
ciples. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  43 


First — That  the  Golden  Rule,  "As  ye  would  that  men 
should  do  to  you,  do  ye  also  to  them  likewise,"  should  be 
the  standard  by  which  to  judge  the  right  or  wrong  of  every 
action. 

Second — That  the  highest  good  of  the  individual,  so  far 
as  this  is  compatible  with  the  highest  good  of  the  whole 
school,  should  be  a  fundamental  principle  in  determining 
what  course  of  action  can  be  legitimately  allowed  upon  the 
part  of  teachers  or  pupils. 

Third— That  no  requirement  should  be  made  of  any 
pupil  which  would  not  be  right  under  similar  circumstances 
to  make  of  every  pupil  in  the  school. 

Fourth — That  the  spirit  in  which  everything  is  done 
should  always  be  considered  more  important  than  form,  and 
hence,  should  oe  regarded  both  by  teachers  and  pupils  in 
lorming  a  judgment  of  the  character  and  value  of  every 
act. 

Fifth — That  from  the  very  nature  of  the  relation  between 
teacher  and  pupils,  the  teacher  must  always  be  considered 
the  proper  judge  of  what  is  to  be  viewed,  under  given  cir- 
cumstances, as  right  or  wrong  ;  and  that  in  forming  a  judg- 
ment, however,  all  the  circumstances  in  any  way  affecting 
the  case  should  be  fully  canvassed,  and  the  views  of  the 
pupil  carefully  consulted  before  making  a  final  decision. 

Teachers'  Training  Course. 

On  this  subject  Dr.  MacVicar  held,  as  has  already  been 
suggested,  substantially  the  views  which  were  put  for  the 
first  time  in  New  York,  or,  indeed,  in  the  United  States, 
in  practical  operation  in  the  Elementary  Training  School, 
organized  by  Dr.  Sheldon  in  Oswego,  N.  Y.  His  views  on 
the  training  of  teachers  may  be  briefly  summarized  as 
follows : 

1.  He  held  that  while  true  teaching  power  is  largely  a 
natural  gift,  yet  that  this  power  can  be  made  far  more  ef- 
fective  by   special   training   under  the   guidance  of  exper- 


44  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


ienced  instructors  ;  hence,   his   unwearied  efforts  to  secure 
for  New  York  State  its  present  system  of  Normal  Schools. 

2.  He  held  that  true  success,  both  in  teaching  and  in 
managing,  depends  very  largely  upon  the  ability  of  the 
teacher  to  put  himself  in  a  real  sense  in  the  pupil's  place, 
and  to  look  at  every  difficulty  and  every  line  of  work  from 
the  pupil's  standpoint  ;  hence,  he  held  that  in  the  training 
of  teachers  it  is  of  the  first  importance*  that  they  be  required 
in  every  subject  of  study,  to  analyze  and  trace  with  great 
care  and  accuracy  their  own  mental  processes  in  reaching 
results. 

3.  As  a  necessary  consequence  from  the  preceding  posi- 
tion, he  held  that  the  Academic  preparation  of  persons  in- 
tending to  become  teachers  should  be  conducted  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  promote  and  also  require  upon  the  part  of 
the  pupils  the  most  careful  study  of  their  own  mental  pro- 
cesses in  the  act  of  performing  their  work,  and  also  of  the 
order  in  which  each  topic  is  presented,  and  of  the  illus- 
trations and  devices  used  by  the  teacher  to  enlist  the  at- 
tention of  the  pupils  and  to  make  difficulties  plain.  Hold- 
ing this  view,  he  maintained  that  the  best  results  in  training 
teachers  can  be  secured  only  in  Normal  Schools,  where,  at 
least,  all  of  the  Academic  subjects  on  which  the  pupil 
teachers  are  to  practice  are  taught  or  carefully  reviewed 
in  the  way  just  stated. 

4.  He  held  in  a  very  real  sense,  that  "the  study  of  man  is 
man,"  and  hence  that  however  valuable  the  study  of  books 
on  psychology  and  the  science  and  art  of  teaching,  such 
study  cannot  take  the  place  in  the  training  of  teachers  of 
the  careful  and  exhaustive  study  of  the  living  specimens. 
The  teacher,  he  maintained,  can  be  properly  trained  only 
when  required,  under  the  guidance  of  experienced  leaders, 
to  study  the  actual  infant,  child,  youth  and  man  under  nor- 
mal conditions,  and  amid  the  various  changes  through 
which  each  passes  in  the  process  of  development. 

5.  He  held  that  teaching  is,  in  a  marked  sense,  an  art  as 


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Dr.  Morgan. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  45 


well  as  a  science,  and  consequently  that  the  teacher  must 
acquire  the  ability  to  perform  his  work  successfully  just  in 
the  same  way  as  is  done  by  the  artisan  or  artist,  viz.,  by 
persistent  practice  under  favorable  conditions.  Hence,  he 
held  that  the  practice  school  properly  organized  and  con- 
ducted is  the  chief,  it  not  the  only  medium,  through  which  a 
thorough  and  practical  training  can  be  imparted.  So 
strong  were  his  convictions  upon  this  point  that  he  would 
greatly  enlarge  the  scope  of  the  work  ot  the  practice 
scho  >1,  even  at  the  expense  of  lessening  the  time  given  to 
what  is  technically  called  ''methods."  He  held  that  it  is  in 
the  act  of  doing  under  experienced  guidance  that  the 
clearest  and  most  valuable  scientific  knowledge  upon  any 
subject  is  acquired,  and  that  teaching  is  no  exception  to  this 
principle. 

GEN.  THOMAS  J.  MORGAN,  D.  *D.,   LL.  T>., 

Principal  1881-1883. 

Thomas  Jefferson  Morgan,  the  son  of  a  Baptist  clergy- 
man ol  intelligence,  distinction  and  wide  influence,  was 
born  in  Franklin,  Indiana,  August,  1839.  At  thirteen 
years  of  age  he  was  left  an  orphan  and  thrown  upon  his 
own  resources.  Starting  with  a  common  school  education, 
he  worked  his  way  through  to  the  Senior  Class  in  Franklin 
College,  Indiana,  which  he  left  April,  1861,  at  the  outbreak 
of  the  Civil  War,  to  enlist  as  a  private  soldier  in  the  7th 
Indiana  Volunteer  Infantry  ;  serving  in  West  Virginia,  and 
participating  in  the  battle  of  Carrick's  Ford.  At  the  expira- 
tion of  his  three  months  term  of  service,  he  was  honorably 
discharged,  and  in  August,  1862,  re-entered  the  service  as 
First  Lieutenant  in  the  70th  Indiana  Volunteer  Infantry, 
commanded  by  Colonel  Benjamin  Harrison.  October,  1863, 
he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  ol  Major,  and  subsequently 
was  made  Lieutenant-Colonel  and  Colonel  of  the  14th 
United  States  Colored  Infantry.  He  organized  the  14th, 
42nd  and  44th   U.   S.   Colored    Infantry,  and  organized  and 


46  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


commanded  the  First  Colored  Brigade  ot  the  Army  of  the 
Cumberland.  He  served  for  a  time  as  a  Volunteer  Aide- 
de-Camp  on  the  staff  of  General  O.  O.  Howard,  who  was 
in  command  of  the  4th  Corps  in  the  Army  of  the  Cumber- 
land. He  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Buzzard  Roost, 
Resaca,  Adairsville,  Dallas,  Dalton,  Decatur  and  Nashville. 
At  Decatur  he  charged  and  captured  a  battery.  At  Nash- 
ville in  command  of  a  brigade  of  colored  troops  and  one 
of  white  troops,  he  opened  the  great  battle  on  the  left  of 
the  Union  line,  and  for  his  gallantry  was  made  Brevet 
Brigadier  General,  United  States  Volunteers,  at  the  age  of 
twenty-five.  General  Howard  complimented  him  as  being 
"tireless  on  the  march  and  fearless  in  battle,"  and  gave  him 
the  credit  of  saving  Sherman's  army  from  disaster  at  the 
battle  of  Resaca.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic,  the  Loyal  Legion,  and  of  the  Society  of  the 
Army  of  the  Cumberland. 

In  his  " History  of  Negro  Troops  in  the  War  of  the  Rebel- 
lion," Colonel  George  W.  Williams  says  of  him  :  "Perhaps 
there  was  not  a  finer  specimen  of  a  Christian  soldier  in  the 
Western  army  than  Thomas  J.  Morgan.  He  had  enjoyed 
academic  training,  was  deeply  religious,  and  entertained 
positive  ideas  respecting  the  war  and  the  Negro.  A  sort 
of  spiritual  valor  marked  all  his  actions.  He  reversed  the 
Napoleonic  idea  that  soldiers  should  be  simply  machines, 
and  that  the  officers  should  do  all  the  thinking.  He  cared 
for  the  moral  and  intellectual  growth,  as  well  as  for  the  im- 
provement his  men  made  in  drill,  and  the  duties  of  soldier- 
ship. He  strove  to  make  every  man  an  intelligent  unit. 
His  views  were  grateful  to  the  men  under  his  immediate 
command,  and  were  highly  appreciated  by  such  general 
officers  as  at  that  time  comprehended  the  questions  in- 
volved in  the  war.  It  was  natural  that  in  looking  for  an 
officer  to  gather,  by  truth  and  personal  magnetism,  Negro 
recruits  about  the  standards  of  the  Union,  General  George 
H.  Thomas  should  choose  Colonel  Morgan." 

At  the  close  of  the  war  he  resigned  his  commission,  and 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  47 


in  September,  1865,  entered  the  Rochester,  New  York, 
Theological  Seminary,  graduating  in  1868.  Since  that  time 
he  has  been  in  public  life,  chiefly  in  educational  work.  For 
seven  years  he  was  Prolessor  of  Homiletics  and  Church 
History  in  the  Baptist  Theological  Seminary  of  Chicago. 
He  was  Principal  of  the  Normal  School  at  Potsdam,  New 
York,  from  1881  to  1884,  and  of  Rhode  Island  State  Nor- 
mal School  from  1884  to  1889.  His  book  entitled  "Studies 
in  Pedagogy"  is  an  outgrowth  of  his  class  room  lectures 
and  is  a  standard  work  on  teaching. 

In  1889  President  Harrison  tendered  him  the  position  of 
United  States  Commissioner  of  Education,  at  the  same 
time  expressing  his  desire  that  he  might  see  his  way  clear 
to  accept  the  office  of  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs, 
which,  after  some  thought,  he  decided  to  do.  This  is  one 
of  the  most  perplexing  and  difficult  positions  in  the 
Government,  involving  great  responsibility  and  labor,  as 
well  as  tireless  vigilance.  General  Morgan  instituted  im- 
portant reforms  in  the  Office  ;  reorganized  the  Indian 
School  Service,  giving  a  new  and  vigorous  impulse  to  the 
Government  schools,  and  was  instrumental  in  securing  the 
extension  of  the  Civil  Service  Rules  to  many  of  the  posi- 
tions in  the  Indian  Service,  such  as  School  Superintend- 
ents, teachers,  physicians,  matrons,  etc.,  which  prevents 
the  dropping  of  these  employes  with  every  change  ot  ad- 
ministration. 

In  February,  1893,  he  resigned,  to  accept  the  position  of 
Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  Baptist  Home  Mission 
Society,  an  office  which  he  now  holds.  He  received  from 
the  President  the  following  testimonial : 

"Executive  Mansion,  ) 

Washington,  February  6,  1893.  j 

Hon.  T.  J.  Morgan, 

Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs. 

Sir:  Your  letter  of  January  10th,  tendering  your  resign- 
ation of  the  office  of  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs,  to 
take   effect   March   4th    next,  has  been   received,  and  vour 


48  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


resignation  is  accepted.  Your  conscientious  devotion  to 
the  work  of  your  office  and  your  activity  and  industry 
have  been  highly  commendable.  I  am  glad  to  know  that, 
congenial  work  in  a  field  of  great  influence  is  before  you  ; 
and  beg  to  extend  to  you  in  parting  my  most  sincere  good 
wishes.  Very  truly  yours, 

Benj.  Harrison." 

General  Morgan  has  traveled  extensively  both  in  this 
country  and  abroad,  and  attended  a  course  of  lectures  at 
the  Leipzig  University  ;  has  taken  a  prominent  part  in  the 
Temperance  and  other  reforms,  writing  extensively  for  the 
press  and  making  numerous  public  addresses.  He  has 
been  honored  with  the  degrees  of  A.  B.,  A.  M.,  D.  D.,  and 
LL.  D. 

E.  H.  COOK,  7V.  M.,  PH.  D., 

Principal  1884-1889. 

E.  H.  Cook  was  born  at  Madrid,  Franklin  County, 
Maine,  December  18,  1845.  When  three  years  of  age  his 
parents  moved  to  Lewiston,  where  he  was  prepared  for 
college  at  Maine  State  Seminary.  His  degrees  of  A.  B., 
(66),  and  A.  M.,  (69),  were  received  from  Bowdoin  College. 
Mr.  Cook  began  teaching  at  a  very  early  age,  and  with  few 
intermissions  has  been  engaged  in  educational  work  till  the 
present  time.  His  college  course  was  interrupted  by  one 
year  of  service  in  the  civil  war,  as  Quartermaster  Ser- 
geant, of  the  First  Maine  Light  Artillery. 

The  more  important  positions  he  has  occupied  are  the 
following  :  Wilton  Academy,  Maine  ;  Woodstock  Acad- 
emy, Conn.  In  referring  to  the  laboratory  of  this  school, 
and  the  building  in  general,  one  visitor  declared  "no  mat- 
ron's pantry  could  be  neater— the  apparatus  repaired  and 
burnished,  shelves  and  floor  newly  painted — every  room 
cleaned  and  freshened."  The  grounds  on  which  the 
new  Academy  stands,  were  made  memorable  by  the  plant- 
ing of  a  tree  bv  President  Grant  at  the  dedication  cere- 
monies of  which  Mr.  Cook  had  charge. 


Dr.  E.  H.  Cook. 


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Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  49 

In  '71  ne  accepted  the  principalship  ot  the  West  Chester, 
(Pa.,)  Normal  School,  and  exerted  in  this  new  field  of  labor 
the  same  energy  and  activity  that  had  already  marked  his 
career.  On  resigning,  he  was  elected  principal  of  the 
Columbus,  Ohio,  High  School.  Nearly  ten  years  were 
spent  here.  This  school  under  his  management  became  one 
of  the  largest  and  most  influential  in  the  State.  Two  no- 
table facts  regarding  his  administration  may  be  mentioned. 

First — The  admission  of  colored  pupils  on  an  equal  foot- 
ing with  white. 

Second — The  introduction  of  a  purely  English  course  of 
study  covering  a  period  of  four  years,  in  which  the  study 
of  the  English  language  was  made  prominent. 

He  organized  and  had  direct  charge  of  the  great  temper- 
ance movement  in  Central  Ohio,  that  followed  the  Wo- 
man's Crusade.  He  was  also  superintendent  of  the  Second 
Presbyterian  Sunday  School. 

On  taking  charge  of  the  Potsdam  State  Normal  School 
in  1884,  Dr.  Cook  set  about  the  work  of  becoming  thor- 
oughly acquainted  with  his  new  field.  In  various  towns  in 
St.  Lawrence  and  adjoining  counties  he  lectured  the  first 
year  one  hundred  and  four  times  in  behalf  of  education  and 
temperance.  Familiar,  not  only  with  every  phase  of  school 
work,  but  thoroughly  up  in  architecture,  sanitary  science, 
etc.,  he  entered  zealously  and  enthusiastically  upon  the 
work  of  enlarging,  remodelling,  improving  and  thoroughly 
equipping  this  school.  He  drew  plans  for  a  large  exten- 
sion or  annex,  as  well  as  for  material  changes  in  the  old 
edifice,  and  personally  supervised  the  work  of  building 
and  remodelling.  "With  all  the  other  improvements  the 
principal's  residence,  which  is  owned  by  the  State,  has 
undergone  marvelous  changes  and  is  now  in  point  of  con- 
venience, of  arrangement  and  architectual  beauty  a  pleas- 
ant place  to  dwell  in  and  an  ornament  to  our  village."  "It 
is  not  out  of  place  to  say  in  all  local  matters  which  interest 
and  benefit  the  community,  both  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Cook  have 
Q.  C.  H.  4. 


50  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

borne  their  share  of  the  burden  and  the  resposibility,  and 
have  made  their  influence  felt  in  all  that  makes  for  temper- 
ance, sobriety  and  good  order." — Courier  &  Freeman. 

The  citizens  of  Potsdam  expressed  their  appreciation  in 
the  gift  of  a  valuable  gold  watch,  bearing  this  inscription, 
''Presented  by  the  citizens  of  Potsdam  as  a  testimonial  of 
the  public  services  of  E.  H.  Cook."  In  recognition  of  his 
efforts  in  behalf  of  popular  education,  the  Universities  of 
Colgate  and  St.  Lawrence  simultaneously  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  of  Ph.  D. 

In  1888,  Dr.  Cook  was  elected  President  of  the  New 
York  Teachers  Association,  that  held  its  annual  meeting  in 
Brooklyn  in  1889,  when  over  three  thousand  teachers  were 
enrolled,  it  being  the  largest  meeting  in  the  history  of  the 
association.  In  1889,  ne  accepted  an  invitation  to  become 
head-master  of  the  Rutger's  College  Prepartory  School  at 
New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  where  he  effected  many  reforms 
and  improvements.  In  1890,  he  was  elected  President  of 
the  New  Jersey  State  Association  that  met  at  Asbury  Park. 
In  1 89 1,  he  was  secretary  of  the  International  Meeting  of 
the  National  Educational  Association  that  convened  at 
Toronto,  and  in  1892,  President  of  the  National  that  met 
at  Saratoga  Springs.  The  May  issue  of  the  Review  of 
Reviews  of  that  year,  made  this  announcement,  "The  great 
honor  of  the  presidency  this  year  was  conferred  at  Toron- 
to, upon  Superintendent  E.  H.  Cook,  Ph.  D.,  one  ol  the 
most  prominent  and  able  of  our  educational  leaders." 

Dr.  Cook's  work  for  the  last  three  years  has  been  as 
Superintendent  ot  the  Flushing,  New  York,  public  schools, 
and  as  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Educational  Review.  Dr. 
E.  A.  Goodridge,  President  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  dur- 
ing Mr.  Cook's  supervision,  writes  relative  to  the  latter's 
resignation;  "The  success  of  your  administration  of  our 
schools  has  been  most  gratifying  and  encouraging  and  has 
made  a  deep  impression  on  the  community."  At  this 
time  however,  Dr.  Cook  was  prostrated  with  a  severe  ill- 
ness, and  needed  absolute  rest  and  change  of  climate.     The 


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Dr.  T.  B.  Stow  ell 


BiograpJiical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  5 1 

bracing  air  of  Maine,  proved  the  needed  tonic,  and  after 
several  weeks  spent  among  old  home  friends,  he  found 
himself  able  to  return  and  take  up  work.  He  is  still  in- 
terested in  the  Review,  which  is  steadily  increasing  in  cir- 
culation, but  has  changed  his  home  from  Flushing  to 
Yonkers. 

In  1869,  he  married  Miss  Clara  Wing  Coburn,  of  Bruns- 
wick, Me.,  who  has  been  active  in  every  enterprise  that 
promoted  the  growth  of  the  work  in  which  her  husband 
was  engaged.  Her  children  rise  up  to  call  her  blessed. 
Both  sons  graduated  from  Columbia  College  class  of  '94, 
course  in  arts.  Harold  is  taking  a  post-graduate  course. 
Walter  was  elected  assistant  in  mathematics  at  Columbia 
'94-'95;  having  been  awarded  the  John  Tyndall  Fellowship, 
he  will  study  in  Berlin  '95-98.  Clara  is  a  student  at  the 
Yonkers  High  School. 

From  the  many  resolutions  which  have  been  adopted  by 
school  boards  expressive  of  their  appreciation  of  Dr. 
Cook's  work,  the  following  extract  may  be  taken  as  a 
sample. 

"His  remarkable  efficiency  is  so  conspicuous,  able  and 
universally  recognized  that  its  expression  seems  almost  un- 
necessary, and  yet  we  desire  to  put  upon  our  records  a 
statement  of  the  fact  that  he  has  brought  to  the  principal- 
ship  that  zeal,  ability  and  energy  which  puts  this  institution 
in  the  very  front  rank  ol  Normal  Schools ;  and  that  as  a 
citizen  in  a  most  remarkable  degree  he  has  promoted  every 
interest  which  makes  the  highest  welfare  of  the  commun- 
ity." Local  Board,  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

Dr.  Cook's  present  address  is  Park  Hill,  Yorkers,  N.  Y. 

T.  B.  STOWELL,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D., 

Principal  1889—. 

Thomas  Blanch ard  Stowell  was  born  in  the  town  of 
Perry,  Wyoming  County,  N.  Y.,  March  29,  1846.  His 
father,  David  P.  Stowell,  Esq.,  was  one  of  the  early  settlers 
of  Wyoming  county;  his  mother,  Mary  Ann  Blanchard  was 


52  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


born  in  York,  England,  and  came  to  America  when  twelve 
years  of  age.     Both  parents  are  still  living. 

The  first  school  years  of  our  subject  were  spent  in  the 
district  school.  At  the  age  of  nine  he  attended  a  private 
school  in  the  city  of  Buffalo,  where  he  began  the  study  of 
the  Ancient  Classics,  and  at  twelve  he  entered  the  Perry 
Academy,  under  the  Principalship  of  Rev.  Martin  R.  At- 
kins, A.  M.  The  classic  atmosphere  of  this  school 
strengthened  his  ambition  for  an  education,  and  afforded 
superior  advantages  for  Collegiate  Preparatory  study.  He 
graduated  from  Genesee  College  (Syracuse  University)  in 
1865  having  been  honored  with  the  Greek  oration  in  '64 
and  with  the  Latin  oration  in  '65.  He  declined  the  tutor- 
ship in  Mathematics  in  his  senior  year.  His  professional 
labors  began  as  principal  of  the  Addison  (Steuben  Co.,)  N. 
Y.,  Academy  1865-6.  The  next  year  he  took  charge  of  the 
Academic  Department  of  the  Union  School  at  Morrisville 
(Madison  Co.)  N.  Y.,  and  the  year  following  was  elected 
Professor  of  Mathematics  in  Genesee  Wesleyan  Seminary. 
In  1868  he  accepted  the  Principalship  of  the  Morris  High 
School,  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  Dr.  Malcolm  MacVicar 
being  Superintendent  of  City  Schools.  In  this  position  he 
had  the  supervision  of  one  thousand  pupils,  with  sixteen 
associate  teachers.  The  next  change  placed  him  in  a  posi- 
tion of  importance  and  influence,  the  chair  of  Natural 
Science  in  the  State  Normal  School  at  Cortland,  N.  Y., 
which  position  he  filled  with  eminent  success  for  twenty- 
one  years  until  his  second  call  to  the  Potsdam  Normal 
School  in  1889. 

He  was  married  in  August  1869  to  Miss  Mary  Blakeslee, 
a  graduate  of  the  Genesee  Wesleyan  Seminary,  who  shares 
in  all  his  labors.  They  have  one  son  Roy  Sherman,  now 
attending  the  Normal  School. 

In  1868  he  received  the  degree  of  A.  M.  and  in  1881  the 
degree  of  Ph.  D.  from  Syracuse  University  on  examina- 
tion. When  the  Anderson  School  of  Natural  History  was 
opened  at  Penikese,    Dr.  Stowell  was  the  first  applicant  for 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  53 


the  privileges  of  this  school,  where  he  studied  under  the 
illustrious  Agassiz  and  his  able  co-laborers.  His  summer 
vacations  were  passed  in  the  Anatomical  Laboratory  of 
Cornell  University,  under  the  instruction  of  Dr.  Burt  G. 
Wilder,  or  in  the  held,  collecting-  material  for  scientific  re- 
search. To  his  familiarity  with  Nature  and  love  for  her 
ways  must  be  referred  his  strength  as  a  teacher  of  the 
Natural  Sciences.  The  enthusiasm  with  which  his  students 
pursued  their  Laboratory  investigations,  was  born  ol  con- 
tact with  a  soul  which  was  in  close  communion  with  the 
heart  of  Nature  and  to  whom  she  gladly  disclosed  her 
secrets.  As  a  teacher  of  the  Sciences  of  Nature  his  in- 
fluence was  both  liberalizing  and  inspiring.  His  work  in 
Histology,  both  vegetal  and  animal  has  been  extensive  and 
conscientious,  and  in  the  held  of  Comparative  Neurology 
he  has  made  many  valuable  studies  along  lines  of  original 
research.  His  contributions  to  Comparative  Neurology 
embrace  a  series  of  papers  illustrated  by  original  drawings 
descriptive  of  the  Cranial  and  Spinal  Nerves  of  the  domes- 
tic cat,  as  a  basis  for  neurological  study,  in  which  the 
author  argues  the  desirability  of  making  Zootomy  the  basis 
of  Anthropotomy  and  he  also  shows  the  advantage  in  mak- 
ing Neurology  instead  of  Osteology  the  basis  for  identifi- 
cation of  organs  and  muscles.  He  has  published  three 
editions  of  an  outline  course  in  Anatomy  and  Physiology, 
and  numerous  papers  before  scientific  and  educational 
bodies,  and  a  special  work  upon  the  Effects  of  Narcotics. 
These  publications  may  be  found  in  the  proceedings  of 
The  American  Philosophical  Society,  The  American  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  The  Journal  of 
Comparative  Neurology,  The  American  Microscopical 
Society,  The  Society  of  American  Anatomists,  The  Nation- 
al Educational  Association,  etc. 

He  has  for  years  advocated  the  necessity  for  observation 
or  laboratory  work,  and  has  illustrated  before  Educational 
Associations  the  practicability  of  his  views.  As  a  teacher 
he  is  a  firm  advocate  of  the  rights  and  duties  of  the  profes- 


54  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

sion  and  of  the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  Professional 
Training.  The  trend  of  Dr.  Stowell's  thought  on  education 
may  be  epitomized  as  follows:  The  final  cause  or 
purpose  of  all  education  or  training  is  threefold  :  first  and 
ultimate,  is  the  attainment  of  Taste,  which  is  the  index  of 
character  and  the  motive  to  action:  second,  and  proximate 
is  the  formation  of  Habit  which  is  largely  physical,  but 
which  insures  Taste  as  well  as  accuracy;  and  third,  subject 
matter,  which  in  order  of  acquisition  is  primal,  and  deter- 
mines in  large  degree  the  working  value  of  Habit.  He  is 
a  firm  believer  in  the  imitative  functions  of  childhood  and 
takes  advanced  ground  regarding  the  ethical  education 
which  is  early  acquired  through  imitation.  He  also  holds 
that  culture»or  discipline  is  largely  specific  and  not  generic, 
hence  much  depends  upon  the  character  of  the  matter 
learned  or  as  he  expresses  it,  upon  the  soul-form  acquired. 
His  mode  of  teaching  Psychology  is  the  inductive  and 
experiential,  and  leads  the  teachers-in-training  early  to 
observe  the  workings  of  their  own  minds  and  to  study  the 
children  whom  they  teach.  His  rigid  laboratory  training 
has  given  him  a  distaste  for  speculative  philosophy,  and 
has  heightened  in  the  same  degree  the  importance  which 
he  attaches  to  psychical  research,  for  which  his  familiarity 
with  laboratory  methods  in  Physiology  gives  him  a  special 
preparation,  and  also  a  special  fitness  for  presenting  the 
results  of  the  same  to  his  classes. 

His  travels  both  at  home  and  abroad  have  always  been 
undertaken  with  special  reference  to  enlarged  scholarship 
and  usefulness. 

Dr.  StoweU's  position  in  the  educational  world  is  an  en- 
viable one.  He  is  a  member  of  the  American  Microscopical 
Society,  a  fellow  of  the  American  Society  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science,  an  Original  Member  of  the  American 
Society  of  Anatomists,  a  Member  of  the  National  Educa- 
tional Association,  New  York  State  Teachers'  Association, 
etc.  Dr.  Stowell  claims  that  teaching  is  both  a  science  and 
an  art,  and    has  prepared  the  following    criteria   for   deter- 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  55 


mining-  professional  qualifications,  used  with  pupil  teachers 
in  the  schools  of  practice. 

I.  Scholarship — measured  by 

1.  Technical  knowledge  of  subject  matter  presented  to  classes. 

2.  Scope  of  knowledge — amount  of  collateral  knowledge  at  command. 

II.  Knowledge  of  condition  of  Pupil's  mind — measured  by 

1.  Teacher's  "mode"  in  preparation  of  lesson  to  be  given. 

2.  Teacher's  "mode"  in  presentation  of  lesson  to  be  given. 

3.  Tact  in  presentation  of  lesson. 

4.  Fertility  of  resources  of  illustration. 

III.  Knowledge  of  the  System  and  the  Method  to  be  employed,  with  ability 

to  practically  apply  the  same — measured  by 

1.  Logical  sequence  of  matter  presented  to  class  (system). 

2.  Kind  of  mental  activity  demanded  of  the  pupil  by  the  presentation 
of  matter  (method). 

3.  Ability  to  give  correct  Form  to  pupil's  knowledge. 

IV.  Ability  to  test  the  form  of  pupil's  knowledge — measured  by 

1.  Character  and  Scope  of  questions. 

2.  Presence  of  necessary  questions  ;  absence  of  unnecessary  questions. 

3.  Use  of  questions  which   convey  the  answer   sought,  by   intonation, 
content,  etc. 

V.  Ability  and  Disposition  to  improve  under  Criticism — measured  by 

1.  Freedom  from  depression  under  adverse  criticism. 

2.  Freedom  from  undue  elation  under  favorable  criticism. 

3.  Freedom  from  effort  to  evade  criticism. 

4.  Eeadiness  of  comprehension  of  nature  and  scope  of  criticism. 

VI.  Professional  spirit — measured  by 

1.  Devotion  to  Preparation  of  Work. 

2.  Willingness  to  assume  extra  tasks. 

3.  Power  to  awaken  in  pupils  an  ambition  to  study. 

4.  Ability  to  make  pupils  think  vigorously  and  logically. 

5.  Ability  to  develop  use  of  technical   terms,  elegant   and  correct  con- 
structions in  recitation. 

6.  Ability  to   enable   pupils  to   use  as   well  as  to   comprehend  subject 
matter. 

7.  Loyalty  to  Authority,  Punctuality,  Professional  Courtesy. 

VII.  Executive  ability — measured  by 

1.  General  Theory  of  Class  Management. 

2.  Dexterity  with  which  work  is  accomplished  ;  amount  of  work  done. 

3.  Quality  of  mental  activity  awakened  in  pupil. 

a.  Promptness,  "Brightness." 

b.  Absence  of  Irritability. 

c.  Conservation  of  pupil's  energies. 


56  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


4.  Ability  to  keep  pupils  cheerful  and  hopeful  under  assigned  tasks. 

5.  Knowledge   of   disposition   of  individual   pupils,    and   of  means  to 
reach  them. 

6.  Acuteness  of  observation  of  the  condition  of  order  of  class,  of  room, 
and  of  class  work. 

7.  Variety  of  resources  (tact)  in  correcting  disorder. 

8.  Ability  to  create  a  "Habit  of  Order"  in  pupils,  shown  by 

a.  "Moral  tone"  of  pupils. 

b.  Ability  of  pupils  to  control  themselves. 

c.  Pupils  ideal  of  order. 

d.  Pupil's  orderly  arrangement  of  work. 

9.  Ability  to  hold  pupils  to  matter  in  hand. 
VIII.     Mannerisms. 

His  more  important  scientific  and  pedagogical  publications  are: 
1881 — The  Vagus  Nerve  in   the   domestic   cat.       Proc.  Amer.   Phil.  Soc.  Vol. 
XX.  pp.  123—138,  figs.  13. 
Use  of  the  microscope  in  gross  anatomy.     The   Microscope,  Vol   1,  pp. 
65-68,  figs.  3. 
1882 — Outline  Course  in  Zoology,  a   syllabus   of   laboratory   work  for  normal 

students. 
1886 — The  Trigeminus  Nerve  in  the  domestic  cat.     Proc.  Amer.    Phil.  Soc. 
Vol.  XXIV,  pp.  459-478.     PI.  1. 
The  Facial  Nerve  in  the  domestic  cat.     Ibid  Vol.    XXV.   pp.  13,   PI.  1. 
1888 — The  Glosso-pharyngeal,  the  Accessory,  and  the  Hypoglossal  Nerves  in 

the  domestic  cat.     Ibid  Vol.  XXV,  pp.  89-104.     PI.  3. 
1889— The  Soft  Palate  in  the  domestic  cat.     Proc.  A.  M.  S.  Vol.  X,  pp.  58-76, 
PI.  1. 
Syllabus  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology  for  Normal   Students,  3d  Ed.  pp. 

120  illus. 
Effects  of  Stimulants  and  Narcotics,  2d  Ed.  pp.  40,  figs.  6. 
The  claims  of  the  Natural  Sciences  in   the  School    Curriculum.     Proc. 
Peg.  U.  N.  Y.,  pp.  15. 
1890 — Psychic  Form  in  its  Eelation  to  Teaching.    Educational  Gazette,  pp.  12. 
1891 — The  Lumbar,  the  Sacral  and  the  Coccygeal  Nerves  in  the  domestic  cat. 
Jour.  Comp.  Neur.  Vol.  I.  pp.  287-314,  PI.  1. 
Moral  Tone  in  the  School.     Academy,  Mar.  pp.  12. 
1893 — Requirements  for  the  Degree  of  Doctor  of  Pedagogy.     Proc.  N.  E.  A. 

p.  442. 
1894— The  Training  of  Teachers.     Proc.  N.  E.  A.  p.  115-120. 

The  Practical  in  Elementary  Education.      Rep.  Snpt.  Pub.  Instr.  '95, 
pp.  1051-56. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  $7 


MRS.  M.  ANA4IB  ALLEN -THAPN  ELL, 
Preceptress  1869-1871. 

M.  Annie  Allen  was  educated  at  the  Amsterdam 
Academy  and  Female  Seminary,  she  reading  considerably 
more  Latin  than  the  College  course  prescribed,  and  mak- 
ing good  attainment  in  mathematics  and  the  sciences. 

Beginning  in  1854,  Miss  Allen  was  preceptress  of  the 
Prattsville  Academy;  from  April  1855  to  April  1859  Pre" 
ceptress  in  the  Amsterdam  Female  Seminary;  from  April 
1859  to  July  1868  preceptress  in  the  Jefferson  County  Insti- 
tute at  Watertown.  While  there  she  acquired  a  knowledge 
of  the  German  language  under  a  native  teacher. 

While  principal  of  Canajoharie  Academy  in  1869,  she  re- 
signed to  take  the  post  of  preceptress  in  the  State  Normal 
School  at  Potsdam  on  the  organization  of  that  institution. 
In  the- fall  of  1871  she  resigned  at  Potsdam  and  married 
the  late  Rev.  Wm.  H.  Trapnell  of  Upper  Marlborough, 
Maryland.  After  the  death  of  her  husband  in  1873  sne 
sailed  for  Europe  where  she  remained  for  three  years. 
Her  time  was  spent  in  England,  Germany,  Italy  and 
France,  making  extensive  studies  in  the  masterpieces  of 
the  old  world. 

After  her  return  to  Amsterdam  she  gathered  and  con- 
ducted for  six  years  a  free  class  in  art  (poetry,  painting  and 
architecture),  also  for  seven  years  was  the  President  of  a 
large  Chautauqua  Circle.  She  at  present  is  connected  with 
a  school  for  young  ladies  at  Amsterdam,  where  she  has 
ably  conducted  the  department  of  Belle  Lettres  for  several 
years.  Mrs.  Trapnell  took  a  leading  part  in  founding  the 
Children's  Home  Association  at  Amsterdam  and  is  its 
present  Corresponding  Secretary. 

The  public  press  of  both  that  and  other  cities  has  been 
the  recipient  of  articles  from  her  gifted  pen,  in  poetry  and 
prose.  For  many  years  she  was  Secretary  of  the  Amster- 
dam Reading  Club,  an  organization  which  did  much  for 
the    social  and   intellectual  life  of  Amsterdam.     She  also 


$8  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


aided  in  sustaining-  and  carrying  on  a  night  school  for  the 
operators  of  the  mills  of  that  place. 

Daring  the  past  six  years  a  wide  field  has  opened  to 
Mrs.  Trapnell  in  invitations  to  conduct  Shakespeare  classes 
in  her  own  and  adjoining  cities.  An  afternoon  and  an 
evening  class  have  been  greatly  enjoyed  by  the  citizens  of 
that  place,  and  in  the  winter  of  '93  an  enthusiastic  group  of 
ladies  in  the  city  of  Poughkeepsie  listened  to  her  exposi- 
tions of  the  plays  of  the  Bard  of  Avon. 

Mrs.  Trapnell  has  also  conducted  a  Browning  Class  with 
acceptance  in  Amsterdam.  She  has  been  invited  to  become 
a  member  of  the  faculty  of  the  University  Extension 
under  the  Regents  Board  of  New  York  State,  which  will 
open  to  her  a  still  wider  field  of  usefulness  in  this  direction. 

For  many  years  a  member  of  St.  Ann's  Episcopal  church 
of  Amsterdam  she  has  been  untiring  in  her  devotion  to  all 
departments  of  church  work. 

Upon  the  many  communities  in  which  Mrs.  Trapnell  has 
resided  her  influence  has  been  widely  felt  in  promoting  the 
good,  the  true  and  the  beautiful.  L.  L.  B. 

M*RS  MIRANDA  S.  MAI^KS-CON  KEy, 

Preceptress  1871-1875. 

Miranda  S.  Marks  received  her  earlv  education  in  the 
common  schools.  To  the  careful  training  of  a  refined  and 
devoted  mother,  and  the  strict  discipline  of  a  cultured 
father,  "an  ideal  man,"  was  due  much  of  her  success  as  a 
teacher. 

At  eighteen  years  of  age  she  entered  a  Girls'  School  at 
St.  Paul,  Minn.,  where  she  continued  her  studies  and 
taught  in  the  Primary  Department.  When  twenty-two 
years  of  age  she  was  elected  Principal  of  the  Preparatory 
Department  of  Gloversville  Seminary.  After  one  year's 
connection  with  this  school  she  entered  the  Oyr  French 
Boarding  School  in  Montreal  for  better  preparation  to 
teach  French.     When  she  left  this  School   the  position   of 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

URBANA 


Miss  Amelia  Morey, 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  59 

"Senior  teacher"  in  Mrs.  Say's  Seminary,  Montreal,  was 
offered  and  accepted.  This  was  the  beginning  of  twelve 
consecutive  years  of  work  in  teaching.  After  three  years 
she  accepted  the  position  of  preceptress  of  Canton 
Academy,  where  she  remained  three  years,  after  which 
she  took  the  same  position  for  three  years  in  Franklin 
Academy  at  Malone.  At  the  expiration  of  that  time  she 
succeeded  Miss  Allen  as  Preceptress  of  the  Potsdam  State 
Normal  School,  which  position  she  occupied  from  Septem- 
ber 1 87 1  until  January  1875. 

Too  high  a  tribute  cannot  be  paid  her  as  a  teacher;  one 
to  whom  reference  is  often  made  as  "the  best  teacher  I  ever 
knew."  No  student  could  do  other  than  thorough  work 
under  her  inspiration.  What  was  more  important,  she 
aroused  the  student's  ambition,  awakening  a  desire  to 
know  which  led  the  mind  to  work  for  itself.  She  was 
sincere  and  her  perfect  sincerity  was  felt,  giving  her  an  in- 
fluence for  good  over  all.  Her  aim  was  the  up-building  of 
character  and  her  own  self  was  the  practical  embodiment 
of  her  teaching. 

Soon  after  leaving  the  State  Normal  School  she  married 
Charles  N.  Conkey  of  Canton,  N.  Y.,  where  she  has  since 
resided.  Her  influence  over  those  whom  she  taught  and  in- 
spired continues.  To  her  home  they  journey  and  write  to 
tell  of  their  success,  receiving  encouragement  and  inspira- 
tion to  attain  unto  the  high  ideals  of  noble  life. 

F.  L.  Backus. 

MISS  AMELIA  MCTREy, 
Preceptress  1869 — . 

Amelia  Morey  was  born  in  Susquehanna  County,  Penn., 
the  oldest  daughter  among  seven  children,  three  sisters 
and  three  brothers.  She  removed  with  her  parents  to 
Binghamton,  N.  Y.,  in  1850,  where  excellent  school  ad- 
vantages were  enjoyed.  Although  the  schools  of  that  per- 
iod were  not  as  "advanced"  as  those  of  the   present  day,  at 


6o  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

seven  years  of  age  she  carried  proudly  to  school  a  Sander's 
Third  Reader,  an  Elementary  Geography  and  a  Mental 
Arithmetic,  and  "got  to  the  head"  occasionally  in  spelling, 
much  to  her  satisfaction. 

From  a  child,  reading  had  been  a  passion,  abundantly 
gratified  by  the  books  in  the  home,  an  entire  school  library, 
a  Sunday  school  library,  and  later,  the  city  library  which,  as 
a  special  favor,  was  always  open  to  students   and  teachers. 

Though  children's  papers  were  not  to  be  had,  the  metro- 
politan newspapers  served  fcr  the  younger  as  well  as  the 
older  members  of  the  family,  and  good  enjoyable  reading 
they  were.  As  a  special  reward  for  excellence  in  reading, 
the  younger  members  of  the  family  were  occasionally  al- 
lowed to  read  aloud  for  the  benefit  of  the  rest,  thus  gather- 
ing a  fair  idea  of  men  and  measures  from  this  much 
coveted  exercise,  and  also  from  the  conversation  of  their 
elders. 

At  sixteen  she  passed  the  necessary  examinations  and 
taught  her  first  term  of  school  of  seventy  pupils  to  the 
satisfaction  of  all  except  herself.  In  '59  and  '60,  she  attend- 
ded  Susquehanna  Seminary  ;  in  '61,  the  Binghamton  Acad- 
emy. In  '64,  she  was  appointed  principal  of  the  Sixth 
Ward  school.  At  this  time  the  City  Superintendent  pro- 
posed to  hire  one  Normal  graduate,  at  the  magnificent  sal- 
ary of  $500,  "and  steal  her  methods."  In  February  '68, she 
entered  the  Oswego  Normal  school  graduating  in  June '69. 

In  September  '69,  she  entered  upon  her  duties  in  Pots- 
dam, as  principal  of  the  Intermediate  Department,  where 
she  distinguished  herself  for  her  executive  ability,  managing 
the  department  with  that  ease  which  is  possible  only  to 
those  gifted  as  she  is.  At  this  time  the  work  of  criticism  in 
all  subjects  taught  in  the  Practice  School  was  performed  by 
two  teachers  in  the  Intermediate,  and  two  in  the  Primary,  so 
the  earlier  graduates  of  the  school  remember  Miss  Morey 
as  a  critic  in  Arithmetic  as  well  as  in  Grammar.  Although 
appointments  have  been  offered  her  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Nor- 
mal School,  the  Chautauqua  and  Buffalo  Normal  Schools,  the 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

URBANA 


Professor  Mann. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  6\ 


Normal  College  of  New  York,  and  also  the  principal  posi- 
tion in  several  institutions  for  ladies,  as  well  as  large  salar- 
ies as  the  principal  of  City  Training  Schools,  she  still  re- 
mains true  to  the  school  whose  success  is  in  so  many  ways 
due  to  her  efforts,  her  work. 

In  1876,  she  was  made  Preceptress  of  the  school,  retain- 
ing charge  of  the  work  in  English  and  the  criticism  in  this 
department.  The  success  with  which  she  has  administered 
the  affairs  of  her  responsible  position  is  testified  to  by  the 
work  and  the  words  of  hundreds  of  teachers,  scattered 
over  the  country,  who  owe  to  Miss  Morey  much  of  their 
success,  not  alone  because  of  instruction  received,  but  for 
the  inspiration  which  makes  "drudgery  divine,"  inspiration 
caught  from  contact  with  one  whose  whole  life  has  been  un- 
selfishly devoted  to  the  best  interests  of  the  young  people 
who  have  come  under  her  care.  J.  E.  C. 

PHOFESSOn  WAHKEAJ    MAAJA4,  A.M.,  1872-. 

Warren  Mann  was  born  in  Varick,  Seneca  Co.  N.  Y., 
Dec.  10,  1 846,  a  son  of  Matthias  T.  Mann,  a  native  of  New 
Jersey  who  removed  to  Seneca  County  when  a  lad  and 
died  in  1889  at  tne  advanced  age  of  ninety-one.  Warren 
was  the  youngest  of  nine  children,  and  early  showed  a  de- 
sire for  an  education.  He  taught  while  taking  his  course 
and  put  himself  through  Genesee  College  (now  Syracuse 
University)  from  which  he  graduated  at  Syracuse,  June 
1872,  since  which  time  he  has  been  connected  with  the 
Normal  School,  having  the  chair  of  Mathematics  for  two 
years,  and  in  1874  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Natural 
Science,  a  position  which  he  has  ever  since  held.  He 
married  July  7,  1872,  Helen  E.,  daughter  of  Rev.  G.  H. 
Blakeslee  of  the  Wyoming  Conference.  They  have  had 
three  children,  Paul  B.,  a  student  in  the  Normal,  Francis 
Darwin,  who  died  at  the  age  of  twenty  months,  and  Claire 
Louise,  a  pupil  in  the  Training  School. 

No  teacher  who  has  been  connected  with  the  Potsdam 
Normal  School   is   held  in  kinder  regard  than  Prof.  Mann; 


Potsdam  Normal  School. 


positive  in  his  convictions,  outspoken  on  all  moral  issues, 
severe  in  his  denunciations  of  vice,  he  is  yet  sympathetic 
and  sensitive  to  every  appeal  for  help,  always  the  student's 
friend;  a  rigid  observer  of  school  discipline,  his  counsel  is 
always  for  honesty  and  uprightness;  his  evident  desire  for 
justice  and  fair  dealing  causes  his  opinion  to  be  respected 
and  few  teachers  are  able  to  exert  a  more  uplifting  in- 
fluence. Professor  Mann's  great  strength  as  a  citizen  and  a 
teacher  lies  in  his  manliness,  the  nobility  and  sincerity  of 
his  life.  He  is  direct  in  his  manner  and  reaches  the  end 
sought  by  the  shortest  route.  He  has  served  as  a  member 
of  the  Village  Board  of  Health  and  has  been  twice  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Excise. 

His  class-room  work  is  observational  and  leads  the 
student  to  make  his  own  conclusions.  An  ardent  lover  of 
nature,  he  inspires  his  pupils  with  the  same  feeling.  New 
apparatus  has  been  recently  added  and  the  Professor  re- 
joices in  a  finely  equipped  laboratory. 

He  has  been  President  of  the  St.  Lawrence  Teachers' 
Association,  and  has  published  an  Outline  of  Work  on 
Human-Body  Lessons,  Plant  Lessons,  Common  Rocks, 
Animal  Lessons,  Physics  Lessons.  These  constitute  a 
series  of  directions  how  to  teach  the  subjects  treated,  and 
represent  the  character  of  the  work  as  planned  by  him  for 
the  Practice  Schools.  They  are  a  valuable  contribution  to 
Methodology.  M.  B.  S. 

PKOFESSOK  JAMES  W.  AITCHISOAJ,  1886-1887. 

James  W.  AlTCHISON  was  born  in  Madrid,  and  prepared 
for  the  Normal  in  the  district  school.  After  graduation 
from  the  Scientific  Course,  '86,  he  taught  over  one  year  in 
the  Preparatory  Department,  the  next  three  years  in  Cali- 
fornia and  from  September  '90  to  June  '93  in  Madrid  Union 
Free  School.  During  the  last  four  years  of  teaching  he 
completed  the  C.  L.  S.  C.  Course  of  reading.  Entered 
University  of  City  of  New  York  Medical  Department 
October  '93. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  6$ 


PROFESSOR  FHEEMAM   H.  ALLEN,  Ph.  B.,  1885- 

Freeman  H.  Allen  was  born  in  Copenhagen,  Lewis 
Co  ,  N.  Y.  in  1862.  His  father,  E.  Allen,  M.  D.,  was  form- 
erly a  teacher,  and  two  brothers  have  had  several  years  of 
successful  experience  in  teaching-. 

His  early  education  was  in  the  village  school  in  Copen- 
hagen, a  school  which  has  held  high  rank  in  Lewis  County 
for  many  years.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  attended  the 
private  school  ol  Prof.  J.  A.  Prindle,  at  Denmark,  N.  Y., 
and  later  spent  one  year  in  a  private  Academy  in  Copen- 
hagen. At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  enioyed  his  first  ex- 
perience as  pedagogue  in  a  country  school,  "ooarding 
round."  He  was,  for  two  years,  principal  of  the  village 
school  at  Copenhagen  and  in  '83  entered  the  State  Normal 
at  Potsdam,  graduating  in  June  '85. 

During  his  course  in  the  Normal  he  was  assistant  in- 
structor in  the  Preparatory  Department,  and  upon  gradu- 
ation was  appointed  a  member  of  the  faculty  of  this  school 
to  instruct  in  Geography,  History  and  Botany. 

In  '85  he  was  appointed  instructor  in  Arithmetic;  in  '87 
to  supervision  of  Arithmetic  in  the  training  school;  and  in 
90  teacher  of  Civics  and  Arithmetic  Methods.  In  92  pub- 
lished a  Manual  of  Arithmetic  Methods. 

He  has  pursued  a  non-resident  college  course,  making  a 
specialty  of  History  and  Political  Economy.  Ph.  B.  '95 
(111.  Weslevan  University). 

In  June  1890  he  was  married  to  Rose  L.  Priest  of  Pots- 
dam ;  daughter  Elizabeth  Rose  (95)  deceased. 

WRS.  HELEM   D.  AUSTIN-BKAMLEg,  1872-1878. 

Helen  D.  Austin  the  daughter  of  Oliver  and  Harriet 
Sealy  Austin  was  born  in  Potsdam,  Oct.  27,  1848.  Her 
early  educational  advantages  were  received  in  the  district 
school. 

At  the  age  of  sixteen  she  entered  the  St.  Lawrence 
Academy  at   Potsdam,   and   the  following  summer  taught 


64  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


her  first  term  of  school.  With  an  experience  of  teaching 
six  terms  she  entered  the  Normal,  graduating  in  January 
'73,  English  course  with  Latin  additional. 

In  the  summer  of  1892  she  was  engaged  by  the  Local 
Board  as  assistant  in  the  Intermediate  Department.  After 
her  graduation  she  became  a  regular  member  of  the 
Faculty  and  continued  to  teach,  first  as  Critic  and  later  as 
Principal  of  the  Intermediate  Department  for  five  years. 
She  then  resigned  her  position,  and  on  April  23,  1878  was 
married  to  Rev.  A.  Bramlev  of  the  Northern  New  York 
Conference.  At  the  close  of  a  three  years  pastorate 
in  Watertown  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Itinerancy  took 
her  to  Utica  for  three  years,  then  during  her  husband's 
term  as  Presiding  Elder,  to  Potsdam  four  years,  to  Pulaski 
five  years  and  then  to  Lowville,  where  she  now  resides. 

At  the  time  of  Miss  Austin's  marriage  her  husband  had 
two  children,  Grace  Wilcox  fourteen  years  of  age,  and 
Herbert  Wright  eleven  years  of  age.  A  son,  Howard 
Craig,  was  born  Nov.  11,  1882. 

With  her  many  labors  in  the  itinerancy  Mrs.  Bramley 
does  not  forget  her  Alma  Mater. 

/VVRS.  MAKY   E.   LOKD-BAeON,  1882-1886. 

MARY  E.  Lord  entered  the  Normal  from  district  No.  8. 
Potsdam,  taught  three  terms,  and  studied  Elocution  with 
Miss  Helen  Potter.  She  graduated  from  the  classical 
course  January  '75;  '75  Crary's  Mills;  '75-7  Burlington,  Vt.; 
'77-9  Boston  University  School  of  Oratory,  graduating  '79  ; 
'S1-2  gave  private  instruction  in  Elocution;  '82-6  teacher  of 
Elocution  and  Reading  in  the  Potsdam  Normal  School ;  '89 
studied  with  Mrs.  Harriet  Webb  and  Edmund  J.  Meyer, 
and  upon  her  return  to  Potsdam  continued  private  instruc- 
tion in  Elocution  and  Vocal  Culture;  '91-2,  studied  at  the 
Boston  School  of  Expression,  graduating  in  '92  studied 
Swedish  Gymnastics  with  Baron  Nils  Posse  ;  December  '92 
removed  to  San  Jose,  California,  where  she  is  teaching  Elo- 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  65 

cution.  December  '79  she  married  Albert  S.  Bacon.  Chil- 
dren, Sanford  L.  ('80),  Cora  ('87),  Ruth  L.  ('88),  Albert  S. 
(90),  Ruth  ('93). 

9KOFESSOK  GEO.  V.  SE7VRD,  A.  M.,  1884. 

Prof.  Geo.  P.  Beard,  A.  M.,  is  a  native  of  Vermont. 
Reverses  in  his  father's  finances  necessitated  his  reliance 
entirely  upon  his  own  efforts  in  securing  his  Academic  and 
College  Courses,  the  expenses  of  which  were  paid  by 
teaching  during  the  winter  months.  He  excelled  as  a 
student  in  Literature,  Languages  and  Mental  Philosophy 
and  kindred  subjects.  In  the  summer  and  fall  of  1864  he 
labored  under  the  "Christian  Commission"  caring  for  the 
wounded  soldiers  in  Grant's  great  campaign  from  the 
Rapidan  to  City  Point. 

In  the  spring  of  1865  he  was  elected  Superintendent  of 
city  schools  at  Chillicothe,  Mo.  The  excellence  of  these 
schools,  his  personal  efforts  in  securing  legislation  for  a 
system  of  public  schools  for  the  State,  and  State  Normal 
Schools,  his  nomination  as  candidate  for  State  Superinten- 
dent of  Public  Instruction  on  the  Republican  ticket  in  '70, 
and  subsequent  election  as  first  Principal  of  the  State  Nor- 
mal School  at  Warrensburg,  Mo.,  are  among  the  features 
of  his  eight  years  residence  in  that  State. 

He  was  elected  Principal  of  the  State  Normal  School,  at 
Shippensburg,  Pa.,  in  the  fall  of  '72.  From  ,rj6  to  '84,  he 
was  Principal  of  the  State  Normal  School  at  California, 
Pa.  From  '85  to  '88,  he  was  Principal  of  the  State  Normal 
School  at  Lock  Haven,  Pa.  From  January  to  July  in  1884 
he  officiated  as  Principal  of  the  State  Normal  School  at 
Potsdam,  N.  Y.,  graduating  two  classes,  and  filling  out  the 
unexpired  school  year  upon  the  resignation  of  Principal 
Morgan.  His  engagement  was  for  six  months  only  and  he 
was  not  a  candidate  for  re-election.  He  has  been  a  teacher, 
organizer  and  manager  of  schools  for  about  30  consecutive 
years,  and  is  now  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at 
Blair,  Neb. 

Q.   C.  H.  5. 


66  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


MISS  MAUD  BELL,  1882-1883. 

Maud  Bell  was  born  in  New  York  City  where  she 
received  her  early  education.  She  graduated  at  the  Au- 
burn (Me.)  High  School,  and  began  teaching- in  the  Auburn 
Public  School  in  1875,  where  she  remained  four  years.  She 
studied  one  year  at  Cornell  University,  and  then  went  to 
Leipsic  and  Hanover,  Germany,  for  the  study  of  the  Ger- 
man language;  she  studied  French  in  Paris  and  returned  to 
America  to  accept  the  position  of  Teacher  of  French  and 
German  at  Potsdam  in  'S2,  where  she  remained  one  year, 
resigning  to  accept  similar  work  at  Norwich,  Conn.  Here 
she  remained  three  years  and  in  the  Fall  ot  1886,  went  to 
Fort  Collins,  Colo.,  where  she  is  now  teaching  as  Professor 
of  History  and  Literature,  in  the  State  Agricultural 
College. 

P-ROFESSCR   E*RASMUS  *D.  BLAKESLEE,  A.  M.,  LL.  B. 

By  Rev.   William  D.  Marsh,  '74. 

Of  the  instructors  who  have  contributed  to  the  intellect- 
ual and  moral  life  of  the  Potsdam -Normal  School,  Prof.  E. 
D.  Blakeslee  stands  in  the  front  rank.  In  May  1869,  he  as- 
sumed the  duties  of  the  Chair  of  Natural  Science,  a  posi- 
tion which  he  filled  with  great  honor  to  himself  for  three 
years.  He  was  then  elected  to  the  Yice-Principalship, 
and  in  two  years  more  was  made  acting  Principal,  during 
the  almost  continued  absence  of  Dr.  Malcolm  MacVicar. 

In  1876,  he  resigned  in  order  to  enter  the  legal  profession. 
After  graduating  at  the  Albany  Law  School  he  was  attack- 
ed by  an  incurable  disease.  Through  seven  long  years  of 
suffering  he  was  so  brave  and  hopeful,  so  eager  in  the  pur- 
suit of  knowledge,  so  interested  in  the  mental  life  of  the 
world,  that  it  seemed  that  the  spirit  would  conquer  the 
body,  and  that  he  would  realize  his  long  cherished  ambi- 
tions. Disciplined  by  years  of  closest  study,  an  admirable 
writer,  logical  in  thought  and  forceful  in  expression,  an  elo- 
quent  and  convincing  speaker,  a  man  of  sturdy  moral  con- 


BiograpJiical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  67 

victions,  he  had  every  promise  of  a  brilliant  and  distin- 
guished earthly  career.  But  this  was  not  God's  plan  for 
him,  and  in  his  thirty-sixth  year,  he  was  translated  to  a  land 
where,  unhindered  b/y  physical  weakness,  his  powers  are 
having  their  full  development. 

As  a  teacher  his  chief  characteristic  was  his  marked  abil- 
ity to  quicken  thought.  His  students  were  led  to  develop 
their  own  powers.  You  could  not  be  with  him  without  in- 
creased desire  to  dig  to  the  foundations  of  truth.  In  every 
fibre  he  was  a  student.  His  life  was  the  forfeit  paid  to  a 
complete,  and  thus  unwise,  devotion  to  study.  But  though, 
pre-eminently  a  man  of  thought,  he  was  no  book  worm. 
So  genial  and  companionable  was  he  that  every  young  man 
felt  the  inspiration  of  contact  with  his  rich,  full  mind.  He 
was  more  than  a  student,  more  than  an  instructor.  He 
was  a  Christian  educator,  whose  impress  was  left  on  the 
moral  and  spiritual  nature  of  young  men  and  young  women. 

Thoroughly  familiar  with  the  Scientific  Materialism  of 
the  day,  ever  pondering  on  the  religious  problems  which 
confront  all  thoughtful  souls,  never  fearing  to  face  all  sides 
of  every  question,  accepting  nothing  on  mere  tradition  or 
authority,  he  nevertheless  retained  to  the  last  an  unwaver- 
ing faith  in  the  fundamental  truths  of  Christianity.  Severe- 
ly tested  by  the  long  hard  struggle  with  slowly  approach- 
ing death,  he  held  fast  his  faith  in  the  providence  and  good- 
ness ot  God.  The  character  and  the  claims  of  Jesus  Christ 
were  the  sheet  anchor  of  his  faith.  Such  a  faith  in  such  a 
man  preaches  as  ten  thousand  sermons  cannot  preach. 
Such  a  life  ennobles  the  teacher's  profession.  Its  influence 
is  perpetuated  and  never  dies. 

Of  the  many  Potsdam  students  from  '69  to  '76,  students 
whose  intellectual  habits  were  changed,  whose  ambitions 
were  transformed,  whose  characters  were  moulded  by  this 
devoted  brilliant  man,  none  cherished  a  deeper  respect  or 
warmer  love  for  his  memory  than  the  writer.  It  is  fitting 
that  one  whose  life  was  touched,  elevated  and  enriched  by 
him  should  bear  this  tribute  to  a  true  christian  teacher. 


68  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

_ — _ , 

PROFESSOR  WILLIS   E.  BOND,  A.  B.,  1893—. 

Willis  Elmer  Bond  was  born  of  American  parentage, 
near  Albion,  Orleans  County,  N.  Y.,  July  9th,  1861.  His 
early  education  was  received  in  the  common  schools  of  his 
native  place,  where  he  showed  a  special  aptitude  for  mathe- 
matics. At  17  he  commenced  his  preparation  for  college 
at  the  Albion  High  School,  entering  the  University  of 
Michigan  in  the  fall  of  '82. 

Although  taking  the  classical  course,  he  early  became  in- 
terested in  scientific  pursuits,  and  after  the  required  amount 
of  Greek  and  Latin  had  been  finished  he  turned  his  whole 
attention  to  scientific  study.  His  work  in  Astronomy  was 
done  with  Prof.  Mark  \V.  Harrington,  afterward  at  the 
head  of  the  Weather  Bureau.  In  Geology,  under  Prof. 
Alexander  Winchell,  he  pursued  all  the  courses  offered  in 
the  curriculum  and  one  and  one-half  year's  special  work  in 
Prof.  Winchell's  laboratory.  After  graduation  he  was  suc- 
cessively Principal  of  the  Union  School,  at  Holley,  N.  Y., 
Professor  of  Mathematics  in  a  private  school,  at  Stamford, 
Conn.,  where  he  prepared  boys  for  Yale  and  Cornell,  and 
Professor  of  Mathematics  at  Dr.  Halsev's  school  in  New 
York  City,  preparing  boys  for  Columbia,  Princeton  and 
Johns  Hopkins.  In  the  fall  of  '93,  he  became  Professor  of 
Mathematics  and  Geology  in  the  Normal  School,  which 
position  he  still  holds. 

MISS  AMELIA   L.  BHETTELL,  1873-1874. 

Miss  Amelia  L.  Brettell  was  elected  teacher  of  Phil- 
osophy, Algebra,  French  and  Latin,  which  position  was 
held  for  one  year.  The  Editor  regrets  his  inability  to 
obtain  a  biographical  sketch,  or  even  a  recent  address. 

M*RS.   ELIZABETH   BHONSOAJ-BHOWAL  1882-1883. 

Elizabeth  Bronson  was  born  in  Rocktord,  III.,  and 
attended  the  Citv  Schools,  graduating  from  the  classical 
course.     She  conducted  a  private  school  for  a  year  or  more 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  69 

and  entered  the  Geneseo  (N.  Y.)  Normal,  from  which  she 
graduated,  and  accepted  the  position  of  Principal  of  Pri- 
mary Department  and  teacher  of  Primary  Methods  at 
Potsdam.  She  was  called  home  by  the  severe  illness  of 
her  mother  whose  death  occurred  soon  after.  She  remained 
in  Rockford,  111.,  where  she  taught  until  her  marriage. 
Her  residence  is  423  Baynes  St.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

MISS  ALICE  M.  BU"RN,  B.  A.,  1889-1893. 

Alice  M.  Burn  received  her  special  training-  for  the 
position  of  teaching  Drawing,  in  the  Art  Department  of 
the  Pratt  Institute.  Brooklyn,  at  the  Metropolitan  Art 
School,  New  York  City,  and  with  private  instructors.  She 
graduated  at  the  Packer  Collegiate  Institute,  Classical 
Course,  in  1881.  She  began  her  duties  as  teacher  oi  Draw- 
ing at  the  Normal  School,  September  1889,  an^  remained  a 
member  of  the  faculty  until  March  '93,  resigning  to  accept 
the  position  in  Brooklyn  of  Supervisor  of  Drawing  in  the 
Public  Schools  Her  chief  work  outside  of  teaching  has 
been  illustrating  Articles  on  Surgery. 

P-ROF.  WM.  H.  BURAHHAM,  A.  M.,  Ph.  *D.,  1883-1885. 

Born,  December  3,  1855.  Early  education  in  the  country 
schools  of  Dunbarton,  N.  H.;  graduated  at  the  Manchester 
N.  H.,  High  School  1875;  taught  in  country  schools  and 
studied  privately  for  three  years  ;  A.  B.,  with  honors  in 
Philosophy,  Harvard  University,  1882;  Instructor  in  Wit- 
tenberg College,  1882-3  ;  Instructor  of  Latin  in  the  State 
Normal  School,  Potsdam,  N.  Y.,  1883-5:  Fellow  Johns  Hop- 
kins University,  1886;  Ph.  D.,  1888,  and  instructor  in  Psy- 
chology, 1888-89;  Docent,  Clark  University,  1890-92  ;  In- 
structor in  Pedagogy,  1892  to  the  present. 

He  has  published  the  following  articles  : — Memory,  Historically  and  Experi- 
mentally Considered,  Am.  Jour.  Psychol.,  Vol.  II.  The  Older  Conceptions 
of  Memory,  Vol.  II,  No.  1,  pp.  89-90  ;  Modern  Conceptions  of  Memory.  Vol. 
II,  No.  2,  pp.  225-270;  Paramnesia,  Vol.  II,  No.  3,  pp.  431-464 ;  Recent 
Theories  and  Experimental  Studies,  Vol.  II.  No.  4,  pp.  568-622. 


Jo  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Economy  in  Intellectual  Work,  Scribner's  Magazine,  March  1889,  pp.  306- 
314      The  New  German  School,  Pedagogical  Seminary,  Yol.  1,  pp.  13-18. 

The  Study  of  Adolescence,  Ibid.  Vol.  1,  No.  2,  pp.  174-195. 

Observation  of  Children  at  the  Worcester  Normal  School,  Ibid.  Vol.  I,  No. 
2,  pp.  219-223. 

Higher  Pedagogical  Seminaries  in  Germany,  Ibid.  Vol.  I,  No.  3,  pp. 390-408. 

Illusions  of  Memory,  Scribner's  Magazine,  February  1882,  pp.  185-195. 

Outlines  of  School  Hygiene,  Pedagogical  Seminary,  Vol.  II,  No.  1,  pp.  9-71. 

A  Scheme  of  Classification  for  Child-Study,  Ibid.  Vol.  II,  No.  2,  pp.  191-198. 

Individual  Differences  in  the  Imagination  of  Children,  Ibid.  Vol.  II,  No.  2, 
pp.  204-225. 

Some  Recent  German  Literature  on  Physical  Education,  Ibid.  Vol.  II,  pp. 
232-298.  Occasional  contribution  of  book  reviews  and  short  articles  to  The 
Nation,  Pedagogical  Seminary  and  other  periodicals. 

Iii  the  summer  of  1890  he  visited  Europe,  and  traveled 
visiting  educational  institutions  in  England,  France,  Bel- 
gium, and  Germany. 


MISS  JAAJE  P.  BUTKI6K,    1883—. 

The  early  childhood  of  Jane  F.  Butrick  was  passed  in 
the  town  of  Hammond,  where  she  was  sent  to  the  village 
school.  Removing  with  her  parents  to  Morristown,  she 
entered  a  private  school  conducted  by  a  Presbyterian 
clergyman,  the  Rev.  Andrew  Phillips,  a  man  of  superior 
ability,  large  experience  and  deep  devotion.  In  this  school 
she  remained  several  years,  leaving  finally  to  engage  in 
teaching,  but  still  pursuing  a  systematic  course  ol  reading 
and  study  under  the  supervision  of  her  former  principal. 

From  the  fir^t  term  of  teaching,  Miss  Butrick  was  a 
faithful  attendant  at  institutes  and  similar  educational 
gatherings,  and  by  correspondence  with  other  teachers, 
visiting  the  best  schoDls  whenever  opportunity  offered, 
and  reading  educational  books  and  papers,  endeavored  to 
improve  the  character  of  her  work,  testing  theories  pre- 
sented and  profiting  by  every  item  of  information  gleaned 
from  the  experience  of  skilled  teachers.  Attendance  for 
several  seasons  at  the  Chautauqua  Summer  School,  the 
course  of  reading  in  connection  with  that  school  and  the 
pursuit  of  subjects  in  the  Correspondence  Department  of 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  ft 

the  Chautauqua  College  of  Liberal  Arts  have  occupied  a 
portion  of  the  time  devoted  to  self  improvement. 

Miss  Butrick's  first  teaching  was  in  a  district  school. 
After  several  terms  so  spent  and  a  visit  to  the  mountainous 
section  of  East  Tennessee  she  entered  the  Normal  School 
at  Potsdam  for  her  first  term.  During  her  course  at  the 
Normal,  the  experience  gained  through  being  called  upon 
to  supply  classes  in  the  Training  School,  added  to  the 
discipline  of  the  method  classes,  was  of  invaluable  assist- 
ance in  enabling  her  to  carry  successfully  into  effect  what 
was  then  considered  an  attempt  of  the  greatest  difficulty, 
that  of  systematically  grading  a  district  school. 

After  graduating,  one  year  was  spent  in  the  Training 
School  at  Potsdam  as  assistant  in  the  Primary  Department, 
and  in  teaching  classes  in  grammar  and  composition.  This 
was  followed  by  two  years  in  Westchester  County,  one 
year  being  spent  in  charge  of  a  primary  department  of 
several  rooms,  in  a  large  graded  school. 

In  September,  '83,  Miss  Butrick  returned  to  Potsdam  as 
principal  of  the  Primary  Department  of  the  Training 
School  and  teacher  of  Primary  Methods,  a  position  she  has 
occupied  to  the  present  time.  In  connection  with  her 
work  in  Primary  Methods  and  for  the  guidance  of  teachers 
in  the  classes  under  her  special  direction,  she  has  publish- 
a  manual  of  Primary  Lessons. 

/VVRS.  O.  A.  eHASB-SUfVROUGHS,  1871-1872. 

Miss  Chase  was  assistant  and  critic  in  the  Intermediate 
Department  for  one  year. 

MISS  SAKAH    VOOHHEIS  eHOLLAH,  1889—. 

Sarah  Voorheis  Chollar  was  born  in  Homer.  Cort- 
land Co.,  N.  Y.,  of  English  and  Dutch  parents.  Her  early 
education  was  received  in  her  native  town  where  she 
graduated  from  Homer  Academy  in  both  the  Classical, 
Literary  and    Scientific  Courses  in  1882.     Previous   to  this 


72  .       Potsdam  Normal  School. 

time  she  had  taught  district  school  one  term  in  Broome 
County.  During  the  spring  of  1883  she  taught  a  large  dis- 
trict school  near  her  home,  and  the  next  year,  1883-4,  was 
Preceptress  of  the  McGrawville  Academy.  The  next  two 
years  were  spent  in  attending  the  Cortland  Normal  School 
from  which  she  graduated  in  June  1886.  The  next  year 
was  spent  as  book-keeper  for  the  Laird-Norton  Lumber 
Company  at  Redwood  Falls,  Minnesota.  She  was  then 
called  to  her  Alma  Mater  in  Homer  where  two  years  were 
spent  in  teaching.  In  September  1889  she  came  to  the 
Potsdam  Normal  School  where  she  has  taught  Arithmetic, 
Civics  (one  year),  Botany  and  Composition  since  1890  and 
Physiography  added  in  '94.  She  has  had  courses  of  work 
in  the  summer  schools  at  Martha's  Vineyard  and  Cornell 
University. 

/WHS.   LILIAN  CHU *RCH -M7VRSH,  1880-1883. 

Lilian  Church  was  born  in  Morristown,  and  was 
educated  in  one  of  the  district  schools  of  that  town. 
Miss  Jane  Butrick,  now  one  of  the  teachers  of  the  Potsdam 
Normal  School,  had  much  to  do  with  her  early  education. 
Through  her  influence  Miss  Church  entered  the  Normal, 
graduating  in  June  '80.  After  graduation  she  taught  in 
the  Normal  School  three  years,  occupying  the  positions  of 
assistant  in  Primary  Department,  teacher  in  Preparatory 
Department,  and  Critic  in  the  Intermediate.  September  5, 
'83  she  married  Rev.  W.  D.  Marsh  '74-  (For  the  rest  of 
her  history  see  the  itinerary  of  that  Methodist  preacher). 

MISS  JULIET   A.  eOOK,  1872-1874. 

Miss  Juliet  A.  Cook  was  teacher  of  English  Grammar, 
Composition  and  Botany. 

MISS  JULIA   BTTIE.  CKAN  B,  1884—. 

Julia  ETTIE  Crane  was  born  in  Potsdam,  where  her 
life  as  pupil  and  teacher  has  mostly  been  passed.  Her 
education  was  beofun  in  the  district  schools  and  she  entered 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  73 


the  Intermediate  Department  the  day  the  Normal  School 
opened.  Her  musical  education  began  with  piano  lessons 
at  eleven  years  of  age,  instruction  at  singing  schools,  and 
constant  practice  in  singing  in  church  choirs.  She  was 
graduated  from  the  Normal  June,  1874,  and  taught  in 
District  No.  8  Potsdam,  from  September  '74  to  April  '77, 
and  attended  Music  Schools  during  the  summers  of  '75  anc^ 
'76;  taught  Mathematics,  Calisthenics  and  Vocal  Music  in 
the  State  Normal  School,  Shippensburg,  Pa.,  from  April 
'77  to  June  '80 ;  taught  and  studied  in  summer  music 
schools  in  '78  and  '79-  After  spending  a  year  in  Potsdam 
giving  private  voice  lessons,  Miss  Crane  spent  a  year 
abroad  studying  in  London  with  Signor  Manuel  Garcia, 
the  instructor  of  Jenny  Lincl.  Upon  her  return  Miss  Crane 
spent  two  years  more  in  giving  private  voice  lessons,  and 
in  '84  became  connected  with  the  Normal  School  and 
director  ol  the  Musical  Conservatory;  planned  and  execut- 
ed a  complete  system  of  musical  instruction  from  the  low- 
est grade  of  the  primary  to  methods  for  the  Normal  Grad- 
uate, a  system  now  in  successful  operation.  The  number 
of  private  pupils  has  increased  so  that  several  assistants 
have  become  necessary.  Mrs.  Hattie  May  Crane-Bryant 
is  now  associated  with  Miss  Crane,  and  the  Conservatory 
has  bright  prospects  for  continued  success  and  future 
enlargement.  Miss  Crane  continues  the  cultivation  of  her 
own  pure  and  sympathetic  voice,  taking  lessons  during 
each  winter  vacation  of  Mme  Cappiani  from  whom  she  has 
received  the  highest  testimonials  of  proficiency  as  a  teacher 
of  voice  culture. 

Miss  Crane  has  scholarly  attainments  of  a  high  order, 
having  carried  her  researches  into  the  realm  of  speculative 
philosophy  and  based  her  work  upon  sound  psychological 
principles.  She  has  been  largely  instrumental  in  creating 
public  sentiment  upon  the  necessity  of  teaching  music  in 
the  public  schools,  having  been  vice-president  of  the  State 
Music  Teachers'  Association  since  its  organization,  besides 
giving    important   papers  on   the  subject  before  several  of 


74  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


the  State  Teachers'  Associations.  In  '92  Miss  Crane  spent 
ten  weeks  traveling  and  visited  the  schools  of  Denver  and 
Southern  California,  where  she  responded  to  invitations  to 
deliver  addresses  at  town,  county  and  State  associations. 
She  has  also  written  extensively  for  the  New  England 
Journal  of  Education,  The  Etude,  and  Werner's  Voice 
Magazine.  Her  manual  first  published  in  1887  has  reached 
four  editions.  Besides  her  rare  qualities  as  a  teacher,  her 
distinctive  characteristic  is  her  ability  as  a  teacher  of 
teachers.  She  animates  them  with  her  own  enthusiasm, 
and  her  graduates  understand  not  only  the  theory  of  music 
and  its  execution  but  they  have  also  learned  how  to  inspire 
and  direct  others.  M.  B.  S. 

WRS.    EMILg    M.DAgTOAJ-STKEIBEHT,  1878-1880. 

Emily  M.  Dayton  entered  the  Normal  School  from 
St.  Lawrence  Academy,  Potsdam,  in  the  spring  of  '69; 
was  graduated  in  '72  Classical  Course  ;  spent  one  year  in 
rest;  in  '73  went  to  Europe  spending  two  years  there  in 
study  and  travel;  in  '75  became  Preceptress  of  Lovvville 
Academy  which  position  was  held  for  three  years  ;  during 
the  years  '78  and  '79  was  a  member  of  the  Faculty  of  the 
Potsdam  Normal  School,  teaching  Composition,  Rhetoric 
and  French  ;  resigned  this  position  in  1880  and  married 
Rev.  J.  Streibert  ;  spent  the  following  sixteen  months  in 
Europe;  lived  one  year  in  Gloversville,  N.  Y.,  where 
daughter  Ethel  was  born  in  '82.  Mr.  Streibert  being  called 
to  Christ  Church,  West  Haven,  Conn.,  she  removed  to  that 
place,  there  Muriel  was  oorn  '83,  Gladys  '85.  Mr.  Streibert 
was  then  appointed  Professor  of  Hebrew  in  the  Theologi- 
cal Department  of  Kenyon  College,  therefore  moved  to 
Gambier,  Ohio,  where  Marion  was  born  '86  and  Grace  '89. 
In  '93  Mrs.  Streibert.  came  for  a  year's  visit  to  Potsdam 
where  her  daughters  are  at  present  enjoying  the  many  ad- 
vantages offered  by  the  old  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  75 


PROFESSOR    F.    L.  TDEWEtJ,    A.  M.,    Ph.  D.,  1885-1895. 

Frederick  L.  Dewey  was  born  in  Otego,  Otsego  Co., 
May  14,  i860.  He  prepared  for  College  at  the  Delaware 
Literary  Institute  and  graduated  at  Hamilton  Co1  lege  in 
the  class  of  '82.  While  in  college  he  distinguished  himself 
for  scholarship  and  oratory,  receiving  the  "Hawley  prize" 
in  Latin  and  Greek,  the  "Tompkin's  Mathematical  Scholar- 
ship," appointment  as  "Clark  prize  orator,"  the  "McKinney 
prize  debate,"  and  the  Valedictory  of  his  class.  Two  years 
after  graduation  he  received  the  degree  ol  A.  M.,  in 
cursu  and  in  '92  his  Alma  Mater  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  Ph.  D. 

After  graduation  he  was  called  to  the  Delaware  Institute 
as  teacher  of  Ancient  Classics,  where  he  remained  three 
years,  until  he  was  elected  to  the  Department  of  Latin  and 
Greek  in  the  Potsdam  Normal  School.  Dr.  Dewey  is  a 
natural  teacher,  and  by  culture  has  added  to  his  natural 
gifts.  He  has  the  ability  to  inspire  his  pupils  and  to  give 
them  a  clear  insight  into  the  spirit  of  the  authors  studied. 
He  has  sent  five  valedictorians  to  his  Alma  Mater,  and 
many  other  brilliant  students  to  other  colleges,  who  have 
distinguished  themselves  in  the  Ancient  Classics.  In  '87 
Dr.  Dewey  married  Jessie  M.  Henry  of  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 
They  have  one  son,  Lewis  Dayton.  In  January  '95  Dr. 
Dewey  resigned  his  position  in  the  Normal  School  to  take 
charge  of  large  financial  interests.  As  a  teacher  he  was 
beloved  by  his  pupils,   and  esteemed  by  all  his  co-laborers. 

MISS  OLA   ESTERLg,  1894-. 

Ola  Esterly  was  born  in  Columbiana,  O.  Her  early 
education  was  received  in  the  public  schools  of  that  city. 
She  graduated  from  the  High  School  in  '85,  and  entered 
Wooster,  (O).  University,  from  which  institution  she 
graduated  June  1890.  After  one  year  spent  in  rest  and 
travel,  she  entered  the  Emerson  College  of  Oratory,  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  from  which  school  she  graduated  in  1894  and 
was  elected   Teacher  of  Reading  and  Physical  Culture  in 


76  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


the  Normal  School  at  Potsdam,  where  she  began  her  duties 
in  the  fall  of  '94. 

P-ROFESSOH   EDWA1VD  W.   FLAGG,  A.M.  1883-. 

Edward  W.  Flagg  was  born  in  Wellesley,  Mass.,  Oct. 
27,  1 850.  He  was  Educated  at  Williston  Seminary,  East- 
hampton,  Mass.,  and  entered  Yale  College  in  1874,  gradu- 
ating in  1878  ;  he  received  the  degree  of  A.  M.  in  1890  from 
the  same  college.  After  leaving  college  he  was  principal 
of  the  High  School  in  Glencoe,  near  Chicago,  Illinois.  In 
1883  he  became  a  teacher  in  the  Potsdam  State  Normal 
School,  having  graduated  from  the  State  Normal  School 
at  Westfield,  Mass.,  previous  to  his  Academic  Course.  His 
department  is  that  ol  Rhetoric,  History,  English  Litera- 
ture. He  has  been  a  contributor  to  Lippincott's  Magazine, 
The  New  England  Magazine,  The  Congregationalist,  The 
Chicago  Tribune,  The  Standard  and  The  interior,  Chicago 
Journals,  The  New  England  Journal  of  Education. 

In  1892-3  he  spent  six  months  at  Clark  University,  in  the 
educational  department,  and  in  addition  did  some  research 
work  in  "The  history  of  the  teaching  of  Reading  in  the 
United  States."  He  was  married  in  June  1888  to  Laura  A. 
Cauble,  '87  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

MKS.  MIMA   L.    F L ETC +HEK- FAULK,  1878-1879. 

Mina  L.  Fletcher  had  her  preparatory  education  in 
the  district  school.  After  graduation  from  the  Normal 
she  was  elected  teacher  of  English  Grammar  and  remained 
one  year;  '79-80,  Yankton,  S.  D.,  '80-90  Assistant  Principal 
Sioux  Falls  '90-93  Principal  Sioux  City  ;  Post  Graduate 
Course  in  the  American  School  of  Methods;  '81  married 
A.J.Faulk.  Children,  Carl,  '82,  Lucile,  '84.  Present  ad- 
dress, Sioux  City,  Iowa. 

NVRS.  eAH'RIE  M.  GIFFOIVD-TOSg,  1877-1879. 

M  iss  Gil- ford  was  elected  teacher  of  Composition  and 
Arithmetic  in  1877,  and  remained  one  year.     She  taught  in 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  JJ 


Dr.  Gannett's  School  in  Boston,  Mass.  The  date  of  her 
marriage  to  Mr.  Toby  and  of  her  subsequent  death  have 
not  been  ascertained. 

WRS.  S.  JULIA  GILBEHT-SWEET,  1869-1870. 

S.  Julia  Gilbert  was  born  in  Fredonia,  Chautauqua 
Co.,  N.  Y.  At  eight  years  of  age  she  moved  with  her 
family  to  Wisconsin,  where  she  attended  a  graded  school. 
At  seventeen  she  returned  to  New  York  State  where  she 
attended  school  at  Brockport  for  three  years,  two  of 
which  were  spent  in  the  Brockport  Normal.  She  taught 
one  year  in  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  and  in  the  fall  of  1869 
came  to  the  Potsdam  Normal  School  where  she  taught 
Geography  and  History  for  one  year.  August  30,  1870, 
she  was  married  to  Prof.  George  H.  Sweet,  A.  M.,  of  the 
same  school.     One  son  George  G. 

PROFESSOR   JAMBS    M.    GRAVES,    1887—. 

James  M.  Graves  was  born  at  Waddington,  St.  Law- 
rence Co.,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  27,  1862.  His  early  education  was 
received  at  the  Union  School  of  his  native  town.  At  the. 
age  of  eighteen  he  began  teaching  in  a  district  school,  and 
after  two  terms'  work  he  entered  the  Normal  in  February 
1882.  He  went  out  to  teach  and  work  at  different  times 
and  graduated  in  the  Classical  Course,  June  '88.  During 
the  last  year  of  his  course,  he  taught  the  Preparatory  class- 
es, and  did  office  work.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
faculty  for  the  following  year.  In  the  autumn  of  1889,  ne 
went  to  New  Jersey  with  Dr.  Cook,  to  teach  in  Rutgers 
College  Grammar  School,  at  New  Brunswick.  This  posi- 
tion he  resigned  in  January  '93,  having  accepted  the  prin- 
cipalship  of  a  Grammar  School  at  Bristol,  Conn.  He  had 
scarcely  entered  upon  his  duties  at  that  place,  when  per- 
sonal illness  and  illness  among  his  people  at  home  compell- 
ed him  to  give  up  the  position.  In  March,  1890,  he  was 
called  back  to  his  Alma  Mater  to  fill  a  vacancy  caused  by 
the  illness  of  a  member  of  the  faculty.     Since   then   he   has 


yS  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

remained  in  the  school,  teaching  preparatory  work  and 
composition,  and  doing  criticism  work  in  the  Training  De- 
partment. 

MISS  AGNES   L.  -HALE,   1875-1877. 

Agnes  L.  Hale  received  her  early  education  at  Nor- 
wood, N.  Y.,  in  a  district  school.  A  natural  fondness  lor 
mathematical  subjects  led  her  to  devote  her  energies  al- 
most exclusively  to  the  study  ot  arithmetic  and  algebra. 
She  graduated  from  the  Classical  Course  in  January,  1875. 
After  graduation  she  was  employed  in  the  Potsdam  Nor- 
mal School  as  a  teacher  of  mathematics.  In  January,  1877, 
she  took  charge  of  the  highest  grade  in  Grammar  School 
No.  13,  Brooklyn,  where  she  remained  until  October,  1887. 
She  then  resigned  to  accept  her  present  position  of  teacher 
of  mathematics  in  The  Girls  High  School,  Brooklyn,  which 
has  over  1,800  girls  with  a  corps  of  sixty-nine  instructors. 
Her  post  graduate  studies  have  been  mostly  in  the  line  of 
her  work,  and  she  has  devoted  considerable  time  to  the 
study  ol  the  higher  mathematics,  particularly  analytical 
geometry,  quaternions  and  the  calculus. 

MISS  MAKy    F.  HALL,    1871-1877. 

Miss  Hall  is  a  graduate  of  the  Oswego  Normal  School 
and  began  her  work  at  Potsdam  as  teacher  of  Geography 
and  Methods  in  1871.  Classes  of  '71-77  will  remember  her 
zeal  in  her  chosen  department  and  the  enthusiasm  which 
she  awakened  in  her  classes.  In  1878  she  took  a  course 
in  Kindergartening  at  Columbus,  Ohio.  After  spending 
some  time  in  the  Boston  Kindergartens  she  accepted  a 
position  in  the  State  Normal  School  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  For 
the  four  years  previous  to  her  present  position  she  was 
connected  with  the  State  Department  of  Instruction,  Min- 
nesota, and  is  now  Supervisor  of  Primary  work  in  the  city 
schools  of  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin,  which  includes  thirty-six 
Kindergartens,  the  first  and  second  grades  having  three 
hundred  and  fifty  teachers. 

Her  address  is  930  Cedar  St.,  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin. 


Biographical  Sketclies  of  Faculty.  79 


WRS.    ELIZABETH     tHA-RGHAVE--REgAJOLDS,1877-83. 

Elizabeth  Ha.rgra.ve  entered  the  Normal,  April  1870, 
and  graduated  from  the  English  Course,  January  '72. 
Taught  one  term  during  the  time.  Previous  to  entering 
taught  four  terms  in  a  district  school,  three  terms  in  a 
Union  Graded  School,  and  attended  school  in  Ogdensburg 
Academy  one  term.  From  April  '72  to  June  '76  was  Prin- 
cipal of  Intermediate  Department  in  Graded  School  Ny- 
ack,  N.  Y.  From  January  '77  to  June  '83  connected  with 
Potsdam  Normal,  first  as  assistant  in  Mathematics;  Jan- 
uary '78,  Principal  of  Intermediate  Department;  Septem- 
ber '80,  Principal  of  Training  Department;  from  '83  to  '85 
Teacher  of  Methods  and  Critic  in  Training  Department  of 
Whitewater  State  Normal,  Wisconsin.  Highest  salary  re- 
ceived, one  thousand  dollars.  Married  Jesse  Reynolds,  M. 
D.,  of  Potsdam,  February  '85.  Children,  Mary  '86,  Albert 
'87  and  Elizabeth  '89. 

PKOFESSOH    HEAJ-R9     L.    -HA*RTEVR,  A.  M.,    1869-1882. 

HENRY  L.  Harter  was  born  in  Warren,  Herkimer 
Co.,  Nov.  8,  1834;  student  in  1852;  studies  continued  at 
Union  College;  graduated  in  1858;  received  title  of  A. 
B.  in  1858,  and  title  of  A.  M.  in  1861;  married  Aurelia 
Wendell  in  1863.  Professor  of  Mathematics  and  Lan- 
guages at  Fort  Plain  Seminary  for  five  years.  Principal  of 
Walworth  Academy  one  year.  Professor  at  Genesee 
Wesleyan  Seminary  (Lima)  four  years.  He  was  elected 
Professor  of  Mathematics  at  the  opening  of  the  Normal, 
April  1865,  and  continued  his  connection  with  the  school 
for  thirteen  years,  the  greater  part  of  time  as  Vice  Princi- 
pal and  teacher  of  Ancient  Languages.  He  has  taught  in 
all  over  thirty  years,  always  enjoying  the  duties  of  his  pro- 
fession. After  leaving  Potsdam,  removed  to  Albany,  en- 
gaging in  business,  chief  clerk  and  correspondent  in  the  of- 
fice of  the  Receiver  of  the  Universal  Lite  Insurance  Co., 
four  years.     Removed  to  New  York   city    in  1889  and  was 


80  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


employed  in  the  publishing  houses  of  Chas.  L.  Webster  & 
Co.,  and  Chas.  Scribner  Sons;  at  present  with  Funk  cS: 
Wagnalls  Co.  He  has  been  successful  with  all  of  these 
firms,  but  never  has  lost  his  attachment  and  regard  for  the 
teacher's  vocation. 

MKS.AL1CE  E.  H  AKTN  ESS-SeH  EKMEHHORN,  '78-80 

Her  acquaintance  with  Potsdam  Normal  began  with  the 
teachers'  training  class  in  the  fall  of  72.  This  class  which 
numbered  about  fifty  was  composed  mostly  of  district 
school  teachers  who  for  a  term  of  ten  weeks  came  to  study 
the  Methods.  The  following  winter  she  taught  district 
school  in  Lisbon.  Her  parents  moving  from  that  town  to 
North  Gage,  Oneida  Co.,  she  taught  there  the  next  year. 
Returning  to  Potsdam  she  became  one  of  the  forty  girls 
who  found  a  home  in  the  Normal  Building  during  the  last 
year  of  its  use  as  a  dormitory.  During  her  course  she  taught 
several  terms  studying  at  the  same  time  and  graduated  in 
the  Classical  Course  January  29,  1878.  After  graduating 
she  remained  with  the  school.  The  following  term  she 
supplied  Prof.  Loomis'  place  as  teacher  of  higher  mathe- 
matics, he  being  obliged  to  give  up  the  work  on  account 
of  ill  health.  The  next  year  she  had  charge  of  arithmetic 
and  critic  work  in  that  subject  and  later  arithmetic  meth- 
ods; held  this  position  until  June  1880  when  she  resigned 
on  account  of  her  mother's  death.  After  remaining  at 
home  about  two  years  she  became  the  wife  of  C.  Schcrmer- 
horn,  of  North  Gage,  N.  Y.  She  has  three  daughters 
Mabel,  Florence  and  Helen.  Present  residence  Poland, 
N.  V. 

P'ROF&SSO'R    F.    E.  HATHOHNE,  18T5— . 

F.  E.  HATHORNE  was  born  in  New  Haven,  Vt. 
After  completing  the  Collegiate  Preparatory  Course  at 
Beeman  Academy  in  his  native  town,  he  entered  the  New 
England  Conservatory  of  Music  where  he  studied  with 
Messrs  J.    C.    D.    Parker,    George    E.  Whiting  and    S.   A. 


BiograpJiical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  81 

Emery;  after  graduation  he  continued  his  post  graduate 
studies  with  the  eminent  artist  and  teacher,  Mr.  A.  D. 
Turner. 

He  first  came  to  Potsdam  in  1875,  and  has  been  connect- 
ed with  the  Normal  School  as  Director  of  the  Instrumental 
Department  of  the  Normal  Conservatory  of  Music  since 
that  time,  with  the  exception  of  five  years,  for  two  years  of 
which  time  he  was  pursuing  his  post  graduate  course  and 
for  three  years  he  was  director  of  the  Musical  Institute  at 
East  Greenwich,  R.  I.  In  1886  he  was  recalled  to  Potsdam 
to  resume  charge  of  his  former  department.  He  has 
graduated  many  good  pianists  who  are  filling  important 
positions.  He  is  also  conductor  of  the  Mozart  Club, 
Organist  and  Choir  Master  of  the  Trinity  Episcopal  church. 
In  1890  he  was  appointed  examiner  of  the  New  England 
Conservatory  of  Music. 

PROFESSOR  GILES  P.   HAWLEg,  A.  B.,  1872-1873. 

Giles  Parmlee  Hawley  was  born  in  Potsdam,  July 
13th,  1848.  After  a  few  years  teaching  he  graduated  at 
Union  College  in  '71  and  was  elected  teacher  of  Vocal 
Music  and  Elocution  in  the  Normal  in  the  fall  of  '72.  In 
the  fall  of  '73  he  was  elected  teacher  in  the  High  School, 
Syracuse.  While  at  Syracuse  he  felt  himself  called  to  the 
Ministry  and  at  once  entered  the  Union  Theological  Semi- 
nary, from  which  he  graduated  in  '76,  ^nd  accepted  the 
pastorate  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  church  at  Saratoga. 
In  '82  he  made  a  somewhat  extended  tour  abroad,  and  up- 
on his  return  he  re-entered  the  Ministry.  In  '84  his  Alma 
Mater  called  him  to  the  chair  of  Metaphysics  and  English 
Literature.  He  was  an  active  member  of  several  literary 
societies  and  gave  many  literary  addresses.  He  was  fond 
of  the  German  classics,  and  among  his  literary  labors 
should  be  named  translations  from  Jean  Paul  Richter.  He 
was  a  man  of  vigorous  thought  and  earnest  purpose.  His 
death,  April  23,  '85  was  a  great  loss  to  the  literary  world 
and  to  the  body  of  faithful  teachers. 
Q.  C.  H.  6, 


82  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


MISS  PHEBE  M.  HAgNES,  1882-1884. 

Phebe  M.  Haynes  was  born  Sept.  14, 1838  in  Strongsville, 
Ohio.  Music  was  an  important  element  in  her  home  life. 
Her  training  was  at  home  chiefly,  until  at  the  rge  of  four- 
teen she  went  to  Oberlin  and  nearly  completed  the  Classi- 
cal Course  and  studied  music.  Taught  in  Montezuma, 
Indiana,  in  1862-3,  in  Terre  Haute,  Female  Seminary, 
1863-4,  in  Oberlin,  1864-8,  and  in  Conservatory  when  found- 
ed. Studied  in  New  York  Conservatory  with  Signor 
Eranni  one  year.  '69 -'70  taught  in  Orange,  N.  J,,  and  sang 
in  Grace  church,  again  in  Oberlin,  and  sang  in  St.  Paul, 
Cleveland.  '72  she  moved  to  St.  Louis,  where  she  had 
good  choir  positions  and  taught  four  years,  and  one  year 
in  Berea  College,  Kentucky.  '77-79  in  Mankato,  Minnesota, 
'79-'8o  traveled  and  studied  in  Europe,  Leipsic,  Berlin, 
Milan,  Paris,  London,  etc.  '8o-'82  in  Oberlin  and  Elyria, 
Ohio,  '82-^84  in  Potsdam  S.  N.  S.,  when  she  was  called  to 
the  care  of  her  brother's  home  in  Mankato,  Minnesota. 
She  now  resides  with  her  sister,  Mrs.  Swift,  Oberlin,  Ohio. 

MISS  JULIA  HOLeOMB,  1870-18T1. 

Julia  Holcomb  received  her  Academic  training  at  the 
St.  Lawrence  Academy,  and  to  qualify  herself  for  teaching 
music  she  studied  under  John  W.  Tufts,  Carlo  Bassini,  Al- 
berto Laurence  and  Wm.  Mason  of  New  York,  W.  S.  B. 
Mathews  of  Chicago,  and  other  well  known  musicians. 

After  teaching  two  years  in  Vermont  she  located  in 
Potsdam  in  1867,  and  in  the  winter  of  '69-70,  at  the  request 
of  the  Principal  and  Local  Board  of  the  Normal  School 
she  accepted  the  position  of  music  teacher,  but  resigned  in 
the  summer  of  '71  on  acccount  of  failing  health.  After  a 
few  months  rest  and  change  of  work,  she  went  to  Spring- 
field, Illinois,  when  she  taught  until  '92,  when  she  was  call- 
ed home  by  the  illness  of  her  mother. 

Miss  Holcomb's  specialty  is  voice  training,  in  which  she 
has  been  very  successful. 

Present  address,  Winthrop,  N.  Y. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  83 


MHS.  H.  H.  HOWE,  1873-1875. 

Mrs.  H.  H.  Howe  early  showed  a  remarkable  voice,  and 
is  remembered  as  the  prima  donna  of  Potsdam  for  many 
years.  Her  clear,  bird-like  voice  thrilled  many  an  audi- 
ence to  enthusiasm  as  unbounded  as  that  aroused  in  the 
same  hearts  by  Thursby  and  Cary.  For  eighteen  years 
she  sang  in  the  choir  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  In  1873 
she  was  elected  teacher  of  Vocal  Music  and  remained  in 
charge  of  the  work  tor  two  years  until  her  removal  to 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  where  she  became  a  member  of  the  Phil- 
harmonic Club,  organized  and  conducted  by  Theodore 
Thomas,  and  remained  a  member  of  the  organization  dur- 
ing its  existence.     Her  present  address  is  Ludlow,  Vt. 

MKS.   ELEAMOK   B.  JONES,  1869-1877. 

Eleanor  E.  Jones  was  born  in  Chautauqua  Co.,  N.  Y., 
February  1844.  When  seventeen  years  of  age,  she  began 
her  career  as  teacher,  working  in  various  district  schools 
until  called  to  the  Cattaraugus  Indian  Reservation  to  act 
as  missionary  teacher  among  the  Senecas.  Upon  the  com- 
pletion of  her  course  at  the  Oswego  Normal  in  1869,  Miss 
Jones  came  to  Potsdam,  to  take  charge  of  the  primary 
department  of  the  Normal  School,  and  remained  in  this 
position  until  February  '77,  when  failing  health  demanded 
a  change.     Three  years  were  then  given  to  rest  and  study. 

In  October  '79,  she  went  to  Detroit,  Mich.,  to  study  with 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hailman  in  their  training  school  for  Kinder- 
gartners.  Her  election  to  the  Principalship  of  the  Normal 
Practice  School,  Lewiston,  Maine,  called  her  from  her 
studies.  Nearly  three  years  were  spent  in  Maine  when 
she  resumed  her  kindergarten  work  taking  a  full  course  of 
study  in  the  Oswego  Normal  School.  Miss  Jones  has 
always  felt  a  keen  interest  in  the  work  of  other  teachers, 
and  has  seen  Normal  and  other  schools  of  various  cities  of 
Maine,  Massachusetts,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Wyoming 
and  Washington,  D.  C.  She  has  endeavored  to  get  the 
latest  thought   upon   Kindergartening    from   a    variety    of 


84  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


sources, — from  books,  magazines,  training  schools,  and  kin- 
dergartens in  several  places.  She  is  now  engaged  in  train- 
ing kindergartners  in  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

MISS    ELIZA   KBLLAS,   1888-1890. 

Eliza  Kellas  graduated  from  the  Normal  School  June 
'89,  and  was  at  once  elected  as  teacher  in  the  Preparatory 
Department,  with  Composition  and  Geography  in  the  Nor- 
mal. She  remained  at  Potsdam  two  years  and  accepted 
the  position  of  Principal  of  the  Intermediate  Department, 
and  teacher  of  Methods  in  the  Plattsburgh  Normal  School, 
in  which  institution  she  continues  her  labors  as  Preceptress. 

Miss  Kellas's  strength  as  a  teacher  is  due  in  large 
measure  to  her  accurate  scholarship,  and  to  her  logical 
habits  of  thinking. 

MISS  MTVRy   M.   KgLE,  1873-1889. 

Mary  M.  Kyle  was  born  in  Montreal,  Canada,  and  came 
when  a  child  to  St.  Lawrence  County  where  she  re- 
ceived her  early  education  afterwards  studying  at  Fair- 
fax, Vt.,  and  in  Boston,  Mass.  A  bright,  alert  mind  enabled 
her  to  acquire  readily  and  to  use  with  skill  whatever  idea 
or  line  of  work  suited  her  purpose. 

Teaching  was  early  chosen  as  her  profession  and  thou- 
sands of  pupils  in  loving  remembrance,  recall  her  versatil- 
ity, her  genial  and  happy  manner,  and  her  inspiring  person- 
ality. She  began  her  teaching  in  La  Grange  Mo.;  she 
taught  in  New  Hampshire  and  for  a  time  was  a  teacher  in 
the  public  schools  of  Boston.  In  1873,  she  was  elected 
teacher  of  Drawing,  French,  History,  English  Literature 
and  Rhetoric  in  the  Potsdam  Normal,  which  position  she 
held  until  July  '89.  During  her  connection  with  the  Nor- 
mal she  spent  two  years  abroad  in  travel  and  in  perfecting 
her  knowledge  of  the  French  and  German  languages.  In 
'89  she  resigned  to  accept  a  position  in  Granville,  Ohio, 
and  later  was  teacher  of  Drawing,  Painting  and  French  in 
Chadwick  College,  Ouincy,  111. 

She  is  at  present,  ('95)  traveling  in  California, 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  85 

M*RS.  HAHHIET  A.   L  B  BT  B-C  L  APP,  18T9. 

Harriet  A.  Leete  entered  the  Normal  from  St  Law- 
rence Academy,  graduated  from  Academic  Department 
in  1 87 1  ;  studied  French  at  St.  Hyacinthe  and  Longueuil, 
P.  Q.;  re-entered  the  Normal  in  '73 ;  graduated  in  '74  En- 
glish with  Latin;  taught  '74  Lawrenceville  Academy  ;  '74-5 
Madrid  ;  '75-6  Rouse's  Point  ;  '76-7  Madrid  ;  Arithmetic 
and  Grammar,  Potsdam  Normal,  '78-79;  graduated  from 
Mrs.  M.  Kraus-Boelte's  Seminary  for  Kindergartners,  N. 
Y.,  in  '80 ;  taught  Kindergarten  in  Bethel,  Vermont,  '81; 
Kindergarten  in  Potsdam,  '82-83  ;  Marion,  Ind.,  '84  ;  Hunt- 
ington, lnd.,  '85  ;  kept  N.  L.  Stone's  books  in  Potsdam, 
'85-'6 ;  Kindergarten  in  Potsdam,  '87;  Kindergarten  in 
Hackensack,  N.  J.,  '88-92  ;  married  Sanford  Elliott  Clapp, 
July  1892.  Children,  Elliott  Leete,  '93,  died  November  '93; 
Adelaide  Eliza,  '95.  Spent  one  summer  at  Dr.  Tourgee's 
summer  music  school  at  East  Greenwich,  R.  I.,  a  year  in 
Washington,  D.  C.       Present    residence  Hackensack,  N.  J. 

/WHS.   LUeg   A.   LEONAHD-"REgMOLt)S,  1869-1873. 

Lucy  A.  Leonard  was  born  in  Pierrepont,  N.  Y.,  and 
graduated  from  Mt.  Holyoke  Seminary.  She  taught  sev- 
eral years  in  the  Franklin  Academy,  Malone,  N.  Y.,  and  at 
the  opening  of  the  Normal  in  '69  was  elected  teacher  of 
Mathematics,  and  in  '71  of  Composition,  which  position 
she  held  until  her  resignation  in  July  '73.  A  teacher  of 
keen  intellect  and  unerring  intuition,  by  her  gracious  and 
winning  manner,  her  tender  and  sympathetic  nature  she 
awakened  all  the  nobler  qualities  of  her  pupils,  and  stimu- 
lated them  to  their  highest  attainments. 

February  4,  1874,  she  was  married  to  Jesse  Reynolds,  M. 
D.  of  Potsdam.     Her  death   occurred   November    5,  1882. 

The  following  extract  is  taken  from  a  tribute  to  her 
memory,  by  the  First  Preceptress  of  the  Normal.  "Early 
her  work  for  this  world  was  accomplished,  rich  and  abun- 
dant had  been  her  soul's  experience,  life's  discipline  had 
been  completed,  the  heart  had  expanded  to  its  full  measure 


86  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

of  capacity,  the  great  sculptor's  chisel  had  wrought  its 
perfect  finish  on  her  character,  and  her  spirit  had  complet- 
ed the  deep  meaning  of  life's  mystery." 

Of  her  three  sons,  Leonard  J.  graduated  from  the  Normal 
in  the  class  of  Jan.  '95,  James  I.  Jan.  '96,  and  Guy  H.  is  still 
an  undergraduate  member  of  the  school. 

PKOFESSOR   EUGENE  S.   LOOMIS,  1875-1879. 

Eugene  S.  Loomis  was  born  at  East  Pembroke,  Genesee 
Co.,  N.  Y.,  February  26,  1852.  He  was  educated  at  East 
Pembroke  Academy,  Brockport  Normal  School  and  finish- 
ed the  first  two  years  in  Rochester  University.  He  was 
married  to  Miss  Delia  Augusta  Chappell  of  Lima,  Nov.  22, 
1873.  Miss  Chappell  had  taken  the  Normal  Course  at 
Brockport.  Prof,  and  Mrs.  Loomis  were  teaching  in  the 
East  Pembroke  Academy,  when  he  was  called  to  Potsdam 
to  take  the  chair  of  Mathematics  and  Greek.  Prof.  Loomis 
saw  things  under  the  white  light  and  in  that  grasp  of  them 
he  taught.  He  had  the  remarkable  power  of  working 
students  to  their  utmost  and  yet  retaining  their  love.  He 
did  not  spare  self.  In  the  conflict  he  sacrificed  his  life  too 
early.  The  nervous  energy  which  should  have  gone  to 
both  brain  and  digestion  he  transferred  very  largely  to  the 
brain  and  died  literally  at  his  post.  His  last  work  was 
done  when  he  was  physically  unable  to  ascend  more 
than  one  flight  of  stairs.  He  died  January,  1879, 
being  connected  with  the  Normal  School  less  than  five 
years.  As  a  worker  and  teacher  he  had  very  few  equals 
if  any  superiors  for  his  age.  He  aspired  to  get  to  the 
head,  and  no  one  who  knew  him  well  had  any  doubt  of  the 
results,  had  his  body  been  able  to  endure  the  strain.  He 
was  kind  hearted, sociable, and  a  man  to  be  trusted  under  all 
circumstances.  His  habits  were  clean  and  his  influence 
salutarv  in  the  extreme.  In  short  he  was  a  scholarly, 
christian  gentleman.  Warren  Mann. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Fatuity.  S" 


AVRS.  MINNIE   *R.   LUeAS-GOETZ,  1886-1893. 

Minnie  R.  Lucas  was  born  in  Westboro,  Mass.  Her 
early  education  was  acquired  in  the  public  schools,  and  at 
Pierce  Academy,  Middleboro.  While  yet  very  young  she 
was  engaged  in  teaching,  her  pupils  varying  from  children 
of  five  years  to  young  men  and  women.  After  one  year's 
work,  she  attended  the  Historic  Eliot  Academy,  Boston 
whose  founder  was  John  Eliot,  the  missionary  to  the 
Indians.  While  in  Boston  she  obtained  her  technical  edu- 
cation in  her  chosen  branch  of  special  teaching  at  the  Mon- 
roe Conservatory  (no*v  Emerson  College  of  Oratory)  where 
she  took  both  the  regular  and  the  post-graduate  courses 
of  study  and  practice.  To  extend  her  knowledge  of  Physi- 
cal training  she  took  instruction  at  the  Hemmenway  Gym- 
nasium, Harvard  College,  thus  becoming  familiar  with  one 
of  the  most  extensive  and  popular  systems  of  Gymnastics 
and  Athletic  training,  as  well  as  the  appointments  of  a  well 
equipped  gymnasium.  At  the  close  of  her  course  of  study 
she  accepted  a  position  in  the  State  Normal  School  at 
Potsdam,  N.  Y.,  where  she  was  a  devoted  worker  for  seven 
years.  In  June  1893,  she  resigned  to  become  the  wife  of 
Rev.  Leander  Goetz,  of  Williamsport,  Pa.,  which  city  has 
since  been  her  home  and  field  of  labor. 

PHOFESSOK  GILBERT  B.  /WAAJLEg,  A.  M.,  18TO-1971. 

Gilbert  B.  Manley,  son  of  Rev.  George  and  Esther 
Smith  Manley,  was  left  an  orphan  at  the  age  ol  seven  years. 
He  prepared  for  College  at  the  St.  Lawrence  Academy, 
and  at  a  private  school  at  Williamstown,  Mass.,  and  gradu- 
ated from  Williams  College,  A.  B.  1857;  A,  M.,  '60.  For 
six  years  after  graduation  he  was  Principal  of  the  Acade- 
mies at  Conway  and  at  Amherst,  Mass.,  and  of  the  Frank- 
lin Academy  at  Malone,  N.  Y.  He  was  elected  teacher  of 
Mathematics,  Botany  and  Language  at  the  Normal  in  '70, 
and  resigned  in  '71  to  become  Principal  of  the  Homer  (N. 
Y.)  Academy.  In  '73  he  became  proprietor  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  Plaindealer,  Canton,  N.    Y.,   and   has  conducted 


88  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


its  business  ever  since.  In  '50  he  married  Martha  L.  Hyde 
of  Massena.  Of  the  three  children,  the  eldest  is  the  wife 
of  R.  E.  Sumner,  of  the  St.  Lawrence  Herald,  Potsdam; 
the  second,  Williston,  is  associate  editor  of  the  Plaindealer; 
and  the  youngest,  Mark  Manley,  M.  D.,  is  a  member  of  the 
Medical  Staff  of  the  Kings   County  Hospital,  Brooklyn. 

/VVRS.  AMELIA  A.  Mc  FADD  EN  -AW  t)  EKSOM  ,  18T1-18T8. 

Amelia  A.  McFadden  became  a  member  of  the  faculty 
in  September  '71.  Her  educational  advantages,  aside  from 
the  public  and  the  select  school, had  been  one  year  in  the  Al- 
bany Normal  School  and  one  year  in  the  Potsdam  Normal 
School,  from  the  latter  of  which  she  graduated  from  the 
English  Course  in  June  '71.  In  the  following  September 
she  entered  the  school  as  assistant  teacher  of  Mathematics, 
where  she  remained  seven  years.  For  several  vears  follow- 
ing, her  time  was  spent  chiefly  in  the  care  of  an  invalid 
mother.  These  years  of  home  life  proved  perhaps  the 
most  telling  in  their  influence  of  any  in  her  whole  life. 
Being  free  from  school  duties,  and  home  cares  being  light, 
she  had  time  for  work  in  the  community  in  which  she 
lived.  In  church  and  society  work,  and  in  missionary  and 
temperance  effort  among  the  young,  these  years  are 
regarded  by  herself  as  among  the  most  satisfactory  in  her 
life's  experience.  In  January  '89  she  was  married  to  Geo. 
H.  Anderson  of  Plattsburgh. 

And  now  at  her  home  in  the  outskirts  of  the  village  of 
Plattsburgh  and  on  the  shore  of  the  beautiful  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  there  awaits  a  welcome  for  old  time  friends  who 
shared  with  her  the  joys  and  sorrows  of  Potsdam  Normal 
School  life. 

MISS  ANNA  McLACmy,  1883-1884. 

Anna  McLAURY  prepared  for  College  at  Forest ville  Free 
Academy,  and  at  the  Fredonia  Normal;  was  Principal  of 
the  Intermediate  Department  one  year,  graduated  at 
Wellesley  in  '86;  and  has  taught  since  '86,  with  the  except- 
ion of  one  year,  at  the  New  Hampshire  Normal  and  in  the 
Fredonia  Normal. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Facility.  89 


PHOFESSOH  WILLIAM  T>.    MAKSH,  A.  M.  1879-1881. 

William  Dixon  Marsh  was  born  in  Potsdam,  August 
2,  1854.  Before  entering  the  Normal  School  he  attended 
the  private  school  of  Mrs.  Truesdell,  and  District  No.  8, 
which  was  taught  by  Mr.  L.  L.  Goodale.  He  also  spent 
one  term  in  the  St.  Lawrence  Academy  under  Professor 
George  H.  Sweet.  After  working  over  two  years  in  the 
sash  and  door  shop  of  George  B.  Swan  he  entered  the 
Normal  School  and  graduated  in  the  classical  course  in 
June,  1874.  For  one  year  he  was  Principal  of  the  Gouver- 
neur  Graded  School.  Resigning  this  position  and  enter- 
ing Syracuse  University  in  September  1875,  he  graduated 
A.  B.,  June  1879.  He  was  teacher  of  Mathematics  in  the 
Potsdam  Normal  School  from  Feb.  1879  to  June  1881.  En- 
tering the  Boston  School  of  Theology  of  Boston  Univer- 
sity, he  graduated  in  June  1883,  receiving  the  degree  of  B. 
D.  In  1882  he  received  from  Syracuse  University  the 
degree  of  A.  M.  July  19,  1875,  Rev.  A.  Bramley  gave  him 
a  license  to  exhort,  in  1877  at  Syracuse  he  was  licensed  to 
preach,  joined  the  Northern  New  York  Conference  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  1883,  and  has  received  the 
following  appointments;  Parishville,  two  years  ;  Norwood, 
three  years;  Malone,  five  years;  Watertown,  State  Street 
Church,  serving  the  second  year.  He  was  married  to 
Lilian  Church  Sept.  5,  1883,  at  Morristown,  N.  Y.  Their 
daughter,  Clara  Church  Marsh,  was  born  Sept.  11,  1893. 

MKS.   EUNICE,  J.  MEKHIAM-EASTMAN,    1869-1871. 

Eunice  J.  Merriam  is  a  native  of  Malone,  Franklin 
County,  N.  Y.  She  received  her  early  education  in  the 
public  schools  of  Malone,  graduating  from  Franklin  Acad- 
emy in  '67;  '68  she  entered  the  Oswego  Normal  School  and 
graduated  '69  at  which  time  she  was  engaged  by  Dr.  M. 
MacVicar  to  fill  the  position  of  Critic  teacher  in  the  Train- 
ing Department  of  the  Normal  School  at  Potsdam,  which 
position  was  assumed  in  the  fall  of  '69  and  continued  for 
two  years,  at  the  end  of  which  time  she  resigned  to  accept 


90  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


a  position  in  "Chickering  Institute,"  a  private  school  for 
boys  and  young  men  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  This  position 
was  resigned  after  one  year,  and  in  the  fall  of  1872  she  re- 
turned to  Potsdam  as  the  wife  of  George  L.  Eastman  a 
resident  of  this  place,  which  has  ever  since  been  her  per- 
manent home.  Mr.  Eastman  was  early  in  the  administra- 
tion of  President  Harrison  made  Post  Master  at  Potsdam, 
but  his  health  which  was  then  rapidly  declining,  later  failed 
him  entirely,  and  his  death  occurred  in  the  fall  ol  '91, 
after  which  Mrs.  Eastman  was  appointed  Post  Mistress 
with  a  commission  for  four  years.  She  is  the  mother  of  five 
children,  three  sons  and  two  daughters.  Her  daughter 
Susan  graduated  June  '95,  and  her  two  youngest  children 
are  receiving  their  education  at  the  Potsdam  Normal 
School. 

MISS   ELLEN    J.  ME1VR1TT,    1869-1871. 

Ellen  J.  Merritt  was  born  May  26,  1825,  in  Sudbury, 
Vt.,  and  began  her  life  as  a  teacher  just  before  her  seven- 
teenth birthday.  She  graduated  from  the  Ludlow  Acad- 
emy at  Ludlow,  Vt.,  and  went  to  Middlebury  to  teach  a 
select  school  for  a  year  ;  afterwards  coming  to  St.  Law- 
rence county,  she  engaged  in  teaching  both  district  and 
select  schools  and  for  a  term  assisted  Mr.  Charles  T.  Pooler 
in  his  school  of  Mathematics  in  Potsdam.  In  1855  she  was 
called  to  take  charge  of  a  Seminary  at  Ottawa,  Canada, 
where  she  remained  four  years  teaching  with  marked  suc- 
cess both  English  and  French.  When  this  school  passed 
into  other  hands,  she  again  taught  in  St.  Lawrence  County, 
N.  Y.,  and  in  Rock  County,  Wis.,  and  in  Council  Bluffs, 
Iowa,  when  she  was  called  home  to  the  care  of  her  sick 
and  dying  mother.  In  '69  she  graduated  from  the  Oswego 
Normal  School  and  at  once  came  to  the  Potsdam  Normal 
as  Teacher  of  Methods.  Miss  Merritt  was  present  at  the 
opening  of  the  school  and  assisted  in  its  organization. 

In  '7°  sne  studied  Elocution  with  Prof.  Leonard  of  Bos- 
ton. In  '72  a  severe  and  sudden  pulmonic  attack  compelled 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  9 1 


her  to  resign  and  take  rest  and  change  of  climate.  She 
was  soon  restored  by  the  dry,  pure  air  of  Colorado  and 
resumed  work  in  a  private  school  in  Pueblo,  Col.,  where 
she  taught  two  years.  While  visiting  Colorado  Springs 
she  was  engaged  in  one  of  the  graded  schools,  and  at  the 
end  of  the  year  was  elected  Vice- Principal  of  the  Colorado 
Springs  High  School  to  which  position  she  was  re-elected 
for  the  sixth  year,  but  over-work  and  the  high  altitude 
again  demanded  a  change.  After  a  year's  rest  she  taught 
one  year  in  Iowa  then  went  abroad  for  travel  and  study, 
remaining  about  two  years.  Most  of  the  time  was  spent  in 
France,  much  of  it  in  Paris.  Miss  Merritt  gave  especial 
attention  to  the  study  of  the  French  language  and  the 
politics  and  social  questions  of  the  time  and  country.  Upon 
her  return  she  taught  in  Harttord,  Conn.,  two  years  and  at 
Red  Oak,  la.,  two  years,  since  which  time  she  has  conduct- 
ed private  classes  in  French  and  has  been  engaged  in  mis- 
sion and  temperance  work  in  Iowa  and  Colorado.  In  New 
York  and  Nebraska  she  has  done  effective  work  in  Teach- 
ers' Institutes.  Her  labors  have  been  long  and  abundant. 
She  is  living  at  Arvada,  Colo. 

MKS.  MAKGAKET  MILAJE-GL1BDEN,  1879-1881. 

Margaret  Milne  w^as  born  in  West  Rush,  Monroe  Co., 
but  at  a  very  early  age  removed  with  her  parents  to  Hol- 
ley,  Orleans  Co.,  N.  Y.  She  received  her  first  instruction 
in  the  Holiey  Academy.  She  entered  the  Brockport  State 
Normal  School  in  1870,  but  went  with  her  brother  William 
J.  Milne  to  Geneseo  when  he  became  Principal  of  the 
Geneseo  Normal  School,  where,  in  1874  she  graduated  in 
the  Classical  Course  of  that  institution.  Since  graduation 
she  has  taught  six  years.  One  year  as  preceptress  at  Cuba, 
N.  Y.,  three  years  as  preceptress  at  Corning,  N.  Y.,  and 
two  years  as  teacher  of  English  Grammar  and  Rhetoric  in 
the  Potsdam  Normal  School.  In  1881  she  was  married  to 
Charles  H.  Glidden,  M.  D.  ot  Little  Falls  where  she  has 
since  resided. 


92  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

PHOFBSSOH  ALBERT  W.  MOREHOUSE,  A.  M.,  '88-93 

Albert  Wm.  Morehouse  was  born  in  Brockport  Col 
legiate  Institute  June  13,  1844;  prepared  for  College  in  Al- 
bion Academy,  Medina  Academy,  and  Brockport  Collegiate 
Institute;  was  Principal  of  the  Preparatory  Department 
of  Brockport  Collegiate  Institute  under  the  direction  of 
Oliver  Morehouse  and  M.  MacVicar;  graduated  from  the 
University  of  Rochester  in  July  1869;  married  Nov.  25, 
1869,  in  Albion,  N.  Y .;  was  Vice-Principal  of  Albion 
Academy  and  Teacher  of  Latin  and  Greek  1869-71;  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  A.  M.,  for  special  post  graduate  work 
in  July  1872  and  was  elected  to  membership  in  the  Phi  Beta 
Chi  society;  was  Principal  of  Weedsport  Union  School 
and  Academy  1871-76,  School  Commissioner  of  Cayuga 
Co.,  N.  Y.,  1876-79  in  charge  of  167  schools;  Secretary  of 
N.  Y.  State  Association  of  School  Commissioners  and  City 
Superintendents  1876-80;  Principal  of  Port  Byron  Free 
School  and  Academy  1878-88,  during  which  time  he  prepar- 
ed several  students  for  Cornell  University  in  Mathematics, 
who  received  the  Cornell  cash  scholarship,  for  passing  the 
best  entrance  examination;  was  Secretary  of  the  N.  Y. 
State  Teachers'  Association  1884-92;  teacher  of  Higher 
Mathematics,  Geology  and  Astronomy  in  the  State  Normal 
School  at  Potsdam,  N.  Y.,  from  Sept.  1888  to  July  1893. 

He  has  traveled  quite  extensively  through  the  western 
and  southern  portions  of  the  U.  S.  in  pursuit  of  Geological 
researches,  and  has  published  several  small  works  relating 
to  Algebra,  Geometry  and  Latin  Analysis. 

MISS  ALieE   L.  MOOKE,   1893-1894. 

Alice  L.  Moore  was  born  in  Wales,  Erie  Co.  N.  Y. 
Her  early  education  was  received  in  the  district  school 
and  two  terms  at  the  Aurora  Academy.  She  then  entered 
the  Buffalo  State  Normal  School  which  she  attended  four 
years,  graduating  from  the  Classical  Course  June  '83.  She 
taught  three  years  in  a  Grammar  grade,  Cedar  Falls,  Iowa, 
and    three  years  as   the   Preceptress  in  the   Aurora  High 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  93 

School.  She  spent  one  year  in  inspecting  schools,  and 
studying  methods.  Three  years  attended,  in  Boston,  the 
Emerson  College  of  Oratory,  from  which  she  graduated 
and  thentook  post-graduate  course.  In  '93  she  was  elected 
Teacher  of  Reading  and  Calisthenics  at  the  Potsdam  State 
Normal  School,  where  she  remained  only  one  year,  on 
account  of  failing  health.  Her  rare  qualities  as  a  teacher 
were  due  to  her  extensive  experience,  which  gave  her  an 
enlarged  sympathy  with  pupils  and  made  her  work  a  con- 
stant inspiration  and  encouragement. 

pnoFEsscm  sTANSBcmy  no*rse,  1893-. 

Stansbury  Norse  was  born  August  3rd,  1847,  entered 
college  1863,  but  left  to  enter  the  army  February  '64,  and 
served  "until  the  end  of  the  war."  In  1872  he  was  engag- 
ed as  a  civil  engineer,  made  the  preliminary  surveys,  and 
directed  in  the  construction  of  the  West  Shore  Tunnel 
near  New  York  City  ;  '74  he  was  resident  engineer  for 
the  Laflin  &  Rand  Powder  Co.,  Wayne,  N.  J.  His  practi- 
cal experience  enhances  his  value  as  a  teacher  of  Industrial 
Drawing.  Fortunately  for  art,  an  injury  received  while 
engaged  at  Weehawken,  obliged  him  to  abandon  Civil 
Engineering. 

A  little  water  color  sketch,  made  in  '80  from  memory,  and 
which  commanded  the  attention  of  an  artist,  determined 
his  life  work.  While  studying  at  the  Academy  of  Design 
in  New  York  he  outlined  a  course  of  study  for  pupils  in 
Drawing,  which  he  afterwards  developed  and  tested  with 
pupils  in  his  private  studio. 

Many  of  the  productions  of  Prof.  Norse  have  been 
honored  by  a  place  in  the  most  important  Art  Exhibitions 
of  our  country,  and  have  been  selected  to  grace  the  walls 
of  private  art  galleries  ;  others  have  appeared  in  leading 
Art  Journals  as  models  for  study.  Prof.  Norse  has  devel- 
oped a  distinctive  System  of  Teaching  Drawing,  whose 
best  commendation  is  the  results  produced.  He  is  a  regu- 
lar contributor  to  the  "Art  Amateur,"  having  charge  of  the 
Department  of  Drawing  Methods. 


94  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

MISS   FRANCES  A.  PA*RMETE*R,  1871-1880. 

Frances  A.  Parmeter  entered  the  Normal  from  the  St. 
Lawrence  Academy,  Potsdam,  in  '69,  taught  four  terms 
before  entering  the  Normal,  was  graduated  in  '71  English 
Course;  Critic  in  Primary  Department  Potsdam  Normal, 
'71-73 ;  Principal  of  Primary  Department,  Nyack,  N.  Y., 
'73-76  ;  Principal  of  Primary  Department,  Potsdam  Normal 
'77-80;  traveled  in  Europe  '80-81,  visiting  schools  in  Lon- 
don and  in  Germany;  Method  teacher  and  Critic,  White- 
water, Wis.  '85-91  ;  Principal  of  Training  Department, 
Chico  State  Normal,  California,  '91-95. 

MISS   IDA  J.  PHELPS,  1884-1886. 

Ida  Jessie  Phelps  was  born  in  1854,  in  Lawrence,  Massa- 
chusetts. Her  youth  was  spent  in  an  uninterrupted  course 
in  the  public  schools  followed  by  a  course  in  the  Lawrence 
Training  School.  The  study  of  French  developed  in  her 
a  fondness  for  this  language  which  was  strengthened  by  a 
year's  residence  in  a  French  convent  forty  miles  from 
Montreal.  After  four  years'  work  in  ungraded  and  village 
schools  the  desire  for  a  higher  education  became  so  strong 
that  she  resolved  to  enter  college,  and  selected  St.  Law- 
rence University  as  her  Alma  Mater.  On  the  recommen- 
dation of  members  of  the  college  faculty  she  was  engaged 
to  teach  at  the  Potsdam  Normal  School  during  the  two 
years  of  Miss  Kyle's  absence  abroad.  Since  then  she  has 
taught  in  Massachusetts,  having  been  for  three  years  of  the 
time  in  charge  of  the  literary  work  of  the  boys'  depart- 
ment of  Perkins  Institute  for  the  Blind  at  South  Boston. 

She  is  at  present  teacher  of  French  at  Dean  Academy, 
Franklin,  Massachusetts. 

MISS  AMELIA  QUA,  1884-1886. 

M.  Amelia  Qua  of  the  class  of  '75  was  called  to  the 
Normal  in  the  Fall  of  '79  as  Critic  in  the  Primary  Depart- 
ment and  Teacher  of  Primary  Methods,  where  she  remain- 
ed  three  years.     In  '86   she  was  elected   secretary   of  the 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  95 

"Woman's  Board  of  Missions  of  the  Interior,"  and  'Sy-'g^ 
Pastor's  assistant,  Plymouth  Congregational  Church, 
Chicago,   Illinois. 

MKS.    EMMA    LOUISE  QUA-BLAKESLEE,  1869-1872. 

Emma  Louise  Qua  in  early  life  had  the  advantages  of 
the  district  school,  two  years  in  the  West  Hebron  Acad- 
emy, N.  Y ..,  one  in  the  Brockport  Collegiate  Institute,  two 
years  of  private  instruction  (in  Hudson  City)  in  French  and 
music,  during  which  time  she  taught  private  and  district 
schools.  Hearing  of  Dr.  MacVicar's  advanced  educational 
work  in  Brockport,  she  entered  a  three  years'  classical  course 
continuing  her  musical  studies  graduating  in  '66.  After  two 
years'  experience  as  Principal  of  Union  School,  and  teach- 
ing instrumental  music,  she  studied  one  year  in  the  Brock- 
port Normal,  and  was  then  called  to  the  Potsdam  Normal, 
where  she  taught  three  years,  and  married  Prof.  Erasmus 
Darwin  Blakeslee.  In  yy6  Prof.  Blakeslee  went  to  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  to  complete  his  law  course,  was  admitted  to  the  Bai- 
rn May  1877,  came  home  ill,  and  the  next  seven  years  her 
life  work  was  nursing  him.  The  last  four  years  of  his  life  she 
taught  Rhetoric,  Composition  and  English  grammar,  in 
the  East  Greenwich  Academy,  Rhode  Island.  After  her 
husband's  death,  Oct.  '83,  and  a  rest  of  two  years  she  ac- 
cepted her  present  position,  Director  and  Inspector  of 
Vocal  Music  in  the  Oshkosh,  Wis.,  Normal  School  which 
position  she  has  held  eight  years. 

PROFESSCTR  C  A.  "ROSEG-RAAJT,  A.  3.,  1895. 

Clark  A.  Rosegrant  was  born  August  8,  1866,  in  Lis- 
bon, St.  Lawrence  Co.  He  attended  the  country  schools 
until  the  age  of  fifteen  when  he  entered  Ogdensburg  school 
No.  2  in  the  spring  of  '81  and  the  Ogdensburg  Free  Acad- 
emy the  following  autumn.  He  graduated  with  the  first 
class  to  leave  the  Academy,  that  of  '84,  but  remained  one 
year  longer  for  work  in  Greek  and  Latin.  In  June  '85  he 
won  a  scholarship  to  Cornell  University,  which  institution 


g6  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

he  entered  the  following  September.  After  spending  three 
years  at  the  University  it  became  necessary  to  leave  for 
financial  reasons.  He  was  appointed  a  teacher  in  the 
schools  of  Ogdensburg  in  '88,  but  resigned  the  following 
March  and  entered  Eastman's  Business  College  at  Pough- 
keepsie,  from  which  he  graduated  in  July  of  the  same  year. 
The  following  two  years  were  spent  in  a  business  capacity 
in  the  South  and  West,  but  he  again  returned  to  Cornell 
University  in  November  '90,  and  graduated,  June  '91.  The 
year  '91-92  was  spent  as  teacher  of  Ancient  and  Modern 
Languages  in  Lowville  Academy.  From  there  he  came  to 
Potsdam,  N.  Y.,  to  fill  a  temporary  vacancy,  occasioned 
by  the  absence  of  Dr.  F.  L.  Dewey  during  the  first  half  of 
the  year  '92-93.  In  the  following  fall,  '93,  he  entered  the 
University  Preparatory  School  at  Ithaca,  as  instructor  and 
at  the  same  time,  pursued  post-graduate  work  in  science,  at 
Cornell.  He  remained  in  this  position  until  called  to  Pots- 
dam, Feb.  '95,  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  resigna- 
tion of  Dr.  Dewey. 

MISS  CLA-RA  M.  "RUSSELL,  188^-1891. 

Clara  M.  Russell  received  her  preparatory  education 
in  the  District  School,  Massena  Center,  and  in  the  Union 
Free  School  and  Academy,  Massena,  N.  Y.  Entered  the 
State  Normal  School,  Potsdam,  N.  Y.,  in  1875,  graduated 
in  June  1880.  Taught  one  year  during  the  under-graduate 
course  at  the  Normal  School.  After  graduation,  she  taught 
one  year  in  Bedford  Academy,  Westchester  Co.,  N.  Y., 
and  three  years  as  principal  of  the  Graded  School  at  Ka- 
tonah,  N.  Y.  At  the  close  of  the  third  year  in  Katonah,  she 
was  called  to  the  principalship  of  the  Intermediate  Depart- 
ment of  the  Training  School  at  Potsdam,  resigning  at  the 
close  of  the  seventh  year.  In  February  of  the  following 
year  accepted  the  position  of  teacher  of  Methods  in  Geo- 
graphy and  Science,  in  the  State  Normal  College,  Albany, 
N.  Y. 

Pursued  a  special  course  in  Biology,  during  the  summer 
of  '93  in  the  Harvard  Summer  School. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  97 


PHOFESSO-R   EDGTVRS.  SHUMWALJ,  A.  M.  Ph.  D.,  '82-3 

Edgar  S.  Shumway,  Professor  of  the  Latin  Language 
and  Literature,  Rutgers  College,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J., 
fitted  for  college  at  Williston  Seminary;  supported  himself 
in  preparatory  school  and  college;  graduated  at  Amherst 
in  '79;  studied  and  taught  (Greek)  at  Baptist  Union  Theo- 
logical Seminary,  Chicago,  '79;  taught  Latin  in  Chelten- 
ham Academy,  '8o-'82;  Latin  and  Greek  in  Potsdam  Nor- 
mal, '82-'83;  founded  and  for  four  years  edited  "Latine"; 
taught  Latin  at  Chautauqua  and  Amherst  Summer  Schools; 
adjunct  professor  of  Latin,  Rutgers  College,  '83-'85;  Pro- 
fessor of  the  Latin  Language  and  Literature,  '85 — ;  Author 
of  "A  Hand  Book  of  Latin  Synonymes",  and  "A  Day  in 
Ancient  Rome";  by  permission  of  the  trustees  of  Rutgers 
College,  studied  in  Europe,  '87-'88,  visiting  Germany,  Bel- 
gium, Austria,  Greece,  Italy,  France  and  England. 

PHOFESSOK   G.  C  SCHUTTS     A.  M.,  1879-1888. 

George  C.  Schutts  was  born  in  Schoharie  County,  N. 
Y.;  he  spent  his  early  life  upon  a  farm;  attended  a  district 
school  and  prepared  for  college  at  Fort  Edward  Institute, 
N.  Y.;  taught  several  terms  of  district  school,  the  first  two 
of  which  he  "boarded  round";  in  1877  graduated  from  the 
Classical  Course  of  the  Normal  School  at  Geneseo,  N.  Y.; 
taught  nearly  two  years  as  principal  ot  the  Graded  School 
at  Crescent,  N.  Y.;  then  took  a  position  in  the  Normal 
School  at  Potsdam,  doing  among  other  things  the  rhetori- 
cal work;  was  shortly  after  elected  to  the  chair  of  Mathe- 
matics, which  he  held  until  1888;  in  1878  was  married  to  Em- 
ma V.  Sudden  of  Altamont,  N.  Y.  While  at  Potsdam 
credits  were  given  and  examinations  taken,  covering  the 
first  three  years  of  a  College  Course  at  St.  Lawrence  Uni- 
versity. In  1888  he  resigned  to  take  the  Department  of 
Mathematics  and  History  at  the  Normal  School  of  White- 
water, Wisconsin.  He  has  engaged  in  Institute  work  in  that 
State  several  weeks  each  year  since  entering  the 
Q.  C.  H.  7. 


gS  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


State;  published  a  hand  book  in  Arithmetic  by  Ginn  &  Co., 
and  has  now  in  press  a  Geometry  on  the  heuristic  plan 
published  by  Tracy  &  Gibbs,  Madison.  He  has  spent 
two  vacations  traveling  and  camping  out  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

PROFESSOR  GEOKGE  W.   F.  SMITH,  A.  B.,  1881-1882. 

George  W.  F.  Smith  entered  the  Normal  at  the  open- 
ing of  the  school  and  graduated  January  '73,  having  taught 
one  term  during  his  under-graduate  course;  '74-'75  he  was 
Principal  of  the  Gouverneur  Union  School;  '75-' 79,  Yale 
College;  'yg-'Si,  Normal  Department  of  Kansas  University; 
'8i-'82,  Mathematics  and  Rhetoric,  State  Normal  School, 
Potsdam,  N.  Y.;  '83,  Natural  Science,  German  American 
Teachers'  Seminary,  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin;  from  which 
position  he  was  called  by  the  death  of  his  aunt,  which  made 
it  necessary  for  him  to  remain  in  Potsdam,  where  he  has 
been  engaged  in  surveying  and  civil  engineering.  While 
teaching  in  Milwaukee  he  was  an  active  member  of  the 
State  Natural  History  Society,  and  also  of  the  State  Mic- 
roscopical Society. 

MISS   IDA  B.  ST&y&H,  1883- 

Ida  B.  Steyer,  since  1883  teacher  of  German  and  French 
in  the  State  Normal  School,  Potsdam,  received  her  educa- 
tion in  Germany,  where  she  graduated  after  finishing  a  ten 
years'  course  of  study,  in  one  of  the  well  known  schools  in 
the  Kingdom  of  Saxony.  Having  been  confirmed  in  the 
Lutheran  church,  she  continued  different  studies  as  His- 
tory, Literature,  etc.,  under  private  teachers  for  two  years. 
Some  years  later  she  took  up  a  two  years'  course  of  Eng- 
lish Language  and  Literature,  at  the  same  time  taking  a 
course  in  German  Literature,  and  preparing  herself  for 
teaching. 

She  taught  first  in  Leipzig.  Coming  to  America  she 
taught  in  Maine;  and  after  having  taken  a  course  in  Dr. 
Sauveur's    School    of    Languages,    she    was    connected    as 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  99 

teacher  with  that  institution  in  the  University  of  Burling- 
ton, Vt.  Miss  Steyer  has  visited  many  places  renowned 
by  history  or  known  either  by  their  industry  or  scenery. 

M*RS.  MTVRg    L.  STUAHT-BAgTON,  1873-1876. 

Mary  L.  Stuart  had  her  preparatory  education  at  Nor- 
wood and  entered  the  Normal,  having  taught  three  terms; 
graduated  from  the  English  Course,  July  1,  '73.  After 
graduation  she  taught  in  the  Primary  Department  of  the 
Training  School  as  Assistant  and  Critic  for  three  years. 
In  January  '77  she  married  Mr.  Dayton  and  has  since  resid- 
ed in  Hopkinton,  Potsdam,  N.  Y.;  Anthony,  Kansas,  and 
Trinidad,  Colorado.  She  has  one  daughter,  Mary,  whom 
she  hopes  to  send  to  the  Normal. 

PKOFESSOH  CHARLES  G.  TOWNSEAID,  A.  M„  '77-'83. 

Charles  C.  Townsend's  opportunities  for  obtaining  a 
common  school  education  were  afforded  in  the  successive 
terms  of  the  District  School  ol  North  Lawrence,  his  native 
village.  These  he  attended  until  fourteen  years  of  age. 
Two  terms  were  then  spent  in  the  Academy  at  Lawrence- 
ville,  N.  Y.;  in  February  1869  at  the  opening  of  the  Pots- 
dam Normal  School,  he  was  enrolled  as  a  student  in  this 
institution.  Four  years  were  spent  here,  and  in  February 
of  1873  he  graduated  from  the  Classical  Course  with  a  class 
of  eight  members.  In  the  Fall  of  1873,  he  entered  the 
Classical  Course  of  the  University  of  Rochester,  and  com- 
pleted the  course  in  1877,  with  the  degree  of  A.  B.  He 
taught  some  during  each  of  the  last  three  years  of  the  Col- 
lege course,  one  term  in  the  Boys'  Military  School  near 
Rochester;  19  weeks  in  the  Rochester  City  Night  Schools; 
two  half  terms  in  the  Potsdam  Normal  School  as  a  supply. 
He  received  the  degree  ol  A.  M.  in  course  from  his  Alma 
Mater  in  1890.  Alter  graduation  in  1887,  he  was  employ- 
ed as  a  teacher  of  Methods  in  Geography  and  Critic  in  the 
Training  Department  of  the  Potsdam  Normal  School, 
afterwards  as  a  teacher  of  Methods   in  Arithmetic,  besides 


!00  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


occasional  classes  in  History,  Civil  Government  and  Ger- 
man. While  in  the  school,  he  prepared  and  had  printed  a 
Syllabus  of  the  work  in  Geography,  which  was  used  as  a 
guide  for  the  work  in  that  department.  He  taught  six  years 
as  a  regular  teacher  in  the  school.  He  entered  the  minis- 
try of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  April  1883,  re~ 
signing  his  position  to  take  effect  at  the  following  June 
Commencement.  Since  entering  the  work  of  the  ministry, 
he  has  completed  a  four  years'  course  in  Theology.  He 
has  been  stationed  successively  as  pastor  at  Buck's  Bridge, 
'83-4;  Watertown,  State  St.,  '85-7;  Lowville,  '88-92;  Malone, 
93-6. 

He  was  President  of  the  Alumni,  '74,  also  '95,  and  preach- 
ed the  Baccalaureate  sermon  before  the  class  of  '84.  '78 
married  Hattie  M.  Morgan,  ('75).  Children;  Harold,  '79; 
Arthur,  '80;  Carl,  '82;  William,  '87;  Edith  '90. 

PHOFBSSO-R  HENHg   A.  WATKI/MS,  1880-. 

Henry  A.  W  ATKINS  is  achild  of  the  Normal.  At  the  age 
of  eight  he  entered  the  Primary  Department  of  the  School 
of  Practice  in  '69.  His  father's  active  interest  in  the 
school  as  the  first  President  of  the  Local  Board  made  him 
familiar  with  the  school  from  its  beginning.  He  graduated 
from  the  Classical  Course,  June  '80,  and  was  elected 
teacher  of  Arithmetic,  Geography  and  Grammar;  and  in 
'84,  he  organized  and  took  charge  of  the  orchestra.  He  re- 
signed the  Academic  work,  to  become  book  keeper  for  the 
Watkins  Lumber  Co.,  from  which  position  he  was  elected 
first  bookkeeper  of  the  National  Bank  of  Potsdam.  He  mar- 
ried Carrie  L.  Moore  (V.  '88);  one  son  living.  He  is  conduc- 
tor of  the  Normal  Orchestra. 

PKOFESSO*R  J.  T.  WEBB,    188^-1886. 

J.  T.  Webb  was  born  at  Fort  Covington,  Franklin  Co., 
N.  Y.  in  1859.  He  worked  at  home  on  a  farm,  attending 
district  school  winters  until  seventeen  years  of  age.  In 
1877  he  entered  the  Fort  Covington  Academy  and  pursued 


Biograpliical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  101 


the  classical  course  two  years.  In  1880  he  entered  the 
State  Normal  School,  commencing  the  classical  course, but 
owing  to  tailing  health,  was  obliged  to  leave  school  at  the 
close  of  the  first  quarter  of  the  third  year.  While  at  the 
Normal  he  became  interested  in  art,  giving  special  atten- 
tion to  drawing  under  the  instruction  of  Miss  Mary  Kyle. 
His  progress  in  drawing  was  such  that  he  decided  to  pur- 
sue a  course  in  art,  and,  instead  of  returning  to  complete 
the  Normal  course,  entered  the  New  England  Conserva- 
tory, Boston,  completing  the  two  years  course  in  drawing 
and  painting  in  the  spring  of  1884.  Miss  Kyle,  then  teacher 
of  drawing  at  the  Normal,  was  given  a  leave  of  absence 
for  two  years  and  Mr.  Webb  was  elected  to  fill  the  vacancy. 
He  resigned  the  position  on  Miss  Kyle's  return  in  1886, 
and  opened  a  private  studio  at  Potsdam.  He  gave  instruc- 
tion in  painting  and  drawing  at  his  studio  and  at  adjoin- 
ing towns  until  1891,  during  which  time  he  also  instructed 
the  teachers  in  the  Canton,  N.  Y.  Schools.  In  1892  he  was 
elected  supervisor  of  drawing  and  penmanship  in  the  Pub- 
lic Schools  of  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  which  position  he  still 
holds. 

MKS.  MA"Rg    L.  WOOD-NOIVRIS,  1871-1884. 

Mary  L.  Wood  received  her  early  education  at  the  noted 
"Emma  Willard  Female  College"  Troy,  N.  Y.  After  two 
years  of  special  preparation  under  excellent  teachers  of 
French  and  German,  she  entered  the  school  of  Dio  Lewis 
for  Physical  Culture  and  Elocution,  and  was  connected 
with  the  same  for  six  years.  She  also  studied  at  the  Mon- 
roe and  Leonard  Schools  of  Elocution,  Boston,  Mass. 
While  in  Boston  she  was  elected  teacher  of  Physical  Cul- 
ture and  Elocution  in  the  Potsdam  Normal  where  she 
continued  thirteen  years.     120  E.  26th  St.,  New  York  City. 


102  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


MISS   AMANDA  A.  WOOD7VFVD,  1891-189*. 

Amanda  A.  Woodard's  early  educational  advantages 
were  of  the  most  liberal  character.  She  was  instructed  by 
private  tutors  until  ready  for  the  third  year's  work.  Then 
attended  private  schools  until  prepared  for  the  higher 
grammar  grade.  A  Grammar  and  Academic  course,  in- 
cluding a  full  course  in  French  was  completed  in  the  Utica 
schools.  This  was  further  supplemented  by  a  course  of 
private  study.  Miss  Woodard  then  received  the  appoint- 
ment as  assistant  teacher  in  one  of  the  grammar  grades  of 
the  Utica  schools.  This  was  followed  by  an  appointment 
to  the  Principalship  of  a  higher  grade  school  numbering 
five  hundred  pupils.  After  having  charge  of  this  school 
four  years,  in  1885  Miss  Woodard  received  another  promo- 
tion, being  called  to  the  assistant  principalship  of  the  high- 
est grammar  grade  of  the  Utica  school,  where  she  remained 
until  the  Fall  of  1891  when  she  assumed  the  charge  of  the 
Intermediate  Department  of  the  Potsdam  State  Normal, 
which  position  she  held  until  her  decease  November,  1894. 
Miss  Woodard  was  a  teacher  of  strong  personality,  whose 
life  ennobled  all  her  pupils. 

MISS    HELEN    S.  WRIGHT,  1869-1877. 

Helen  S.  Wright's  earlier  education  was  received  in  the 
public  schools  and  in  Franklin  Academy.  On  graduation 
she  was  made  instructor  in  the  schools,  and  one  year  later 
took  the  place  of  preceptress.  When  this  school  was 
merged  in  the  Fredonia  Normal,  she  became  teacher  of 
English  and  preceptress  of  the  Academic  Department  of 
the  Normal;  entered  the  Potsdam  Normal  School  in  '70, 
resigned  with  failing  health  in  '72;  spent  three  years  fol- 
lowing in  the  South,  the  last  two  as  teacher  in  Sayre  Insti- 
tute, Lexington,  Kentucky;  studied  in  Boston  Normal 
Art  School  during  the  winter  of  1 875-6;  went  to  Cali- 
fornia in  1876  to  enter  the  State  Normal  School  at  San 
Jose;  after    one  year  as  teacher  of  English  and  Drawing, 


Biogi'apJiical  Sketches  of  Faculty.  103 


was  made  Preceptress;  continued  in  this  position  till  '88; 
went  abroad,  giving-  a  year  to  study  and  travel,  not  the 
least  valuable  part  of  which  was  a  trip  through  Bible  lands; 
returning,  resumed  work  in  English,  principally  Litera- 
ture and  Grammar;  at  present  making  special  effort  to 
disseminate  throughout  the  State,  by  means  of  Normal 
graduates,  better  and  more  practical  and  effective  methods 
of  teaching  English  grammar,  the  germ  of  which  methods, 
with  many  other  valuable  ideas,  was  received  from  Dr. 
MacVicar  in   the  old  Potsdam  days. 

MRS.  NELLIE   LANG-BART  LETT,  1895— 

Nellie  Lang  was  born  in  Massena  and  received  her 
preparatory  education  at  Norwood.  She  entered  the 
Normal  '78,  and  graduated  from  the  Academic  Department 
Classical  Course,  '83.  In  1884  she  married  Charles  L.  Bart- 
lett,  of  Norwood,  who  died  Nov.  26,  1890.  She  has  two 
daughters,  Ruth  '86,  and  Gladys  '89,  who  is  attending  the 
Primary  Department.  In  the  Spring  of '91  Mrs.  Bartlett 
entered  the  Normal  Department  and  remained  one  term; 
in  the  Fall  of  '91  she  accepted  the  position  of  preceptress 
at  Norwood,  which  position  she  resigned  in  the  spring  of 
'93  to  complete  her  Normal  Course;  '93-4  she  conducted  a 
private  school  in  Burlington,  Vt.,  with  her  sister,  Miss  Ada 
Bartlett,  but  finding  the  climate  injurious  to  her  health, 
returned  to  Norwood  in  94.  In  January  '95  she  was  elect- 
ed Principal  of  the  Intermediate  Department  of  the  Schools 
of  Practice  and  Teacher  of  Geography  Methods  which 
position  she  still  holds. 

Mrs.  Bartlett  has  visited  the  best  schools  in  the  country 
for  the  study  of  Methods  of  Teaching  Geography,  and  has 
incorporated  them  into  her  own  work,  which  is  meeting 
with  marked  favor  and  success  in  the  schools  of  practice. 


iouo^rapfycal  Sketch^  of  ©Alumni. 


-^>hh^ 


Class  of  February,  '71. 

Amanda  H.  Martin-Reynolds — El. ;  preliminary  education  at  Madrid;  taught 
five  terms  undergraduate;  '73-7  Madrid;  '77-8  Massena;  '78  married  Gary 
Whitney  Reynolds,  M.  D.  Children,  Georgiana  Davis  '79,  Martin  V.  B. 
'81,  Charlotte  May  '85,  Caroline  '88.  Miss  Martin  belonged  to  the  first 
class  graduated,  which  consisted  of  two  members.     Madrid,  N.  Y. 

Alice  C.  Stevens-Smith— El. ;  latest  address,  Plattsburgh,  N.  Y. 

Class  of  June,  '71. 

Hannah  B.  Barnes-Smith — EL;  '71-81  Norwood,  N.Y.;  '81  married  Frederick 
R.  Smith,  '78.     One  daughter,  Ada  '84.     Norwood,  N.  Y. 

Mattie  S.  Carpenter — El. :  taught  about  two  years.     Died  '74. 

Joanna  S.  Haig-Russell — El. ;  entered  from  St.  Lawrence  Academy;  taught 
three  years  at  Norwood,  six  years  and  one  term,  Massena;  '80  married 
Myron  Russell,  deceased  '87.  Son,  John  '84.     Massena,  N.  Y. 

Amelia  A.  MoFadden-Anderson — E.;  entered  from  the  Albany  Normal;  has 
taught  eight  years  since  graduation.     See  Faculty.     Plattsburgh,  N.  Y. 

Frances  A.  Parmeter — E.;  entered  from  St.  Lawrence  Academy;  has  taught 
nineteen  years.     See  Faculty.     Chico,  Cal. 

Class  of  January,  '72. 

Mrs.  Joanna  Anderson — El. ;  latest  address,  Port  Jervis,  N.  Y. 

Celestia  Blatchley-Caldwell — E.;  latest  address,  Gilford,  London  Road, 
Surry,  England. 

Elizabeth  Hargrave-Reynolds — E.  See  Faculty.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Seraphina  Howard— E.;  taught  several  terms  before  graduation;  taught 
twenty-four  years  of  thirty  nine  weeks  each,  and  was  obliged  to  retire 
from  school  life  on  account  of  failing  eye  sight;  lives  with  her  brother. 
Massena,  N.  Y. 

Matilda  Osier — El. ;  latest  address.  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y. 

Adula  Stone — El.;  latest  address,  Massena,  N.  Y. 

Harriet  B.  Stearns- Wilcox — El.;  preparatory  education  at  the  St.  Law- 
rence Academy;  taught  seven  terms,  undergraduate;  '72-3  Massena;  '73-4, 
Lowville;  '73  married  Jonas  J.  Wilcox.  Children,  William  '74,  May 
'80.     Lowville,  N.  Y. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  105 


Class  of  July,  '72. 

Herbert  C.  Adams — C.  Deceased. 

Anna  M.  Anderson-Washburn — EL;  entered  from  home  district;  '72-3  Gouv- 

erneur,  '77-8  Butler,    111.;  '78   married   A.    D.    Washburn;   '85-92  resided 

Norfolk,    Neb.     Children   Vantia  '80,    Iva    and   Charles     '86,  Hazel   '89. 

Columbus,  Kas. 
Martha  I.  Burt-Turney — C;  prepared  at  St.  Lawrence  Academy;  one  year 

Whitewater,  Wis.,  Normal;  six  years  Menomonee  and  Black  River  Falls, 

Wis.;  '79  married  Fletcher  S.  Turney.     Children,  Mary,  Ruth,  Clarence, 

Dayton,  and  Roger;  has  taught  three  of  the  twelve  years  of  residence  in 

South   Dakota;    worked  in  Institutes  in  Iowa  and  Dakota;  now  teaching. 

Plankinton,  S.  D. 
Emily  M.  Dayton-Streibert — C;  See  Faculty.     Gambier,  0. 
Hattie  A.  Fisher-Hepburn — C. ;  deceased. 
Francene  Swift-Barber — EL;  entered  from  St.  Lawrence  Academy;  taught 

three   terms   of   district   school;    '72-4   Massena;  '74-5   No.    8,    Potsdam; 

'75   married  A.  S.  Barber.    Children,    Gaylord  '77,  Roscoe  '78,  Anna  80. 

Ithaca,  Mich. 
Alice   M.    Wood-Macomber — EL;  prepared    at  Malone;    '72-5   Massena;    '75 

married  Thomas  Macomber;  Children,  Benjamin  and  Clara;  '84  moved  to 

California.     Tustin.  Calif. 
Eliza  J.  Wall — EL;  M.  D.,  Colorado  Springs,  Colo. 

Class  of  January,  '73. 

Helen  Austin-Bramley — E. ;  preparatory  education  at  St.  Lawrence  Acad- 
emy; taught  five  years  after  graduation.     See  Faculty. 

Emma  J.  Fuller — E. ;  prepared  at  the  St.  Lawrence  Academy;  taught  seven 
terms  previous  to  entering  the  Normal;  '73-86  Principal  No.  8,  Potsdam; 
'86-91  Principal  Intermediate  Department,  Normal  School,  Whitewater, 
Wis.;  '91-5  State  Normal  School,  Chico,  California. 

Cyrus  W.  Hewitt — E.;  entered  from  Dickinson;  taught  one  term,  under- 
graduate; '73-4  Gouverneur;  '75-7  read  law,  practiced  until  '80;  '80  mar- 
ried Mary  A.  Thompson.  Children,  Florence  '81,  Harry  '82,  Carl  '84, 
Ryland  '89;  '80-90  farming,  trustee  of  Gouverneur  Union  Free  School 
since  '90. 

Anna  E.  Parker-Lemon — E.;  taught  one  term  undergraduate;  '73-7  Potsdam; 
'77-8  Elmira;  78-82  Gouverneur;  '82-5  Marshalltown,  la.;  '85-9  Potsdam; 
'87  married  Gilbert  J.  Lemon.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Leona  S.  Smith-Gutterson — C;  prepared  at  St.  Lawrence  Academy;  taught 
one  term  before  graduating;  '73-7  Gouverneur;  '77-8  rested;  '78-80, 
Mankato,  Minn. ;  '80-2  St.  Peter,  Minn. ;  '82  married  to  C.  L.  Gutterson, 
of  Stanislaus  Co.,  Calif.;  lived  five  years  in  Eastern  Arizona;  now  settled 
in  Broken  Bow,  Nebraska.  Three  daughters,  Nell  Louise,  '83,  Alice  J. 
'85,  deceased;  and  Faith  L.  '87. 


io6  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Waldo  F.  Smith,  0— A.  M.     See  Faculty.  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 
Charles  C.  Townsend,  C. — A.  M. — Rev.     See  Faculty.     Malone,  N.  Y. 
Anna  A.    Weston-Ashley — E.;  entered  from  Keene:    '73  Jay;  '73   married 
Henry  Ashley.  Daughter,  Alice  '78.     Norwood,  N.  Y. 

Class  of  July  '73. 

Eva  M.  Carpenter-Barber — E.  Howard  City.  Mich. 

Ella  R.  Clifford-Delongy — C.  Winiield,  Kas. 

Ella  A.  Crary — El.  Deceased. 

F.  Isabelle  Donaghue-Dodge — E.     Ogdensburg,  N.  Y. 

Lucius  E.  Hawley — C. — A.  M. :  entered  at  the  organization  of  the  Normal  in 
'G9;  '77,  A.  B.,  '80,  A.  M.,  Union  College;  taught  one  year  in  Stamford', 
Conn.,  three  years  in  New  Rochelle,  one  year  in  Warren sburg,  one  year 
in  Smithland,  Iowa;  '85  established  his  present  Preparatory  School  for 
Boys,  129  College  St.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.;  '77  married  Frances  M.  Meeker,  of 
Moira,  N.  Y.     Two  daughters,  Laura  '83,  Gertrude  '88. 

Liel  D.  Halleck-Cogswell — El.    Madrid,  N.  Y. 

Florence  Merchant-Clark — El.;  entered  from  Hopkinton;  taught  one  term 
undergraduate;  '73-6  Elmira;  '76  married  F.  A.  Clark.  Two  sons,  Albion 
M.  '80,  Earl  '85;  Chautauqua  course,  postgraduate.     Brushton,  N.  Y. 

Julian  H.  Myers— C—  A.  M.— Ph  D.—  Rev.;  Rouse's  Point  '75-6;  Redwood, 
'80;  Instructor  in  Lowville  Academy  '81;  School  Commissioner,  Lowville 
'81-4;  admitted  to  the  Bar  of  N.  Y  .  '82;  principal  Union  N.  Y.,  '85;  In- 
structor in  Summer  Teachers'  Institute,  Chapel  Hill  and  Winston,  N.  C, 
'85-6;  student  Boston  School  of  Theology  '86-7;  entered  Methodist  Ministry 
'87;  Bangor,  '87-9;  Madrid,  '89-91;  Clinton,  '91-5.  Married  Mary  S. 
Bingham  '88.  Two  sons,  Frank  D.  and  Wm.  M. 

Mary  L.  Stuart-Dayton — E.;  preparatory  education,  Norwood;  married 
'77.    See   b  acuity.     Trinidad,  Colo. 

Howard  E.  Thompson — C;  prepared  at  St.  Lawrence  Academy;  taught  two 
terms,  undergraduate,  in  St  Lawrence  County,  and  one  term  in  Wis- 
consin; '77  admitted  to  the  Bar,  and  now  practicing  law,  White  Sulphur 
Springs,  Mont.  '83  married  Gertrude  Culver  '77.  Children,  Gertrude  F. 
'86,  died  '89,  Myrtle  Jeanne  '88. 

Class  of  January,  '74. 

Elizabeth  A.  J.  Bibbins-Goodale — E.;  taught  in  Malone.     Malone,  N.  Y. 

Alvinza  B.  Collins — C;  taught  two  years  in  New  Orleans,  La.;  died  of 
consumption. 

Eva  V.  Ellis-McMurphey — C;  entered  from  St.  Lawrence  Academy;  taught 
in  Potsdam,  Stockholm,  Prescott,  Wis.,  and  Ravena,  Minn.;  '78  married 
Augustus  McMurphey;  '78-89  lived  in  St.  Paul;  '89-95  Helena,  Mont. 
Children,  Beulah,  May,  Alice,  Grace.  Miss  Ellis  belonged  to  the  "Pioneer 
Class  who  walked  the  plank"  before  the  entrance  to  the  building  was 
completed. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  107 

Alice  A.  Ellis — E.;  entered  from  Norwood;  '74-7  Potsdam;  '78-9  Lawrence- 
ville;  '79-81  Prescott,  Wis.;  '81  2  Potsdam:  '82-3  Philadelphia;  '84-5 
Massena;  '85-6  Cross  River;  '86-7  Potsdam;  '87-95  at  home,  Potsdam,  N.Y. 

Augusta  C.  Fobes-Cahoon — C;  prepared  at  St.  Lawrence  Academy;  was 
one  of  the  first  twelve  girls  who  "boarded  in  the  building."  '76  married 
Dexter  G.  Cahoon.  Children,  Carl  Wright,  Blanche  May,  Earl  George. 
Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Maria  Fuller — E. ;  taught  two  terms,  undergraduate; '74-6  Nyack;  '76-86 
Potsdam;  '86-7  Colton;  '87-8  Potsdam;  '88-92  Pasadena,  Cal.;  '92-5  State 
Normal  School,  Chico,  Cal. 

Watson  S.  Hawkins — C. — A.  M. ;  entered  from  St.  Lawrence  Academy; 
taught  one  term  (Antwerp);  '74-5  Waterville;  '75  entered  Syracuse  Uni- 
versity; '78-81  Editor  St.  Lawrence  Herald;  '83  A.  B.  Syracuse  University; 
'83-4  Trinity  Hall,  Washington,  Pa.;  '84  reporter  Syracuse  Herald;  '85 
Ives  Seminary;  reporter  Rome  Sentinel;  bought  the  Reflex,  Waterville, 
N.  Y.;  '87  consolidated  Times  and  Reporter,  now  editor  and  proprietor; 
'90  married  Lucia  Clark  Candee.     Waterville,  N.  Y. 

Charles  H.  Lester — .C — D.  B.;  postgraduate  study  at  Rochester  University; 
graduate  Auburn  Theological  Seminary;  Ministry.    Shortsville,  N.  Y. 

Lucinda  E.  Lytel-Lawrence — C.    Lisbon,  N.  Y. 

Agnes  H.  Marshall — E.    Deceased. 

Erean  C.  Welch — E.;  entered  from  Hannawa  Falls;  has  taught  thirteen 
years  at  Ionia,  Mich.,  her  present  residence. 

Class  of  June  '74. 

Annette  B.  Austin-Gibson — E.;  entered  Classical  from  Fort  Covington;  '77 
U.  S.  Grant  University,  Athens,  Tenn. ;  September  25th  of  the  same  year 
married  T.  F.  Gibson  a  merchant  of  that  place.  One  son,  George  Austin. 
She  is  treasurer  of  Hoist  on  Conference  Woman's  Missionary  Society  and 
State  Recording  Secretary  of  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union. 
Athens,  Tenn. 

Julia  Ettie  Crane — C;  has  taught  nineteen  years;  postgraduate,  Music, 
Psychology,  Pedagogics.     See  Faculty.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Agnes  F.  Culver-Broga — C;  entered  from  the  home  district;  she  taught 
five  terms,  one  year  High  School,  Hutchinson,  Minn.,  the  remaining  time 
in  the  home  school;  '81  married  to  Marcus  M.  Broga,  Westfield,  Mass. 
One  daughter  '86,  one  son  '91. 

Mary  R.  DeLong — E. ;  taught  only  a  part  of  one  term  after  graduation,  when 
her  failing  health  made  it  necessary  for  her  to  leave  the  school  room.  She 
died  December  24,  1877. 

Thomas  L.  Heaton — C. — LL.  B. ;  has  taught  fifteen  years;  LL.  B.  University 
of  Michigan.     Superintendent  of  Schools,  Fresno,  Cal. 

Harriet  A.  Leete-Clapp — E.;  preparatory  education  at  St.  Lawrence  Acad- 
emy; taught  sixteen  years;  '92  married  S.  E.  Clapp.  See  Faculty.  Hack- 
ensack,  N.  J. 


Io8  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


William  D.  Marsh — C. — A.   M. — Rev.;  entered  from  St.  Lawrence  Academy; 

member  of  Northern  New  York  Conference.     See  Faculty. 
Francis    H.   Tichenor— C— A.  B.,— LL.  B.;  A.  B.  Yale;  LL.  B.   Columbia; 
taught  five  years,  New  York  City  three  years,  Washington,   D.  C,  two 

years;  Attorney,  Peoria,  111. 

Class  of  January,  '75. 

Helen  M.  Andrews — El.  Indianolia,  la. 

Gertrude  D.  Bridge-Barbour — E.   Hanford,  Calif. 

Agnes  L.  Hale — C;  entered  from  Norwood;  '75-7  Mathematics,  Potsdam 
Normal;  '77-87  No.  13,  Brooklyn;'  87-95  Mathematics,  High  School  Brook- 
lyn.    See  Faculty. 

Mary  E.  Lord-Bacon— C.  See  Faculty.     669  So.  2d  St.,  San  Jose,  Calif. 

Alfonso  E.  MacDonald— C;  taught  one  term  undergraduate;  '75  Colton; 
'75-7  Rouse's  Point;  '77-8  Louisville;  four  years  Maywood,  111.;  ten  years 
Principal  McClellan  School,  Chicago,  111.;  '79  married  Sara  Holmes  of 
Ballard  Vale,  Mass.     4035  Prairie  Ave.,  Chicago,  111. 

Edwin  W.  Stowell — C;  prepared  at  Massena;  Principal  two  years  at  Holden 
and  two  at  Clinton,  Mo.,  where  he  died. 

Charlotte  Swift-Powers — C;  taught  summer  schools  and  one  winter; 
entered  from  district  school;  '75-6  Nyack;  '77-80  Lawvenceville;  '80 
married  James  L.  .Powers.  Children,  J.  Harold  '82;  Hiram  H.  '83;  Mary 
F.  '85;  who  attend  the  Practice  School;  postgraduate  study,  English 
Literature  and  French.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Mahlon  M.  Wagner — C;  entered  Intermediate  department  the  day  the 
Normal  was  opened;  75  Waddington  and  Lisbon  Center;  '76-9  Guthrie 
High  School,  Panora,  la. ;  '80  appointed  to  a  clerkship  in  Custom  House 
N.  Y.  City;  promoted  on  examination  '80-7-9;  '95  holds  highest  grade, 
confidential  clerk  and  deputy  collector;  '77  married  Jessie  E.  Fuller; 
religion  Universalist;  politics  Republican. 

Class  of  June  '75. 

Thomas  C.  Aitchison — C.     Deceased. 

Nettie  E.  Dayton-Dawley — C;  one  term  undergraduate  teaching;  '75-6 
Amsterdam  Academy;  '76-7  Greenville,  Mich.;  July  '77  married  W.  W. 
Dawley  (Amsterdam);  '77  private  lessons  in  English;  '78  Mr.  Dawley 
began  his  theological  studies  at  Colgate  University,  Mrs.  Dawley  taught 
in  the  Ladies'  Seminary  and  studied  painting;  has  contributed  articles  to 
the  religious  press;  also  short  stories.  Two  boys  and  two  girls.  Address 
First  Baptist  Parsonage,  Duluth,  Minn. 

Ada  L.  Elmore-Stark — El.     Deceased 

Frances  A.  Farmer — E.;  prepared  at  Hailesborough  and  Gouverneur  Sem- 
inary; Principal  Hailesborough.  twelve  years;  Vice-Principal  Reno,  Nev. 
five  years;  Grammar  grade  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  three  years;  called  home 
by  sickness  in  the  family  '94;  postgraduate  Glens  Falls  and  Chautauqua. 
Hailesborough,  N.  Y. 


BiograpJiical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  109 


Bertha  E.  Gordon — EL;  teacher.     Los  Angeles,  Calif. 

Hattie   E.    Hamblin-Palmer — C. :     '75  8    Principal    Grammar   Department, 

Whitehall,  N.  Y.;'  78-9  Minneapolis,  Minn.;  '79  married  Joseph  G.  Palmer. 

Children,   Ethel,    12  years;  Alice,  6  years;  Florence,   5  years.     2102,  2d 

Ave.  South,  Minneapolis.  Minn. 
Libbie  Hawkins-Nixon — E.;  entered  the  Intermediate  department;  taught  16 

weeks   Barnhart's   Island;    '76-8    Greenville,    Mich.;  '80  Corning,  N.  Y. ; 

'81-90  Grand  Eapids,  Mich,;  '85  married   Frank  T.  Nixon,   Grand  Rapids; 

One  daughter,  Ruth  Nanette,  '92.     133  Mt.  Vernon  St.,  Grand  Rapids. 
Sarah  E.   Lock  wood-Fisher — E. ;   prepared  at  the  St.   Lawrence  Academy; 

taught  school  until  she  was  married  in  '78  to  Andrew  Fisher.     Owatonna, 

Minn. 
Eliza  E.  Lord-Fowler — E.  Arnprior,  Out. 
L.  Candace    Lewis-Ward — EL;    entered    from  Jefferson  Co.;  taught  twenty 

terms;  '80  married   Grover  C.  Ward  of  Hannibal,  Mo.,  now  police  Judge. 

Chetopa,  Kansas. 
Hattie   M.    Morgan-Townsend — C;    entered   from   Practice   Schools;    '75-6 

Ilion  Union  School;  '76-7  studied  French  and  Painting  in  Montreal;  '77-8 

Drawing,    Rome    N.   Y.;    '78  married  Rev.    Charles  C.    Townsend,  '73. 

Children,    Harold   Amasa  '79;    Arthur   Morgan   '80;    Charles  Lucius  '82; 

William  Wallace  '87;  Edith  Winifred'  90.     Malone,  N.  Y. 
M.  Amelia  Qua — E.     See  Faculty.     3442  Wabash  Ave.,  Chicago,  111. 
Flora  A.  Rogers-Flint— E. ;  entered  from  Crary's  Mills;  taught  two  terms, 

undergraduate;  taught  nenr  home  until '80.     Married  H.  C.  Flint  in    '81. 

Two  sons,  Roger  '82,  Loren  83,  who  attend  the  Normal.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 
Ellen  E.  Selleck — C.     Janesville,  Wis. 
M.    Ella   Wilkinson — C;    '75-81    Massena,    Ovid,    and  Medina;  '84-9  Ham- 

mondsport;    '89-91    Latin,    History,    Rhetoric,    High   School,  Jamestown; 

'92-5  Latin,  High  School,  Elkhart,  Ind. 
Ella  M.  Welch— E.    Fine,  N.  Y. 
John  O.  Wheeler — C.    Canton,  N.  Y. 
Frances  L.  Webster-Fish — El. ;  entered  the  Normal  after  about  three  years' 

experience    as    a   teacher;    '75-6    Reading    and   Geography,    City  Normal 

School  Leavenworth,  Kansas;   '76-8  State  Normal  School,   Cedar  Falls, 

Iowa;  '78-81  State  Normal  School.  San  Jose,   Cal. :  '81  married  Lafayette 
.     I.  Fish.     Children,  Annie  Holcomb   '86;    Irving   Webster   '92.  Martinez, 

California. 

Class  of  January  '76. 

Myron  D.  Briggs — C. — M.  D.;  student  of  Lawrenceville  Academy  previous 
to  entering  Normal:  '76  entered  Syracuse  University;  '77  commenced 
study  of  medicine;  '80  M.  D.  University  of  city  of  New  York;  commenced 
practice  of  medicine  in  Parishville,  N.  Y.;  '81  married  Myra  S.  Dodge;  '82 
removed  to  Iowa;  '86  located  at  Champlain,  N.  Y.  Member  of  Board  of 
Education,  Health  Officer  and  Pres.  Clinton  County  Medical  Society, 


1 1 0  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

Nettie  E.  Coffeen — E.;  two  years,  Champlain;  one  year,  Richville:  '83-'95 
White  Plains.     White  Plains,  N.  Y. 

Lillian  I.  Phelps-Ingham — E. ;  prepared  at  Hopkinton;  taught  two  years, 
abandoned  teaching  on  account  of  ill  health;  stenographer  and  typiste  for 
several  years;  studied  four  years  Chautauqua  Course;  '89  married  Henry 
Ingham,  Minneapolis,  Minnesota — two  daughters,  Laura  and  Margaret; 
'91  traveled  in  England.     Minneapolis,  Minn. 

W.  S.  Smithers— C— A.  M.— S.  T.  B.;  '80  A.  B.,'S3  A.  M.,  Syracuse  Universi- 
ty; '83  S.  T.  B.  Boston  University;  joined  Vermont  Conference;  '83-6 
Pittsfield;  '86  Island  Pond;  '87-'90  Brattleboro;  '90-3  Barre;  '93  St.  Johns- 
bury; '94-5  Hardwich,  Vt.; '83  married  Susie  A.  Joslin.  Sons,  Howard 
Joslin  '89,  Otis  Sherwood  '90. 

Florence  E.  Thompson-McCharles — E. ;  taught  one  term  undergraduate; 
'76-7  Southville;  '77-8  one  term  each  Bicknellville,  Southville  and  Parish- 
ville;  '79  Humboldt  Co.,  California;  '80-3  Garberville;  '86-7  Briceland;  '88 
Garberville  and  Tustin,  Orange  Co.,  California;  '88-'95  Tustin  California. 
'82  married  D.  L.  McCharles.     One  son,  Carl  '83. 

Lottie  E.  Taylor-Banister — E. ;     deceased. 

Cornelia  E.  Waldo — C;  prepared  in  the  schools  of  practice;  '76-'81  taught 
in  schools  near  Potsdam;  '81-5  Morristown;  '87-8  Norwood;  '8$-'91  High 
School,  Canton;  '92  High  School,  Ft.  Howard,  Wisconsin;  '93-5  at  home. 
Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Laura  C.  White-Dunlap — C.     Los  Angeles,  California. 

Fred  D.  Woodworth — C;  entered  from  West  Potsdam;  taught  two  terms 
undergraduate;  '78  Norwood;  has  taught  six  terms  of  school;  engaged  in 
farming  two  years;  milling  ten  years  at  Newport,  N.  Y. ;  '91-4  connected 
with  the  firm  of  Geo.  W.  Head  Co.,  residence  159  Catharine  St.,  Utica, 
N.  Y. ;  '79  married  Amelia  A.  Gallagher.  Children,  Walter  L.,  Chauncey 
M.,  Paul  H.  and  James  G.     Mary  E.  and  Gertrude  deceased,  Feb'y  '93. 

Class  of  June  '76. 

Ida  C.  Bailey— E.     Canton,  N.  Y. 

Xenia  A.  Clark-Heney — E.;  entered  from  Sanfordville;  taught  one  term 
undergraduate;  taught  Buckton  school  one  year;  Humboldt  Co.,  Cali- 
fornia three  years;  January  6,  '81  married  William  L.  Heney.  Children, 
'81  Charles,  '83  Guy,  '84  Edna,  '86  May,  '87  George,  '90  Walter,  '92  Wil- 
liam. Has  written  a  letter  to  her  mother  every  week  for  17  years.  Eureka, 
California. 

Evelyn  M.  H.  Clark — C. ;  entered  from  West  Chazy;  West  Chazy  '77-8; 
district  schools  and  music  '  78-'83;  Ausable  Forks  '83-4;  Chazy  '84;  West 
Chazy  '85-6:  district  schools  '88-'91;  Chazy  '91-3;  Ellensburg,  Washing- 
ton '93-91.     West  Chazy,  N.  Y. 

David  A.  Forsst — E.;     lawyer.  West  Manchester,  N.  H. 

Emma  A.  Gurley— C;  '76-'85  Elmira,  N.  Y.;  '85-'95  Cleveland,  Ohio,  689 
Castle  Avenue. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  in 

Lucia  E.  Hawley-Darling — C;  entered  the  Intermediate  Department  at 
opening  of  school;  taught  one  term;  '76  Colton:  '77  married  William 
Darling;  children,  Grace  '78;  Raymond  '80:  '82  studied  National  Kinder- 
garten Institute.  Washington,  D.  C;  '83-4  Kindergarten,  Canton;  '84-'92 
Potsdam;  '92-4  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Helen  C.  Holcomb-Jaquis — C;  post-graduate  drawing  and  painting;  taught 
eight  years,  Minneapolis,  Parishville,  Crary's  Mills;  diploma  endorsed  by 
California  and  Minnesota;  one  daughter.     Parishville.  N.  Y. 

Frederick  W.  Maine — C. — LL.  B.;  taught  four  years;  LL.  B.  University  of 
Michigan;  post-graduate  Latin  and  Greek;  has  been  Judge  of  Probate 
and  District  Attorney.     Charlevoix,  Michigan. 

M.F.Perry — C. ;  prepared  at  Lawrenceville  Academy;  taught  four  years 
undergraduate;  ^G-'SO  Principal  Fort  Covington  Academy;  '80-3  Brook- 
lyn Polytechnic;  '83-4  Principal  Gouverneur;  '84-'90  Chateaugay;  '90-2 
Brasher  and  Stockholm;  '92-5  Principal  Carthage  Academy;  earned  a  state 
certificate  at  one  examination  in  '91;  '84  married  Mary  Chisholm.  One  son 
and  three  daughters.     Carthage,  N.  Y. 

Addie  B.  Priest-Newell — C;  entered  from  Training  Department;  '76 
Springfield,  Illinois;  '77  Gouverneur;  '79  married  Edgar  A.  Newell  of 
Ogdensburg.     Sons,  Albert  Priest  and  William  Allan. 

Francis  M.  Payne — E.;  preliminary  education  in  district  school;  taught 
three  terms  under-graduate;  '76-7  Colton;  '77-8  West  Stockholm  '78  mar- 
ried Nellie  C.  Hazelton;  daughter  Grace  L.  '80;  '80-1  Normal  School, 
Warrensburg,  Missouri;  '81-9  farming,  Pipestone,  Minnesota;  '89-'92 
teaching;  '92-5  Superintendent  of  Pipestone  County  schools;  attended  the 
twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  Alma  Mater. 

Mary  E.  Ransom-Guyette — El.     Massena,  N.  Y. 

Florence  D.  Stearns-Hopkins — C;  entered  from  Parishville;  taught  two 
terms;  76-9  Massena;  ,79-,85  Burlington,  Vermont;  '85  married  Charles 
M.Hopkins,  cashier  of  Keeseville  National  Bank.  Two  daughters,  Mar- 
garet '87  and  Miriam  '89. 

Edgar  J.  Stearns— C;  prepared  at  Winthrop;  '76-7 Rensselaer  Falls;  '77-'85 
general  merchandise,  Winthrop,  N.  Y.,  and  Tower  City,  Dakota;  '85-'95 
lumber,  Hutchinson,  Minnesota;  '82  married  Mary  McKee  of  Rensselaer 
Falls,  N.  Y.     Children,  Max,  Gertrude,  Marian.  Spencer  and  Lida  Lou. 

Emma  S.  Wait — C;  prepared  at  Canton;  taught  near  Potsdam;  in  Florence, 
Wisconsin;  RDchester,  Minnesota;  three  years  in  Canton;  '91-6  State  Nor- 
mal School,  Shippensburg,  Pennsylvania. 

M.  Adela.  Waldd — 0.;  prepared  in  the  schools  of  practice;  '76-'8l  taught  in 
Potsdam,  '81-5  Morristown;  '85-'90  High  School,  Canton;  '92-3  music,  Ft. 
Howard,  Wisconsin;  '93-6  music  and  geography,  State  Normal,  Shippens- 
burg, Pennsylvania. 


1 1 2  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Class  of  January  '77. 

Emma  G.  Aldrich— E.     Moira,  N.  Y. 

Jennie  C.  Bartlett — E.;  district  schools,  Chelensford  and  Tewksbury,  Mas- 
sachusetts; '83-7  Lawrence,  Massachusetts;  '92  returned  to  Chelensford, 
but  her  health  did  not  permit  her  to  continue  her  work.  Old  Meadow 
Eoad,  Lowell,  Mass. 

Carrie  J.  Bishop-Church — El.     Watertown,  South  Dakota. 

K.  Gertrude  Culver-Thompson — C;  entered  from  West  Stockholm;  taught 
two  terms  under-graduate;  Rome  '77-'80;  winter  and  spring  of  '77  as  class 
room  teacher  in  Academy;  next  year  as  Principal  of  ward  shool  and  one 
year  as  teacher  of  penmanship  and  drawing;  '82  Perry  N.  Y.,  and  one  term 
at  West  Stockholm;  '83  married  Howai-d  E.  Thompson;  '84-5  Florence, 
Wisconsin.  Two  daughters,  Gertrude  F.  '86,  died  '89;  Myrtle  Jennie  '88. 
White  Sulphur  Springs,  Montana. 

Mattie  G.  Clark-Call — E.;  prepared  at  Norwood;  has  taught  twenty-six 
weeks;  post-graduate  study  of  history  and  literature.  661  W.  Third  St., 
Elmira,  N.  Y. 

Emma  D.  Clark-Hurlbutt — EL;  entered  from  Nyack;  taught  four  terms 
under-graduate;  '77-'81  Nyack  Public  School;  '81-3  Principal  Long  Ridge, 
Connecticut;  '83  Principal  Nyack;  '84  married  George  J.  Hurlbutt. 
Children,  Carrie  Gertrude  '85;  Ralph  Benson  '89.  Stamford,  Connecticut. 

Etta  A.  Fuller — E.;  entered  from  Norwood;  two  terms  under-graduate 
teaching;  '77-'85  Norwood;  '86-  '95  Minneapolis,  Minnesota. 

Eva  G.  Gilman — El. ;  deceased. 

Ruthsr  Harsrave — 'J.  —  A.  M. — Rbv.;  taught  two  terms;  attended  Antwerp 
Academy  one  term;  '82  graduated  from  Union  College,  Schenectady;  '86 
Alleghany  Theological  School;  '88  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  United 
Miami  Congregation,  Northwood,  Ohio,  which  position  he  still  occupies; 
married  Eliza  Ballantine  of  Heuvelton,  N.  Y. ,  September  '83. 

Nettie  S.  Perry-Conable — C;  taught  several  terms;  '80-1  Warrensburg, 
Missouri;  '82  married  Prof.  Morris  Conable,  A.  M.,  of  Cortland,  N.  Y.; 
died  October  '83.     Daughter,  Nettie. 

Rollan  M.  Porter — C;  chief  clerk,  Mechanical  Department  No.  Pacific  R. 
R.,  Missoula,  Montana. 

Frederick  William  Rich — 3. — B.  S.;  entered  from  West  Potsdam;  '77-'81 
Cornell  University,  chemistry  and  physics  majors;  post  graduate  in 
chemistry  '81-2;  Instructor  in  chemistry,  Cornell  University  '82;  qualita- 
tive analysis  '82-3;  quantitative  analysis  '83-4;  since  June  '84  Professor  of 
chemistry  and  physics,  Lombard  University,  Galesburg,  Illinois;  married 
Lovina  S.  Horton  '82.    Children,  Willis  Horton  '85;  Gertrude  May  '8^. 

Class  of  June  '77. 

Emma  J.  Blanchard— El.;  entered  from  Norwood;  taught  two  years  under- 
graduate; '77-8  Normal;  '78-81  artist  with  N.  L.  Stone's  Copying  House, 
Potsdam;  '84-5  Binghamton;  '85-9  crayon  and  watercolors.  Norwood,  N.Y. 


Biograpliical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  113 


Taylor  0.  Bogert — E. — L.L.  B.;  taught  two  terms  as  undergraduate;  '87-8 
Gouverneur;  '90  LL.  B.,  Albany  Law  School;  '90  Banking,  South  Dakota; 
member  of  Dakota  Senate,  delegate  from  South  Dakota  to  Republican 
National  Convention  '88;  '82  married  Nettie  E.  Gleason, Gouverneur.  One 
son,  George  Gleason.  One  daughter,  Lotta  Jean.  Attorney,  Scotland, 
South  Dakota. 

Ida  C.  Briggs — C;     deceased. 

S.  Elizabeth  Derby-Slaymaker — E.     Vineland,  N.  J. 

Emma  G.  Erwin-Luck — E.     349  South  Paulina  St.,  Chicago,  Illinois. 

Jennie  E.  Fisher-May — E.;  prepared  at  Brigham  Academy,  Vermont;  taught 
nine  terms;  '77-9  St.  Albans;  '79  married  W.  A.  May.  Children, Katherine, 
John,  William,  Maurice,  who  are  attending  the  Normal.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Willis  J.  Fletcher — C;  attended  Norwood  and  Liwrenceville  Academies; 
taught  several  terms  after  graduation;  '81  admitted  to  the  Bar;'79  married 
Esther  A.  Hale;  twin  daughters,  Grace  and  Margaret  '89;  member  of 
Board  of  Education;  member  Town  Committee;  lawyer.     Norwood,  N.  Y. 

0.*pha  E.  Jenkins-Maynard — E.;  deceased. 

Mary  Mc  I.  Knowles-Gardner — C;  taught  two  years  in  District  No.  11, 
Waddington;  '80-3  No.  17,  Potsdam;  '83-5  Ives  Seminary;  '85-6  Gouver- 
neur; '8(5  married  Geo.  E.  Gardner.  Children,  George  Knowles  '91, 
Katherine  '93.     Worcester,  Massachusetts. 

Lydia  A.  MacDougal — E.;  entered  from  Ft.  Covington  Academy;  taught  over 
two  years;  '77-8  Pittsburgh;  '78-'80  Rouses  Point;  '80-2  Gouverneur; 
studied  at  the  Normal  the  first  part  of  '82;  '82-4  Marshalltown,  Iowa;  '84-5 
School  Independence,  Iowa;  '85-'93  teacher  geography  and  history,  State 
Normal  School,  Platteville,  Wisconsin;  '93;5  student  in  Chicago  Unviersi- 
ty;  since  graduation  has  taken  the  following  University  lecture  courses: 
one  in  Political  Economy,  one  in  Astronomy,  one  in  Geology,  three  in 
Literature,  three  in  History,  one  year  each,  and  one  in  Political  Science 
one  year. 

Maria  L.  White — E.;     teacher.     Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

Class  of  January  '78. 

Silas  E.  Brown— C.—M.  D.     Ogdensburg,  N.  Y. 

Ettie  E.  Clark- White — EL;  taught  six  terms  undergraduate;  '78-9  West 
Potsdam;  '7£-'30  Morley;  '81  Cant  >n;  '32  married  Jay  M.  White;  post- 
graduate Chautauqua  Course,  Literature  and  Piano.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Mina  L.  Fletcher-Faulk — C;  entered  from  Hewittville.  See  Faculty. 
Sioux  City,  Iowa. 

Alice  E.  Hartness-Schermerhorn — C;     see  Faculty. 

Frances  I.  Looker-3aunders — E.     Malone,  N.  Y. 

Carrie  M.  Sheldon — C.     Marshalltown,  Iowa. 

Q.  C.  H.  8. 


1 14  Potsdan/  Normal  School. 


Frank  R.  Walker — C. — A.  M.;  prepared,  at  Champlain  Academy;  Principal 
Heuvelton  four  years;  '84  A.  B.;  '87  A.  M.,  Syracuse  University;  '87  ad- 
mitted to  Bar;  '93  married  Jessie  Elizabeth  Morey.  Attorney.  Riegel  and 
Walker,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

Class  of  July,  '78. 

Lucy  A.  Bacon — E.     7  Rue  Leopold.  Robert,  Paris,  France. 

M.  Vesta  Burns-Mosier — E.;  '78-'Sl  Academy,  St.  Albans,  Vermont;  '81-3 
Ft.  Covington;  graduated  from  Mr.  Simpson's  Missionary  Training  Col- 
lege; '85  married  Rev.  W.  J.  Hosier,  now  pastor  of  Grace  Baptist  church, 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.     Three  daughters  living,  one  with  the  Shepherd. 

Celia  S.  Chaney — El.;  taught  about  thirteen  years;  post-graduate  study  at 
Pillsbury  Academy.     Badger's  Mills,  Wisconsin. 

Lydia  A.  Clifford — El.;  entered  the  Intermediate  at  the  opening  of  the 
school;  has  taught  nearly  every  year  since  graduation,  chiefly  in  the 
schools  of  St.  Lawrence  County;  '93-4  Bayville,  L.  I.;  was  called  home  by 
the  death  of  her  mother,  April '94;  now  teaching  in  No.  6,  Potsdam,  N.Y. 

Lewis  A.  Coffin — E. — M.  D.;  under  the  misnomer,  Lewis  A.  Coffeen,  entered 
the  Primary  Department  of  the  Normal  school  on  the  day  that  school 
opened;  he  believes  he  was  the  first  to  graduate,  who  began  i»  the  Pri- 
mary Department;  '77-'80  Principal  Alexandria  Bay  Graded  School;  '80-2 
did  the  four  years  Scientific  Course  of  Union  College;  '82-4  taught  Og- 
densburg  Academy,  the  last  year  studying  medicine  with  Dr.  S.  E. 
Brown;  '84-6  taught  in  Night  Schools,  N.  Y.  City;  '86  M.  D.  University, 
City  of  N.  Y. ;  '84-'6  took  the  Medical  course  prescribed  by  the  University 
of  City  of  N.  Y.,  teaching  at  the  time  in  the  City  Night  Schools  and  dur- 
ing the  last  year,  mornings'also  in  a  private  school;  March  '86  placed  a 
doctor's  sign  in  the  window  and  began  practice  some  time  later.  The 
sign  is  still  in  the  window  and  the  practice  goes  on,  145  West  Twelfth 
St.,  New  York  City;  October  '89  married  Miss  Grace  Geer.  Children, 
Grace  '90,  Lewis  A.  Jr.,  '92. 

Frederick  W.  Clark — C — LL.  B.;entered  from  Training  Department;  '78-'80 
Principal  Rouse's  Point;  '80-1  Katonah,  N.  Y.;  '81-3  Wesleyan  University, 
Middletown,  Connecticut;'83-5  teacher  of  languages, State  Normal  School, 
Edinboro, Pennsylvania ;'86  LL.  B.  Cincinnati  Law  School;'87  admitted  to 
the  New  York  Bar;  '87-'95  lawyer  White  Plains  and  New  York  City;  '89 
married  Ada  M.  Sniffin  of  White  Plains.  Two  children,  Albeit  M.,  and 
Silas  S.  Attends  the  reunions  of  the  Alumni. 
Cyrus  G.  Dake — E.;  prepared  at  Gouverneur;  has  tanght  more  or  less  since 
graduation;  fruit  growing;  Justice  of  the  Peace,  Earlville,  Iowa;  '94-5 
teacher  of  Mathematics,  Conference  Seminary.  Epworth,  Iowa. 
Edwin  L.  Fletcher — C;  merchant.     Sioux  City,  Iowa. 

Ezra  John  Guoyott — C — M.  D.;  '76-7  office  clerk  Normal  School;  '78-9  Prin- 
cipal Constable ville;  '79-'80  Rouse's  Point;  '82  M.  D.  Hahnemann  Medical 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  115 


College,  Chicago,  Illinois;  '84  married  Anna  E.  Gale;  '82-'90  practiced 
medicine,  Gouverneur; '90-5  practiced  Malone,  N.  Y;  Secretary  of  Y.  P. 
S.  C.  E.  Franklin  County. 

Katie  Gilbert— E.     Plattsburgh,  N.  Y. 

Frances  A.  Gorrie — El. ;  taught  two  years  before  completing  the  course 
and  after  graduation  taught  four  years.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

J.  Horton  Munson — C. ;  deceased. 

Eufds  E.  King,  Jr. — C;  entered  from  Lawrenceville;  '78  Raymondville;  '79 
Madrid;  '80  Gouverneur;  '81-2  Syracuse  University;  '83-'94  entered  the 
ministry  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church  and  joined  the  Northern  New- 
York  Conference;  '83  married  Clara  Ingersoll.  Three  daughters,  Hazel  '85, 
Gladys  '83,  Ruth  '91. 

Ida  E.  Myers-Inglis — C;  early  education  in  the  district  school;  taught  in 
Wyoming  and  in  Hale,  Iowa;  '84  married  John  Inglis.  Children,  Jane  '86, 
Miriam  '88;  Luther  and  Margaret,  twins  '91.     Hale,  Iowa. 

David  E.  Roberts — E. — LL.  B.;  two  years  postgraduate  Cornell  University; 
LL.  B.  University  of  Michigan;  County  Judge  and  District  Attorney. 
Superior,  Wisconsin. 

Winona  Delia.  Wright  El. ;  entered  from  Buck's  Bridge;  taught  two  years; 
cashier.     Buck's  Bridge,  N.  Y. 

Class  of  January,  '79. 

Mrs.  E.  W.  Allen — EL;  prepared  at  Herkimer;  taught  at  Ilion,  Syracuse, 
Flushing  (Training  Class);  '90-5  Birmingham,  Alabama,  Training  Class; 
postgraduate  psychology,  history  of  education,  French  and  German;  has 
been  prominent  in  Institute  work  and  has  contributed  articles  to  Educa- 
tional Journals.     73  Warburton  Avenue.  Yonkers,  N.  Y. 

Fred  W.  Best — E. — M.  D.;  entered  the  Primary  Department;  '79-'82  Princi- 
pal Port  Jervis;  '85  M.  D.,  N.  Y.  Homoepathic  Medical  College;  '86 
Opthalmic  Hospital;  '86-'95  physician,  16  Ball  Street,  Port  Jervis,  N.  Y.; 
member  of  the  Orange  Company  Homoepathy  Medical  Society  and 
Homoepathy  State  Society;  married  Lida  K.  Heller  of  Port  Jervis  '80. 
Children,  Lena  '82   deceased,  Josephine  '84,  Fred  '88. 

Helen  M.  Blachard-Bones — E.     Carthage,  N.  Y. 

Hanna  F.  Brosnan-Singleton — El.;  entered  from  Massena;  taught  two 
terms;  '79-'82  Ogdensburg;  '82  married  George  H.  Singleton,  a  former 
Normal  student; '83-5  deputy  in.  her  husband's  office,  School  Superin- 
tendent, Price  Company,  Wisconsin;  '89-'92  assistant  P.  M.  Two  sons, 
George  B.  and  Charles;  two  daughters,  Leah  and  Nellie.  Fifield,  Wis- 
consin. 

Orra  A.  Craig-McMonagle— El. ;  deceased  March  8,  1888. 

Mrs.  Ellen  S.  Chase — EL;  was  transferred  from  the  Oswego  Normal;  taught 
twenty  terms  previous  to  entering  the  Normal;  has  taught  twenty-five 
terms  since  graduation,  the  last  eighteen  in  Gouverneur;  has  not  been 
teaching  since  June  '93;  '94-5  St.  Bensonhurst-by-the-Sea,  N.  Y. 


Ii6  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

Class  of  July  '79. 

Minnie  E.  Baldwin-Bailey— El.;  entered  from  the  Practice  Schools;  '80-2 
Madrid;  '84-5  Cantitoe  School,  Bedford;  '85-9  Principal,  Adams  School, 
Burlington,  Vermont;  '89  married  Elmer  B.  Bailey,  of  Burlington,  Ver- 
mont. 

Hattie  J.  Bryan— C.     St.  Paul,  Minnesota. 

Hattie  V.  Bartholomew — E.;  taught  six  years  before  graduation;  'T9-'87 
Minneapolis,  Minnesota;  '87-'94  Lincoln,  Nebraska;  '94-5  No.  17  Potsdam. 

Angie  M.  Burns-Gillette— E. ;  entered  from  Ft.  Covington;  taught  three 
terms  before  graduation;  '79-\80  Ft.  Covington;  '80  North  Bangor;  '81 
Elkhart,  Indiana;  '81-2  Heuvelton;  '82-5  St.  Johnsbury,  Vermont;  '86-8 
Burlington,  Vermont;  '88  married  Edward  A.  Gillette.  One  daughter, 
Helen  Burns  '90.     Hartford,   Vermont. 

Mary  A.  Donovan — E.;  taught  seven  terms  before  graduation;  was  in 
feeble  health  at  the  time  of  her  graduation,  and  died  December  17,  '79. 

Albert  N.  Gale — E. — LL.  B.;  entered  from  Malone;  taught  two  terms 
undergraduate;  '79-'81  Vice  President  Bed  Bluff  College,  California;  '81-2 
Principal,  Tehama,  California;  '83  LL.  B.,  Union  University;  '83-8  prac- 
ticed Red  Bluff;  '88-'95  Lawyer,  Gale  &  Perry,  San  Francisco,  California; 
Member  of  Board  of  Education,  three  years. 

Adele  M.  Haley-Scribner— E.     Canton,  N.  Y, 

Nellie  Howe-Brown — E.;  taught  two  terms  before  graduation;  '80-1  Wad- 
dington;  '82  Heuvelton;  '83-4  Spragueville;  '84  married  W.  G.  Brown; 
'84-5  Richville;  '88  Three  Mile  Bay.  Children,  Carl  F.  '85;  Harold  H.  '87; 
Kenneth  G.  '93.     St.  Albans,  Vermont. 

Willard  F.  Selleck — C. — Rev. ;  taught  two  terms  undergraduate;  Princi- 
pal Heuvelton  '79;  Principal,  Gouverneur  '80-1;  Principal,  Elk  River  Min- 
nesota'82-5;  teacher  Latin,  Normal  School,  St.  Cloud,  Minnesota  '85-8; 
Secretary  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  Helena,  Montana  "89;  Superintendent  Schools 
Northfield,  Minnesota  '89-91;  teacher  Owatonna,  Minnesota  '91-2; 
Superintendent  City  Schools,  Austin,  Minnesota  '92-5;  Conductor  of  State 
Summer  Schools  '90-5;  Secretary  State  Teachers'  Association  '93;  married 
Celia  S.  Upham  '84,  December  25.  Five  children,  three  boys, nine  years, 
eight  years,  five  years;  two  daughters,  six  years  and  two  and  one-half 
years.     84  Burnett  St.,  Providence,  Rhode  Island. 

Hleum  R.  Shoemaker — C. — Rev.;  Methodist  Episcopal  minister,  Central  New 
York  Conference. 

Arthur  Dana  Stetson — C;  '81  3  Heuvelton;  '83-5  studied  law  with  Hon.  J. 
M.  Kellogg,  Ogdensburg;  '85-90  Ogdensburg;  '90-4  Prin.  No.  19  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  Librarian  of  Eastern  Dist.  Public  School  Library. 

Frank  Fay  Williams — E. — M.  D.;  prej>ared  at  West  Stockholm;  English, 
'79;  taught  two  years  and  twelve  weeks;  M.  D.  N.  Y.  Homeopathic  Medical 
College.     Physician,  Canton.  N.  Y. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  117 


Class  of  January,  'SO. 

William  C.  Bicknell — E. — LL.  B.;  entered  from  Parishville;  taught  several 
years  before  graduation;  '80-2  taught  in  St.  Lawrence  county;  '82-3 Minn.; 
'83-5  University  of  Michigan;  '85  LL.  B.;  '85-95  Attorney,  Morris,  Minn.; 
'86-90  County  Superintendent,  Stevens  County,  Minn.;  '90-5  County  At- 
torney:   '88  married  Nellie  M.  Finney.     Three  children. 

Elizabeth  Clifford — C. ;    teaching.     Cleveland,  Ohio. 

William  H.  Clark— E.     Pharmacist,  109  E.  7th  Street,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Emma  Goodspeed — E.;  Elmira,  N.  Y. 

Class  of  June  'SO. 

Ezra  P.  Axtel — C.     Gainesville,  Fla. 

Jane  F.  Butrick — see  Faculty.  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Lillian  Church-Marsh — E.;  see  Faculty.  Watertown. 

Herbert  J.  Jones — C. — Ph.  B.;  entered  the  Normal  in  '71.  Ee-entered  in 
'75,  taught  two  terms,  during  undergraduate  course;  assistant  in  Inter- 
mediate Department  of  Normal  '80-1;  teacher  in  State  Reform  School 
Lansing,  Mich.,  '81-3;  Principal  at  Broadalbin,  N.  Y.,  '83-5;  Walden, 
'85-9;  Dolgeville,  N.  Y.,  '89-91;  '94  Ph.  B.  Cornell  University;  '94-5  Prin- 
cipal of  Ward  School  Binghamton,  N.  Y.;  '83  married  L.  Anna  Peppers, 
'80. 

Celia  E.  LeFaire- Wiggins — El.:  entered  from  H.  C.  Institute,  Adams;  in 
'80-2  graded  school  at  Philadelphia,  N.  Y. ;  married  Principal  A.  H. 
Wiggins  '82;  '82-9  graded  school  Rensselaer  Falls,  N.  Y.,  her  present 
address. 

L.  Anna  Peppers-Jones — E.;  entered  from  Intermediate  Department;  taught 
in  State 'Reform  School  Lansing,  Mich.,  and  as  Principal  at  Parishville, 
N.  Y      Married  Herbert  J.  Jones  ('80)  in  '83.     Binghamton,  N.  Y. 

Clara  M.  Russell — E.;  see  Faculty.     Albany  Normal  College. 

Henry  A.  Watkins — C;  see  Faculty.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

James  F.  Williams — E. ;  prepared  at  Bedford  Academy.  '80-4  Principal  of 
Academy,  Bedford;  '84-6  Principal  of  Graded  School  Katonah;  '85  School 
Commissioner  3rd  District  Westchester  county;  '86-8  Principal  Elm  street 
school,  Stamford,  Conn.;  '88-95  Superintendent  Schools  and  Principal 
South  Side  school,  Bristol,  Conn. ;  active  in  teacher's  meetings  and  Chris- 
tian Endeavor  work.       Bristol,   Conn. 

Class  of  January,   '81. 

Martha  S.  Abbott— El.— P.  '77.;  entered  from  Practice  Schools;  '81  district 
school  Waddington;  '81-5  taught  piano;  studied  at  New  England  Conserva- 
tory; teaching  piano  at  Potsdam,  Norwood  and  Massena. 


1 1 8  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

Sarah  D.  Butrick-Holliday — EL;  taught  several  terms  undergraduate; 
'81-5  taught  in  a  district  school;  '85-9  graded  school  Morristown;  '89  post- 
graduate study;  '90  married  James  Holliday,  who  died  July  '94.  Morris- 
town,  N.  Y. 

Julia  A.  Coffeen-Jennings — E.;  entered  the  Normal  from  the  Schools  of 
Practice,  having  passed  through  all  the  grades;  '81  Massena;  '82-5  Oneida; 
Aug.  12,  '85  married  Frank  N.  Jennings,  Oneida,  N.  Y. 

Fletcher  A.  Gillette,  C. — Eev.;  entered  from  Gouverneur  Wesleyan  Semi- 
nary; entered  Syracuse  University  '81;  '84  married  Fannie  E.  Roy;  one  son 
Roy,  and  two  daughters  Anna  and  Emma;  '85  licensed  to  preach,  engaged 
in  city  mission  work,  manager  of  a  department  of  the  Methodist  Book 
Concern;  compiled  and  published  Photogravures  of  the  Holy  Land;  editor 
and  publisher  of  The  Chicago  Methodist,  300  Dearborn  Street. 

Isadore  A.  Kelton-Leete — El.;  educated  at  Burlington,  Vt.,  graduating  in 
classical  course  of  high  school  in  '77;  taught  primary  department  of  public 
school  in  Jericho,  Vt.,  from  April  until  June  '81;  in  Berwick  academy, 
South  Berwick,  Maine,  for  several  months;  and  one  year  beginning 
September  '82  in  an  intermediate  school  in  Burlington,  Vt;  '83  married 
Charles  H.  Leete.  Son  Edward  Hokynton  '94.  116  W.  59th  street,  New 
York  city. 

C.  H.  Leete — C;  entered  intermediate  department  at  the  beginning  of  the 
school  '69;  in  academic  department  classical  course  till  '75;  Syracuse  Uni- 
versity '75;  Yale  college  '76-9;  taught  District  No.  30,  Potsdam,  winter 
term  '79;  Normal  school  '80-1  pupil  and  assistant  teacher;  taught  in  Dr. 
J.  Sachs's  Collegiate  Institute.  New  York,  '81-7;  married  Isadore  A. 
Kelton  '83;  son  Edward  Hokynton  '94;  Fellow  of  American  Geographical 
Society  '86;  studied  at  Leipzig,  Berlin  and  Halle  '87-90;  received  A.  M., 
Ph.  D.  at  Leipzig  '90;  associate  editor  of  Longman's  School  Geography. 
Atlas  and  Questions  '89;  visited  schools  in  America,  England  and  Ger- 
many '90-1;  headmaster  Dr.  J.  Sachs's  school  for  girls  from  '91  to  present 
time. 

John  C.  Mahony — C;  entered  from  Quaker  Settlement  district,  Brasher; 
taught  one  term  during  undergradute  course;  '81-4  Principal  Virginia 
City  schools;  '84-92  County  Superintendent  of  Madison  county,  Montana, 
schools;  Democratic  candidate  for  State  Superintendent,  defeated;  present 
occupation  mining,  Silver  Star,  Montana. 

Ella  E.  Patterson-Hamilton — El. ;  prepared  in  the  district  school;  '81  Pine 
street  school  Potsdam;  '82-4  Massena;  '82  married  Irving  Hamilton  of 
Massena,  N.  Y. 

Matilda  J.  Roberts — E.;  deceased. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  tig 


Class  of  June,  '81. 

Addie  C.  Benedict-Cheney — EL;  graduated  Lowville  Academy  "76;  nine 
years  teaching,  Lowville,  Gouverneur,  Ft.  Covington;  '87  married  W.  J. 
Cheney;  one  daughter  Muriel  '92;  post  graduate  Chautauqua  course, 
special  Ancient  History  and  English  Literature. 

Hattie  M.  Delong-Hinckley — C;  prepared  at  Malone;  '81-2  Stowell's  Cor- 
ners; '83-4  White  Plains;  84-8  Minneapolis,  Minn.;  '89  married  H.  H. 
Hinckley.     Children,  Helen,  Ethel,  Harold.      Westport,  N.  Y. 

Lewis  Alton  Foote — C;  entered  from  district  school  in  Madrid;  '81-2  Prin- 
cipal Gouverneur;  went  to  South  Dakota  '83;  Proprietor  Kimball  Roller 
Mills;  married  Estelle  Willson,  Potsdam,  in  '82.  Two  sons,  Merrill  ()., 
'85,  Fi-dd  W.,  '90.     At  present  member  South  Dakota  State  Senate. 

Ella  D.  Fuller-Manhire — EL;  '81-6  Principal  No.  17  Potsdam;  '86-9  Ouray, 
Colo.;  '89  married  Mr.  Manhire;  has  taught  in  Montrose,  Colo.;  '95.  Pots- 
dam. 

Maggie  R.  Gilmour — E. ;  deceased. 

Alice  M.  Haywood — C;  deceased. 

Alice  M.  Howe-Hyde — El.;  entered  from  district  school;  taught  one  term 
undergraduate;  had  one  term  of  the  advanced  course;  '81-2  Waddington; 
'82-4  Madrid;  '84  married  Charles  Hyde.  Children:  Hattie  '85;  George 
Frederick  '91.  She  has  done  considerable  work  in  oil  painting.  West 
Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Eleanor  Havens-Whitford — El.;  taught  in  district  schools  before  entering, 
during  the  intervals  of  attendance  and  after  graduation;  married  Frank 
H.  Whitford  in '84.  Children:  Clara  May  '87;  Earle  Havens  '91.  South 
Edwards,  N.  Y. 

Martha  A.  Hatch-Johnson — El. ;  taught  seven  terms  previous  to  entering 
the  Normal;  '81-3  Principal  Intermediate  department  Hermon  Union 
Graded  school;'  84  married  Milo  Johnson.  Children:  Howard  '85;  Frank 
'87;  Louise  '90.     Weybridge,  Vt. 

Sumner  D.  Irish — C;    teacher.     Trinidad,  Colo. 

Libbie  Lane-Botsford — E. ;  entered  from  district  school;  '81-2  district  school; 
'82-4  Principal  Round  Hill,  Conn.;  '85-6  Katonah,  N.  Y.;  '86-9  New 
Rochelle;  illness  at  home  called  her  from  her  school  work;  at  intervals 
she  has  taught  the  home  district  school;  '94  married  Dr.  Botsford,  Colton, 
N.  Y. 

Myra  R.  Lee-Requa — EL;  entered  from  No.  8;  taught  three  terms  under- 
graduate; taught  one  year  in  Graded  school  in  Madrid;  one  year  in  West- 
chester county  and  four  years  in  Tarry  town;  '87  married  James  M.  Requa 
of  Tarry  town.     One  daughter,  Ruth,  '90. 

Anna  A.  Lewis — EL;  entered  the  A  class  primary '72;  '81-2  Lawrenceville 
Academy;  '82-4  Senior  department  Massena  Union  school,  which  position 
she  resigned  to  take  charge  of  her  brother's  family  at  Potsdam,  where  she 
has  remained  ten  years. 


120  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Helen  Louise  Morton-Bonney — E. ;  entered  from  Griffith  Institute,  Spring- 
ville,  N.  Y. ;  taught  one  term  before  entering  and  one  while  undergradu- 
ate; '81-3  Ithaca;  '83-4  in  Griffith  Institute;  married  Joseph  P.  Bonney 
Oct.  '84.     One  daughter,  Louise  M.  '94.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Lois  Isabelle  Phillips — E. ;  entered  from  the  schools  of  practice;  '81-4  home 
district  school;  '85-7  Primary  Department,  Brushton;  '87-8  home  school; 
'88-91    Syracuse  Publishing  House;  '91-4  home  school,  Madrid,  N.  Y. 

Lucy  O.  Perrin — E. ;  entered  the  Academic  Department  of  the  Normal 
School  from  District  No.  8;  '81-8  White  Plains;  '89-93  Elm  Street,  Pots- 
dam; '94-6  Tarry  town  on  the  Hudson;  completed  four  years'  Chautau- 
qua Course. 

Jennie  Phippen-Wright — EL;  taught  one  year  before  graduation;  '82  Marsh- 
alltown,  Iowa;  '83  married  W.  S.  Wright  of  Mason  City,  Iowa,  where 
she  resided  three  years,  going  to  Kansas  City  four  years  and  Oklahoma 
City  for  one  year.  One  daughter,  Edith  Lucile,  '85.  Her  husband  died 
in  '92.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Wilbur  H.  Reynolds — E. — M.  D;  '79  taught  in  St.  Lawrence  Co.;  '81-2  Iowa; 
'86  M.  D.,  N.  Y.  University  Medical  College;  '87  married  Elizabeth  A. 
Wood.  Children,  Robert  J.  '91;  Lorena  '93;  Blythe  M.  '95.  Physician, 
Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Sarah  Y.  Raymond — EL;  entered  from  Ogdensburg;  '81-2  assistant  teacher 
Bedford  Academy,  Westchester  Co.;  '82-9  in  the  different  grades,  Ogdens- 
burg; '89-96  Director  of  Drawing,  Public  Schools  of  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y. 

George  W.  Sisson,  Jr. — C;  entered  Primary  Department,  Normal,  '70  at 
eight  years  of  age;  '81-2  Principal,  Half  Moon;  '82-3  Gouverneur;  '83-4 
taught  private  school  at  Blount's  Ferry,  Fla. ;  several  contributions  to 
educational  journals  in  '82  on  Lessons  in  Elementary  Natural  Science; 
since  '84  in  lumbering  business,  farming  and  dairying,  Potsdam;  '87 
married  Mary  Howes  of  Gouverneur.  They  have  had  four  children  of 
whom  Marion  Grace  '90  and  Stanley  Howes  '94  are  living.  Potsdam,  N.Y. 

Wayland  Eugene  Stearns — C. — A.  M.;  entered  from  District  No.  8:  '85  A. 
B.  '91  A.  M.,  University  of  Rochester;  '85-6  Principal,  Heuvelton;  '86-9 
Principal,  Cape  Vincent;  '89-90  Saratoga  Springs;  '90-4  Principal,  Mo- 
hawk; '94  Superintendent  Rome  Schools;  '91  married  Helen  Ruth  Mason, 
'89.     Rome,  N.  Y. 

DemisE.  Smith — EL;  taught  four  terms  undergraduate;  '81-5  Onawa,  Iowa; 
'86-7  Mapleton,  Iowa;  '87-90  St.  Cloud,  Minn.;  '90-4  Riverside,  Cal. 
Received  life  diploma  from  State  Department  of  Public  Instruction,  Cal. 
Riverside,  Cal. 

Clara  L.  Tisd ale-Dexter — C;  entered  from  Potsdam;  '82  taught  at  Keene's 
N.  Y.;  '83-4  Norway.  N.  Y.;  '84-5  Newport;  '85  married  Henry  C.  Dexter. 
Children,  Fannie  E.,  '87;  William,  '91.     Pulaski,  N.  Y. 

George  E.  VanKennan — C;  lawyer,  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y. 


Biograpliical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  121 

Class  of   January,   '82. 

Jerome  A.  Crane — C;  entered  from  home  district  school;  taught  one  term 
undergraduate;  '82-3  Vermont  Reform  School,  Vergennes,  Vt.;  '83-93 
druggist,  Clinton,  Mass.;  '93-5  advertising  manager  X-Zalia  Medicine  Co., 
2  Bromfield  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Warren  J.  Cheney — C;  '82-7  Fort  Covington  Academy;  '84  married  Lizzie 
H.  Southwick,  who  died  in  '86.  One  son,  Guy  W.  '86.  '83-4  President 
Alumni  Association;  '87-90  Principal  Brasher  and  Stockholm  Academy; 
'87  married  Addie  C.  Benedict.  One  daughter  Muriel  A.  '92.  '87-90 
studied  law  in  office  of  Lewis  C.  Lang;  '90  admitted  to  Bar;  '90-5  practice 
of  law  at  Corning;  '94  elected  alderman  city  of  Corning. 

Jennie  M.  Hall-Smith — E.;  Hudson,  N.  Y. 

Annette  E.  Gillette — E.;  graduated  C.  in  June  '82. 

Susan  A.  Putnam — El.;  entered  from  District  No.  8;  since  graduation  has 
taught  in  Potsdam  and  one  year  and  a  half  in  New  Rochelle;  now  teach- 
ing in  Potsdam. 

Class  of  June  '82. 

Nettie  Billings — El.;   deceased. 

Mary  L.  Barker-Denlinger — El.;  entered  from  Alexandria  Bay;  '82-3  Prin 
cipal  Primary  school,  Marinette,  Wis.;  '83-5  Alexandria  Bay;  '85-7  Lans- 
ford,  Pa.;  '88  married  Austin  F.  Denlinger,  M.  D.  One  daughter,  Catharine 
Barker,  '88.  Diploma  was  indorsed  by  the  states  of  Wisconsin  and  Penn- 
sylvania. Since  marriage  has  taken  the  Chautauqua  course  in  reading. 
Lansford,  Pa. 

Maggie  Cochran-Gorrie — El.;  entered  to  take  method  work;  she  had  taught 
forty  terms  before  entering  the  Normal;  in  '82  was  married  to  Rev.  P.  D. 
Gorrie,  Potsdam. 

Mary  Augusta  Cowper-Witherhead — E. :  entered  from  Morristown;  taught 
five  terms  undergraduate;  graduated  with  French  extra;  '82-3  Onawa, 
Iowa;  '83-4  Elk  River,  Minn. ;  '86  married  John  B.  Witherhead.  Three 
daughters,  Helen  '89;  Mary  '91;  Fannie  '93.     Ogdensburg,  N.  Y. 

Ella  C.  Dorwin-Smith — E.;  taught  nine  years  before  Normal  course;  taught 
forty  terms  after  graduation;  '84  married  John  S.  Smith,  Eau  Claire,  Wis. 
Children,  E valine  '85,  deceased  '93;  Seymour  '87,  deceased  '93;  Dorwin 
'91.     119  Marston  Avenue,  Eau  Claire,  Wis. 

Cynthia  E.  Everett-Brooks — El. ;  taught  three  years;  '91  married  H.  G. 
Brooks,  who  died  Sept.  '91;  '95  graduate  course  at  Normal.  Potsdam, 
N.  Y. 

Anna  E.  Gillette-Pim — C;  prepared  at  Gouverneur  Seminary;  taught  one 
year  at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  two  years  at  Savannah,  Ga. ;  married  Benj.  F.  Pirn. 
One  son  B.  Frank.  24  East  Hunter  St.,  Atlanta,  Ga. 


122  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Mayfred   Leonard- O'Hara — E.;    entered   from   Intermediate     department; 

taught  one  term  before  graduating;    taught  one   term   in  Massena  center; 

'83-9  Waltham,  Mass.;  '89  married  Daniel  O'Hara.     Children,    Elliott  '00; 

Dwight  '02.     Waltham,  Mass. 
Hannah  McCloy-Mitchell — El.;  prepared  at  Gouverneur;    taught  five  years 

in  White   Plain;    married   B.    E.    Mitchell.     One   son  William   Kenneth. 

Gouverneur,  N.  Y. 

Clara  A.  Smith-Close — El.;  entered  from  Gouverneur;  taught  one  term  un- 
dergraduate; '82-5  Gouverneur  East  Side  school;  '85-6  Kimball,  S.  D.;  '87 
Gouverneur  Wesleyan  Seminary;  '86  married  Dr.  S.  W.  Close.  Children, 
Alison  J.  '88;  Dorothy  L.  '05.  Completed  with  diplomas  a  four  years' 
course  of  study  in  the  C.  L.  S.  C,  also  a  seal  course  American  History 
and  Literature.     Gouverneur,  N.  Y. 

Nettie  M.  Spencer-Hewitt — El.;  entered  from  Gouverneur;  taught  one  term 
undergraduate;  "this  was  the  class  of  girls;"  '82-3  Canister;  '83  married 
Dr.  George  D.  Hewitt.     Carthage,  N.  Y. 

Mary  H.  Wallace-Corey — EL;  entered  from  Morristown;  82-3  district  school 
at  home.  '83  Elk  Eiver,  Minn.;  '84-5  Minneapolis,  Minn.;  '85  married  F. 
N.  Corey.     One  child,  Cecilia  '88. 

Class  of  January,   '83 

Lizzie  G.  Atwater-Cochrane — E.;  prepared  at  P^ast  Norfolk;  taught  before 
graduation;  '83-5  Pomalie,  Cal.;  '85-00  San  Raphael,  Cal.;  '00  married 
James  W.  Cochrane,  District  Attorney  Marin  county,  Cal.  Two  children, 
Clare  and  Evelyn. 

Darwin  H.  Clark — E.;  pharmacist.     100  East  7th  St.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Ellen  E.  Gaynor — EL;  passed  through  the  training  departments;  taught  one 
term  undergraduate;  '83-6  Cresco,  Iowa;  '86-0  Principal's  Assistant:  '80-04 
first  Primary  Teacher   at  Public  Schools  Hewlett's  L.  I. 

Lizzie  Southwick-Cheney — E. ;    deceased. 

Class  of  June,  '83. 

C.  A.  Barnett— E.—  M.  D.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Carrie  E.  Benton-McComb — C.     Carthage,  N.  Y. 

Minnie  J.  Bridges-Kinsley — C;  prepared  at  Massena;  taught  eleven  years  as 

Preceptress  Massena;  '04-6  Arlington,  N.  J. 
Jennie  A.    Brodie-Fowler — C;    entered   from   the   Gouverneur    Wesleyan 

Seminary;  taught   one  year   Gouverneur   Seminary;    two  years   at  Tilden 

Ladies'    Seminary,    West  Lebanon,   N.  H.;   '86   married   Edwin    Fowler. 

Children,  Margaret  '88;  Helen  '90.     Kansas  City,  Mo. 
William  G.  Brown — E.;  entered  from  home  district  school;    taught  one  term 

undergraduate;    '83-4  Principal    Spragueville;    '84-5  Richville;  '85-8  Thine 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  J  23 

Mile  Bay;  '88-94  in  business  St.  Albans,  Vt  ;  '84  married  Nellie  E.  Howe, 
79.     Children,  Carl  F.  '83:   Harold  H.  '87;  Kenneth  G.  '93. 

Sarah  Jean  Close-Daggett — EL;  entered  from  Stockholm:  taught  two  years 
undergraduate:  taught  in  Madrid,  Massena  and  Gouverneur;  '89  married 
Elmer  E.  Daggett.  One  son,  Eex  E.  '91.  Post-graduate  Chautauqua 
Course.     West  Stockholm,  N.  Y. 

RedmondS.  Colnon — C;  Civil  Engineer.     St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Henry  C.  Curtis — E.;  entered  from  Medina.  0. ;  has  taught  between  forty- 
five  and  fifty  terms  as  Principal  of  Union  schools;  his  present  business  is 
life  insurance.      Potsdam. 

Clark  M.  Foote — C;  teaching.     Deer  Lodge,  Montana. 

Minnie  A.  Hickey — C;  entered  Primary  department;  '83-7  Tuckahoe,  N.  Y.; 
'87-92  State  Normal  school  Platteville,  Wis. ;  '92-4  Elmira,  N.  Y. ;  '95  at 
home;  '95-6  Burlington,  Vt.     Diploma  endorsed  by  Wisconsin. 

Dennis  B.  Lucey — C;  '83-4  Principal  Grammar  school  Ogdensburg;  '84-7 
Ogdensburg  Free  Academy;  admitted  to  Bar  Sept.  '86;  practice  of  law  in 
Ogdensburg  to  date;  firm,  Malby  and  Lucey;    '95-6  Mayor  of  Ogdensburg. 

E.  W  McDonald— E  ;  died  Oct.  11  '95. 

Lillian  Macomber-Kerr — El. ;  '85-6  Brighton,  N.  Y. ;  '87  married  Rev.  Geo. 
A.  Kerr  of  Troy  Conference.  Children,  Mildred  M.  '88;  Ethel  '90, 
Genevieve  '92;  Lepha  Lillian  '94.     Middlebury,  N.  Y. 

Harriet  A.  McGruer-Morgan — El.;  prepared  at  DeKalb;  '83  East  DeKalb; 
'83-4  Lewisboro;  '84-7  New  Rochelle;  '87  married  Charles  H.  Morgan,  New 
Rochelle.  Children,  Malcolm  Douglass '90;  Hobart  McGruer  and  Bayeux 
Badeau    '92;    John  Alexander  '94. 

Adelaide  Norris — C;  entered  from  District  No.  8;  '83-6  Junior  Grammar, 
Mount  Kisco;  '86-9  Minneapolis  city  schools;  '89-90  Junior  Grammar, 
Mount  Kisco;  '90-5  Principal  Mount  Kisco  Free  school;  one  vacation  spent 
in  traveling  through  the  West  to  the  Pacific. 

Amy  L.  Perry — EL;  prepared  at  Fort  Covington;  Fort  Covington  one  year; 
Chateaugay  four  years;  Sherman  Academy,  Moriah,  one  year;  Marshall- 
town,  Iowa,  two  years;    Riverside,  CaL,    four  years,    her  present  address. 

George  W.  Shoemaker — C— M.  D.  entered  from  Nichols,  N.  Y.;  '83-4  Prin- 
cipal Port  Jervis  Academy;  '84-6  Billings,  Mont.,  Public  schools;  '86  Drug 
business,  Billings;  '91  graduated  medical  department  Syracuse  University 
at  present  drugs  and  medicines,  Billings,  Mont. ;  '86  married  Alice  G. 
Swift,  '83.  Children,  Harold  R.  '89;  Horace  A.  '91;  Martha  G.  '92;  Ger- 
trude '94. 

Emma  A.  Shields-McDonald — E.;  entered  from  West  Potsdam;  '83-4  Primary 
department  Norwood;  '85  Principal  Spencertown;  '86  Norwood;  '85  mar- 
ried Edwin  F.  McDonald  '84.  Two  sons,  Lyle  R.  '90,  deceased;  Lloyd  R. 
'92.     Norwood,  N.  Y. 


124  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

Alice  G.  Swift-Shoemaker — El.;  prepared  in  the  practice  schools;  '84 district 
school  and  Waddington;  '85-6  taught  music  in  Potsdam;  '86  married  Geo. 
W.  Shoemaker,  '83  and  moved  to  Billings,  Mont. 

Martha  E.  Shoemaker — El. 

Belle  C.  Turner-Hyslop — C;  passed  her  entire  school  life  in  the  Normal, 
entering  in  the  Primary  Department;  '83-5  Rouse's  Point;  '86-90  Nyack; 
postgraduate  course  in  German;  '91  married  Rev.  John  W.  Hyslop. 
Ashtabula,  O. 

Class  of  January,  '84-. 

Emma  0.  Armstrong-Sarles — EL;  entered  from  public  school,  Brooklyn; 
taught  five  years  undergraduate;  '84-5  Harris ville;  '85-7  Mount  Kisco;  '87 
married  A.  W.  Sarles.     One  son,  Merrill  '90.     Mount  Kisco,  N.  Y. 

Alice  L.  Dove — El.;  since  graduation  has  been  teaching  at  Woodlawn,  Va. 

Margaret  Ellen  Roberts — E. ;  Superior   Wis. 

Class  of  June,  '84. 

L.  Belle  Beaman — E.;  entered  from  Gouverneur;  '84-6  First  Grade,  Cook 
Co.    Schools,  111.;  '87  Canton;  '88-95  Gouverneur,  N.  Y. 

Alice  M.  Benson-Grant — E.;  entered  from  home  district  school;  taught 
three  terms  undergraduate;  '84-5  Pierpont;  '85-7  Hammond;  '87  Morris- 
town;  '88-94  Potsdam;  '87  married  Clarence  W.  Grant,  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Annis  H.  Bissell — El.     See  Class  of  June  '85. 

Lettie  M.  Bliss-Giles — El.;  entered  from  Withersfield,  111.;  taught  ten 
terms  undergraduate;  taught  in  Burns,  Withersfield  and  Wyoming,  111.; 
'88  revisited  Potsdam;  '89  married  Lincoln  F.  Giles.  One  daughter, 
Beulah  E.  '93.     319  Fifteenth  St.,  Rock  Island,  111. 

Jessie  M.  Crandall — C:  Kindergartner,  Rockford,  111. 

Gertrude  T.  Giffin — C;  prepared  at  Heuvelton;  '84-6  Canton;  '86-7  Pre- 
ceptress, Ives  Seminary,  Antwerp;  '87-8  White  Plains;  '88-91  Heuvelton; 
'91-2  Cook  Co.,  Normal,  Chicago,  regular  course  Kindergarten  and  post- 
graduate courses;  '92-5  Kindergarten,  Evanston,  111. 

Ella  Kingston- Wright—  E.  Waddington,  N.  Y. 

H.  May  McLaury- Abbott — C.     Salamanca,  N.  Y. 

Edwin  F.  McDonald — C;  entered  from  Pierpont;  taught  three  terms  under- 
graduate; '84-5  Spencertown,  N.  Y. ;  '86-96  Principal,  Norwood;  several 
contributions  to  educational  journals:  assistant  instructor  at  Teachers' 
Institutes;  '88-94  many  articles  to  daily  papers,  etc.;  '86  married  Emma 
A.  Shields,  '83. 

Cora  M.  Nelson-Fitzgerald — EL;  taught  one  term  undergraduate;  '84 
Nicholville;  '85  Sandy  Creek;  '88-90  Tucson,  Ariz.;  '90  married  James 
Fitzgerald.     Daughter,  Edna  E.  '92.     1420  Maxwell  St.,  Spokane,    Wash. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni  125 

Harvey  M.  Story,  Jr. — E.;  entered  Primary  Department;  '84-6  Ogdensburg 
Grammar  Department;  '86-95  dry  goods,  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Mary  E.  Sanborn — EL;  prepared  at  Norwood;  taught  two  terms  undergradu- 
ate; after  graduation  taught  three  years;  studied  English  Literature  and 
French  in  Boston;  took  a  course  in  stenography  and  type-writing;  acted 
as  Secretary  to  the  Dean  of  Harvard  College;  has  contributed  to  educa- 
tional papers,  and  written  one  story;  '95  postgraduate  study  at  Normal. 
Massena,  N.  Y. 

Class  of  January,  '85. 

Harriet  S.  Akin-Tupper — E.;  entered  from  the  practice  schools;  '85  Nichol- 
ville;  '85  married  E.  C.  Tupper;  '90-4  Primary  Department,  Canton,  N.  Y. 

C.  E.  S.  Cross — EL;  taught  one  year  in  Michigan;  nearly  nine  years  in  N.  Y. 
State;  is  now  teaching  in  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah. 

Alice  Dwinnell-Whitfokd — El.    DeKalb,  N.  Y. 

Clara  L.  Keener-Hawkins — E.;  entered  from  Parish ville;  one  year  under- 
graduate teaching;  '85-6  Assistant  Heading,  Potsdam  Normal;  '86  gradu- 
ated Boston  School  of  Oratory;  '86-8  Elmira  College,  Greenville,  111.;  '89 
married  W.  M.  Hawkins,  Potsdam.  Children,  Gladys  '91;  Irena  '93; 
John  Keener  '95.  Has  continued  postgraduate  study  in  Literature  and 
Elocution;  Vice-President  fortnightly  Literary  Club,  Potsdam:  Worthy 
Matron,  Vega  Chapter,  0.  E.  S. 

M.  Jennie  Kinney — EL;  prepared  at  Massena;  '85-8  Massena; '88  postgrad- 
uate study  of  Languages;  taught  two  years  in  Massena,  N.  Y.,  and  two 
at  Winclom,  Me. 

N.  Euth  Murphy — EL:  '85-6  Katonah;  '87  Principal  Mooers  Forks;  '88  post- 
graduate study;  '88-90  Principal  North  Tonawanda;  rested  two  years; 
'92-5  Principal  No.  3,  North  Tonawanda,  N.  Y. 

Julia  A.  Partridge — El.     East  Barre,  Vt 

Fannie  K.  Eicketson-Gordon — EL;  prepared  at  Keeseville  Academy;  '85 
Port  Douglass;  '85-6  Chateaugay;  '8?  Austin,  Minn. ;  '88  New  Eochelle; 
'89  married  Newton  S.  Gordon,  Austin,  Minn.     Two  sons,  one  daughter. 

Mabel  L.  Waggoner — E. ;  taught  one  year  undergraduate;  '86-7  Charlotte, 
Vt.;  '87-8  West  Carthage;  two  years  since  in  district  school;  last  three 
years  detained  at  home  by  her  mother's  health.     Harrisville,  N.  Y. 

Class  of  June,   '85. 

Minnie  D.Abbott — C;  prepared  in  the  district  school;  spent  three  years  in 
college;  taught  one  term  before  and  one  term  since  graduation;  teaching 
at  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

F.  H.  Allen,  E. — Ph.  B.;  four  years  teaching,  undergraduate  and  ten  years 
since.     See  Faculty. 


126  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Bertha  L.  Allen-Conant— E. ;  prepared  in  the  Practice  School;  '85-6  Assist- 
ant, Heuvelton;  '87-90  Primary  Department,  Constable ville:  '90-1  Primary 
Department,  Norwood;  '91-2  District  School,  South  Salem;  '92-3  Primary 
Department,  West  Chester;  '93  married  Principal  Eobert  L.  Conant, 
Long  Island  City.     One  daughter,  Marion  '94. 

Harriette  L.  Banister— El. ;  entered  from  District  No.  9;  taught  several 
terms  during  course;  '85  Principal  Primary  Department,  Norwood;  '89-92 
No.  8,  Potsdam;  '93-6  Primary  Work,  New  Rochelle;  '93  spent  three 
months  visiting  schools  in  and  about  Boston. 

Ella  G.  Roberts— El.     Plattsburgh.  N.  Y. 

Annis  H.  Bissell — E.;  entered  from  Madrid;  taught  two  terms  undergradu- 
ate; '85-8  out  of  health;  '89  Madrid;  '90  Rhode  Island  Hospital  Training 
School  for  nurses  and  graduated  in  '93;  has  since  been  doing  private 
nursing  in  the  city  of  Providence. 

Berton  L.  Brown  C— A.  M.;  prepared  at  Gouverneur;  '88  A.  B.— A.  M., 
Middlebury,  (Vt).  College;  '88-95  Principal  Sherman  Collegiate  Institute 
Moriah,  N.  Y. ;  '88  married  Leonora  M.  Freeman.  One  daughter,  Rae 
Marion. 

Lizzie  B.  Brown — C.     Deceased. 

Harriet  Call-Burnap — C;  entered  from  Intermediate  Department;  '85-6 
Fort  Dodge,  Iowa;  '86-9  New  York  City;  '89-91  New  Rochelle;  '91  married 
F.  P.  Burnap.     1113  East  22d.  St.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

Clara  L.  Clark — E.;  entered  from  District  No.  8;  taught  one  year  in  the 
Deaf  Mute  Institute,  Rochester,  N.  Y. ;  one  year  taught  a  deaf  mute  child 
in  a  private  family,  Belfast;  one  year  District  No.  6,  Potsdam;  four  years 
Primary  Department,  Katonah;  entered  Oswego  Normal  School  February 
'93  and  completed  the  method  work  in  June  '93;  '94-5  Critic  Teacher, 
State  Normal  School,  Ypsilanti,  Mich.;  '95-6  State  Normal  School, 
Oshkosh,  Wis. 

Harriet  M.  Crane-Bryant — C.  T.;  entered  from  District  No.  8;  taught  two 
terms  in  Lysander;  '88  graduated  Music  Teachers'  Course;  taught  music 
one  year  in  Sycamore,  111.,  and  one  year  in  Normal  Conservatory;  '89 
married  Willis  Merton  Bryant;  settled  in  Chicago,  studied  with  Sara 
Hershey  Eddy,  and  taught  Public  School  Teachers  in  Chicago  and  classes 
in  Wheaton  College;  Mr.  Bryant  died  '92;  continued  her  studies  in  sing- 
ing with  Mme.  Luisa  Cappiana;  taught  singing  in  Western  Michigan 
College,  then  in  New  Bay  City;  '93-5  had  charge  of  music  in  the  Schools 
of  East  Orange,  N.  J.;  '95  Normal  Conservatory,  Potsdam. 

M.  Bessie  Davis — E.;  teaching,  Pasadena,  Cal. 

Frank  Edwin  Ford — E.;  taught  four  terms  undergraduate;  '85-6  Richville, 
N.  Y.;  '86-7  Columbia  Grammar  School,  N.  Y.  City;  '87-90  studied  law 
with  Hon.  John  I.  Gilbert  and  taught  in  Franklin  Academy;  '91-5  State 
Agent  Travellers  Life  Ins.  Co.,  Minn.;  '92  married  Margaret  Elliot.  1014 
Pioneer  Press  Building,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  127 


Alberta  E.  Foster-Sexton — EL;  prepared  at  Colton;  three  years  undergrad- 
uate teaching;  '85-6  Colton;  '86-8  Santa  Ana,  Cal.;  '88-90  Alhambra,  Cal.; 
'91  married  Fred  L.  Sexton,  Santa  Ana;  has  worked  in  Los  Angeles  and 
Orange  Co.  Institutes.     Santa  Ana,  Cal. 

Anna  Louise  Hickey — C;  entered  the  lowest  class  of  the  Primary  Depart- 
ment; '85-94  Public  Schools  of  Elmira,  N.  Y. ;  she  is  taking  a  year's  vaca- 
tion at  home  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Jennie  M.  Jones-Richardson — El.;  entered  from  Ogdensburg;  taught  school 
one  and  one-half  years  in  Spokane,  Wash.;  married  Wm.  D.  Richardson. 
One  daughter,  Elizabeth.     Spokane,  Wash. 

Eva  M.  Lane-Smith— E.;  '85-6  Constable ville;  '87-90  New  Rochelle;  '91  mar- 
ried Perry  R.  Smith.  Children,  Edward  M.,  Thaddeus  D.,  Fannie  L. 
Mount  Pleasant,  N.  Y. 

Roberta.  McDonald — C;  taught  five  terms  undergraduate;  '85-6  Norwood; 
'86-9  Madrid;  '89-91  Sandy  Creek;  '91-6  Irving-on-Hudson;  '83  married 
Ludencia  Rowles;  Children,  Edith  Rose  '84;  Arthur  R.  '91;  Margaret  A. 
'95;   postgraduate,  Chautauqua.   University  of  City  of  New  York. 

Emma  L.  Merrick-Lookwood — E.     Deceased. 

Nellie  H.  McCarthy — El.     Deceased. 

Emma  G.  Olmstead— E.;  taught  undergraduate;  '85-8  Gouverneur;  '88-9 
Herkimer;  '89-91  Normal  School,  Shippensburg,  Pa.;  '91-2  Training  School, 
Pueblo,  Col.;  '92-6  Training  School,  Bridgeport,  Conn.;  postgraduate 
study  at  School  of  Pedagogy,  New  York. 

Jane  Purves — E.  T.;  entered  from  Madrid,  having  taught  three  years;  '85-8 
Principal  Primary  Department,  Hammond;  '88-9  Waddington;  '90  gradu- 
ated Music  Teachers  course;  '90-3  Teacher  Vocal  Music,  Drawing  and 
Physical  Culture,  Normal  College,  Florence,  Ala. ;  '93-6  Emerson  College 
of  Oratory,  Boston,  Mass. 

John  C.  Rockwell — C;  prepared  at  Bedford  Academy;  has  taught  thirteen 
years;  postgraduate  course  in  Pedagogics,  N.  Y.  University;  Superintend- 
ent of  Schools;  Secretary  County  Teachers  Association;  Superintendent 
Sunday  School.     Port  Chester,  N.  Y. 

Franc  C.  Sullivan-Graves— C.     Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Marion  G.  Sprague — El. ;  teacher  Fullerville,  N.  Y. 

Luther  0.  Wadleigh — E. — Ph.  B— LL.  B.;  entered  Primary  Department  at 
the  age  of  six;  '85-7  Principal,  Constable  ville;  studied  Classics  with 
Prof.  Dewey  one  year,  and  entered  Syracuse  University,  graduating  in 
'92,  Ph.  B.;  studied  law  one  year  in  Potsdam;  '93  entered  law  department 
of  Michigan  University,  graduating  in  June  '94,  LL.  B.;  '94  admitted  to 
Bar  at  Saratoga.     Lawver  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 


128  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Class  of  January,  '86. 

Nellie  M.  Allen — E. ;  entered  from  Ellenburg  Depot;  taught  four  terms 
previous  to  entering  Normal,  and  two  terms  undergraduate;  '86-7  Anns- 
ville;  '87-9  Grammar  Department,  Scotts  Plains,  N.  J.; '89-93  Yonkers; 
'93-4  Cranford,  N.  J. 

Lena  C.  Boyd — EL;  prepared  at  Russell;  taught  one  year  undergraduate; 
taught  one  year  West  Potsdam  and  one  year  at  Russell;  '89-93  Hermon; 
'93-5  Elysian,  Minn. ;  diploma  endorsed  by  Minn. ;  '95-6  completing  Ad- 
vanced course  at  Normal. 

Kate  Butler-Leahy — El.     Deceased. 

Agnes  T.  Crowley-Grim — E. ;  taught  two  terms  undergraduate;  '86  Ausable 
Forks;  '86-7  Crarys  Mills.  '87-9  Santa  Ana,  Cal.;  '89  married  Charles 
F.  Grim.     One  daughter,  Mary  '90.     '92-6  Santa  Ana,  Cal. 

Emma  C.  Fisher-Sage — EL;  entered  from  Madrid;  taught  one  term  under- 
graduate; '86-9  South  New  Berlin:  '89-90  Afton;  '90  Lawrence;  '90  mar- 
ried Jewett  P.  Sage.  One  daughter,  '91  deceased.  South  New  Ber- 
lin,   N.  Y. 

W.  F.  Hitchcock — E.;  entered  from  Hannawa  Falls;  taught  one  term  under- 
graduate; '86  Principal  Colton;  '87  Pierpont  Center;  '88-9  Principal, 
Catman,  Minn. ;  '89-92  Fisher,  Minn. ;  '92-5  Assistant  County  Superin- 
tendent of  Schools,  Polk  Co.,  Minn.;  '87  married  Cynthia  L.  Fairbanks. 
One  son,  J.  Howard  '94.  Bookkeeper  and  stenographer,  E.  B.  Childs  &. 
Co.  Crookston,  Minn. 

Alice  S.  Lewis — C;  entered  from  the  practice  school;  taught  two  terms  be- 
fore graduation;  '86  district  school;  '86-8  Waddington;  '88-9  at  home;  '89- 
94  Principal  Primary  New  Rochelle;  '94-5  Principal  Intermediate  Belle- 
ville, N.  J. 

Flora  E.  White-Boynton — EL;  taught  four  years  before  graduation;  '87-91 
Middlebury,  Vt.;  '91-3  Webster,  N.  Y.;  '86  married  F.  D.  Boynton,  '87. 
Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

Class   of  June,  '86. 

James  W.  Aitchison — S.;  see  Faculty. 

Ella  M.  Bartholomew — El.  Deceased. 

Jennie  L.  Besio-Potter — El.    Jamaica,  L.  I. 

George  Henry  Cobb — E. ;  entered  from  Sackett's  Harbor;  taught  four  terms 
undergraduate;  '87-8  Principal,  Heuvelton;  '89  studied  law;  '91  admitted 
to  practice;  '92-3  Deputy  County  Clerk,  Jefferson  county;  '93-5  Recorder 
of  City  of  Watertown;  has  been  Deputy  Collector  of  Customs  Cape  Vin- 
cent; Post  Master  Westminster  Park;  '93  married  Louise  Wenzel;  "Non- 
dum  nobis   sunt  liberi."     23  Clay  St.,  Watertown,  N.   Y. 

Edith  M.  Crandall-McFadden — E.  Deceased. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  129 


Lottie  A.  Clark-Parker — E.;  entered  from  Parishville;  taught  several 
terms;  '93  married  Waller  F.  Parker;  taught  in  California;  died  July  30, 
'95. 

A.  Augusta  Cheney-Church — EL;  entered  from  training  department;  one 
term  undergraduate  teaching;  '86-8  Morristown;  '88  married  George 
Church;  '93-4  Morristown,  N.  Y. 

Delia  D'Ette  Dorchester — El.;  taught  before  entering;  '87  Primary  depart- 
ment Parishville;  '88  Intermediate  department  Boonville;  '89-92  Grammar 
department  Arlington,  N.  J. ;  '94  re-entered  Normal  to  complete  English 
course;  '95-6  Billings,  Montana. 

May  Hawley-Squires — EL;  taught  two  terms  undergraduate;  '86-7  Hoyt's 
Mills;  '88-9  Hawleyville;  '89-90  Hoyt's  Mills;  '90-3  Good  Ground,  L.  I.;  '93 
married  Benjamin  Squires  of  Good  Ground,  L.  I. 

Elva  Marie  Haywood — C. — T.  '88;  entered  from  District  No.  8;  taught  two 
terms  undergraduate;  '86-7  Principal  No.  8;  member  of  first  class  Music 
Teachers'  Course;  '88-9  first  assistant  Williams  Bridge;  '92  first  assistant 
Waddington,  where  she  introduced  music  and  drawing;  '92-4  Principal 
Pine  street  Potsdam;  '94-6  Junior  grade  No.  8  Poisdam. 

Arthur  K.  Hitchcock — C. — LL.  B.;  '86-7  Principal  Harrisville;  '87-9  Princi- 
pal Tuscon,  Arizona;  '89-91  Superintendent  Florence,  Arizona;  '91  Law 
department  University  of  Michigan,  graduating  '93;  '93-6  practicing  law 
Traer,  Iowa;  diploma  endorsed  by  Arizona. 

John  E.  Hitchcock — S. — Ph.  C;  entered  from  Harrisville;  '86-7  Principal 
Natural  Bridge;  '87-9  drug  store  Carthage,  N.  Y.;  '89-91  student  Universi- 
ty of  Michigan,  graduating  Ph.  C.  '91;  '91-5  Medical  Hall  Pharmacy, 
Flattsburgh,  N.  Y. 

Lura  S.  Jones-Keiffer — S.;  entered  from  Norfolk;  has  taught  one  year  in 
New  York;  five  years  in  California.     Anaheim,  Cal. 

Lina  A  Morton-McKain— E. ;  '86-90  Bradford,  Pa. ;  '90  married  George  C. 
McKain.  Children,  Harriet;  David,  deceased  '94;  Dorothy.  Salem,  West 
Va. 

Lilly  A.  McBrien — E.;  taught  eight  terms  before  graduation;  '86-7  Mount 
Kisco;  '87-9  New  Rochelle;  '89-93  Waddington;  '93-4  Madrid;  '94-6  Nauga- 
tuck,  Ct. 

Minnie  A.  Nichols-Zillman — E. ;  entered  from  Madrid;  taught  four  years  in 
Madrid  and  Thorpe.     Thorpe,  Wis. 

Abbie  M  Parmeter — E.;  preliminary  education  in  the  practice  schools;  '86 
Potsdam;  '88  California;  '89-92  Florence,  Arizona.     Cleveland,    O. 

Sidney  A.  Perkins — E. ;  has  taught  since  graduation  in  California.  Shan- 
don,  Cal. 

Burt  W.  Reed — S.;  entered  from  Adams  Center;  taught  one  term  undergrad- 
uate; '86-7  Principal  Spencertown;  '87-9  Principal  San  Pedro,  Cal. ;  '90-2 
Principal  El  Modena,  Cal.;  '92-5  Whittier,  Cal.;  married  Jennie  L. 
Wright  'SQ,  Son,  Chauncey  '90.     Whittier,  Cal. 

Q.  C  H.  9, 


Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Charlotte  Anna  Reay — E. ;  entered  from  Plattsburgh  High  school;  '86-7 
Cross  River;  '87-90  Ingraham;  '90-1  West  Chazy;  '01-3  Beekmantown; 
'93-4  Albury,  Vt.     West  Chazy,  N.  Y. 

Alice  M.Stanton — C;  entered  from  Saranac;  taught  district  schools  two 
terms;  '86-8  Katonah;  '88-9  Saranac;  later  taught  in  Bedford,  Ilion  and 
Beekmantown,  N.  Y. ;  '92  went  to  Kin  Kiang,  China,  and  began  the  study 
of  the  language;  at  present  in  charge  of  Girls'  Boarding  School  of  about 
forty-eight  members. 

Mary  A.  Shearer — E. ;  '86-8  Bradford,  Pa. ;  '88-96  has  been  book-keeper  for 
her  father.     Butler,  Pa. 

F.M.Smith — E.;  entered  from  Watertown;  two  terms  undergraduate  teach- 
ing; '86-8  Principal  Parishville;   '88-96  hardware,  Fort  Wayne,  Ind. 

Martha  E.  Shoemaker — E  ;  entered  from  Nichols  Academy;  taught  two  years 
before  graduation;  '86-9  Middleburgh  academy;  '89-90  Elmira  academy; 
'90  New  Rochelle;  '90-2  Montclair,  N.  J.;  '92-3  book-keeper,  Billings, 
Mont. ;  '93-5  Bozeman,  Mont. ;  '95  county  superintendent  of  schools,  Yel- 
lowstone county,  Mont.     Billings,  Mont. 

Sarah  M.  Spaulding-Burr — E.;  entered  from'  Hermon;  taught  nine  terms 
undergraduate;  "86-7  New  York  cit}-;  '87-90  New  Rochelle;  April  '90  mar- 
ried Isaac  Burr.     Harrisville,  N.  Y. 

Fannie  J.  Storie-Dumas — E.;  entered  from  Gouverneur  Seminary;  post- 
graduate Latin  and  Kindergarten;  taught  six  years;  diploma  endorsed  by 
Washington.     Hawaii,  Sandwich  Is. 

Reuben  A.  Taylor — E. ;  entered  from  Lanesboro,  Pa. ;  '86-7  Sanataria  Spa, 
N.  Y.;  '87-8  Spring  Valley;  '89  West  Haverstraw;  '89-92  National  Ex- 
press, Niagara  Falls  to  Boston,  Mass.;  '92-5  Niagara  Falls  schools;  '91  mar- 
ried Rena  A.  Mumford.     Son,  M.  Warren. 

Jennie  Freeman  Wright-Reed — S. ;  entered  from  Brasher  Falls;  '86-7  Spen- 
eertown;  '87-8  Los  Angeles,  Cal.;  '88-9  San  Pedro;  '91-2  El  Modena;  '93-4 
Whittier,  Cal. ;  married  Burt  W.  Reed  '86.     Son,  Chauncey  '90. 

Class  of  February,  '87. 

Lura  S.  Coonley-Gurley — C.     Chateaugay,  N.  Y. 

Laura  A.  Coonley-VanVatchen — C.     Chateaugay,  N.  Y. 

Florence  Converse — C;  taught  one  term  before  graduation   and  four  terms 

in  New  York,  after  graduation;    '90-5  Portland,  Ore.     232    Caruthers    St. 
Nora  Crossman-Marsh — E.;  entered  from  Ives  Seminary;    taught  four  terms 

undergraduate,  and  three  years  in  Westchester  county,    since  graduation; 

'87  married  James  M.  Marsh,  M.  D.     Children,  Emma  L.  '91;    Jael  S.  '94. 

Ogdensburg,  N.  Y. 
Jessie  Freemont  DeWolee— E. ;  entered  from  Moriah;    has  taught  nearly  all 

the  time   since  graduation  in  Whittier,  Cal.;    '91-2  Brattleboro,  Vt.;    '94-5 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni  131 


Superintendent  of  Girls'  Reform  school,  Whittier,  Cal. :  member  of 
Woman's  Congress,  Woman's  Study  Club;  taking  course  in  Spanish. 

Walter  S.  Flint — C;  entered  from  South  Colton:  taught  two  terms  under- 
graduate; '87  Principal  South  Colton;  '87-8  Katonah;  '88-93  Fort  Cov- 
ington; '93  entered  law  department  of  University  of  Michigan;  '90  mar- 
ried Hattie  G.  Benedict  of  Katonah;  '95  lawyer,  Binghamton,  N.  Y. 

Emily  L.  Halleck — EL:  entered  from  Keeseville;  '87-8  Peru;  '88-95  Keese- 
vilie  High  school. 

Julia  L.  Hutchins — C;  teaching.     Cazenovia,  Mich. 

Nellie  F.  Parker-McCall— E. ;  entered  from  District  No.  17  Potsdam;  '87-8 
Heuvelton;  '88-93  Madrid;    '93  married  Harry  W.  McCall.     Madrid,  N.  Y. 

Joel  M.  Pelsue — E. ;  entered  from  North  Stockholm;  taught  before  gradua- 
tion at  West  Stockholm ;  '87  Principal  Fine;  '90-5  agent  for  U.  S.  Whip 
Co.,  Westfield,  Mass.     North  Sfockholm,  N.  Y. 

Class  of  June,  '87. 

Lina  E.  Barber-Graves— C. ;  '87-9.  South  New  Berlin;  '89-93  West  Side 
Gouverneur;  '93-4  Harrisville,  N.  Y.     Gouverneur,  N.  Y. 

Frank  David  Boynton — C,  A.  M.;  taught  two  years   before  graduation;  '91 

A.  B.  Middlebury  college,  Yt.;  '91-3  Principal,  Webster,  N.  Y.;93-6  Prin- 
cipal, High  School,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.;  '94  A.  M.  Hamilton  College;  '94  Presi- 
dent Alumni  Association  P.  S.  N.  S.;  '86  married  Flora  E.  White  '86. 

Mary  Estelle  Brown -Myers — C,  T.,  '90;  entered  from  the  Intermediate  de- 
partment; '87-8  Canton;  '89  Music  Teachers'  Course;  '90-2  Seattle,  Wash.; 
'92  married  Alexander  Myers.  Children,  Daisy  '93;  Alexander  Douglass 
'95.     Seattle,    Washington. 

Sarah  Cameron — S.;  '87-90  taught  in  New  York  State;  '90-1  LaGrande,  Ore.; 
'91-6  Seattle.     512  Albert  Street,  Seattle,    Wash. 

Laura  Annis  Cauble-Flagg — C;  entered  from  High  School  Salem,  Ind.; 
has  pursued  post-graduate  study  of  Chaucer  and  18th  Century  Literature; 
married  Professor  Edward  W.  Flagg  of  the  Normal  Faculty. 

Virginia  J.  Colnon — C;  entered  from  Chicago,  111.;  '87-9  Nyack;  '89-91  East 
Syracuse;  91-5  Tnckahoe,  N.  Y. 

John  M.  Curran — C,  A.  B.  LL.  B.,  entered  from  the  Intermediate  depart- 
ment; '87-8  Principal,  Ft.  Covington;  '92  A.  B.  Hamilton  College;  '93  LL. 

B.  Kent  Law  School,  Chicago,  111.  612  Title  and  Trust  Building,  Chicago. 
Mildred  Adine  Cleveland-Hull — E.;  entered  from  the  practice  depart- 
ment; '87-8  Adams  school,  Burlington,  Vt.;  '88-9  Cross  Eiver;  '89-91  Pine 
street,  Potsdam;  '91  married  Walter  C.  Hull.  Daughter,  Ruth  Cleveland. 
Bridgeport,  Conn. 

Sydney  R.  Covey — E.;  entered  from  Parish ville;  taught  before  graduation; 
five  years  teaching  at  Oyster  Bay,  L.  I.;  two  years  at  Lincoln,  Nebraska. 
Hermon,  N.  Y. 


i32  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

Nellie  B.  Dodds-Evans — E.;  entered  from  the  home  graded  school;  taught 
two  terms  undergraduate;  '87-8  Hammond;  '88-90  Theresa:  '90-2  Yank- 
ton, South  Dakota;  '92-4  Hammond,  N.  Y.;  '94  married  Byron  A.  Evans. 
Hammond,  N.  Y. 

Margaret  M.  Everett — E. ;  entered  from  Parish ville  Center;  taught  one  term 
before  graduation;  two  years  in  Cherubusco;  three  years  in  Cold  Spring 
Harbor,  L.  I. ;  and  two  in  the  Misses  Masters'  school,  Dobbs  Ferry  on  the 
Hudson;  '94-5  graduate  at  Pratt  Institute,  Brooklyn;  '95-6  Brookline, 
Mass. 

Jessie  Ferguson — S.;  entered  from  Medina  Academy;  '87-8  Mt.  Kisco;  '88  Me- 
dina; on  account  of  ill  health  obliged  to  abandon  her  chosen  work;  she 
writes,  "I  look  forward  to  teaching  again;"  has  given  private  instruction 
in  German,  and  English  Literature.     Medina,  N.  Y. 

Cora  M.  Gurle.y — E.;  entered  from  District  No.  8;  '87-8  North  Lawrence; 
'88-9  No.  8  Potsdam;  '90-2  Malone;  '92-6  Bay  ville,  L.  I. 

Lottie  Hitchcock — C;  entered  from  Mt.  Kisco;  taught  at  Mt.  Kisco  two 
years;  Ilion  two  years;  91-6  Principal  assistant  Hackensack,    N.  J. 

Belle  Hatch — E.;  prepared  at  Waddington;  '87-8  Colton;  '88-9  attending  the 
sick  at  home;  '89-96  Primary  department,  Morristown,  N.  Y. 

Franc  J.  Humphrey — E.;  prepared  at  Perkins  academy,  Copenhagen;  '87-8 
Theresa;  '88-90  Lowville;  '90-8  New  Rochelle;  '93-5  Fresno,  Cal. 

Sara  Elizabeth  Hawley — El. ;  entered  from  Johnston,  Vt. ;  taught  one  term 
undergraduate;  '87-8  Voluntown,  Ct. ;  '88-91  Noank,  Ct  ;  '91-4  Mariners' 
Harbor,  N.  Y.;  president  of  C.  E.  Society,  Mariners  Harbor.  Woodville, 
Ct. 

Jerry  Mahoney — C;  Principal,  Scarsdale,  N.  Y.     Deceased. 

Helen  Ruth  Mason-Stearns — C;  entered  from  Beeman  Academy,  New 
Haven,  Vt.;  '87-9  Grammar  department,  Cape  Vincent;  '91  married 
Principal  Wayland  E.  Stearns   '81.     Rome,  N.  Y. 

Gertrude  D.  McBrien — E.;  entered  from  Waddington;  taught  four  terms 
undergraduate;  '87-93  Primary  department,  Madrid;  '93-6  Emerson  Col- 
lege of  Oratory,  Boston,  Mass. 

Charlotte  L.  Mawson — El.;  entered  from  Cazenovia  Seminary;  taught  two 
years  undergraduate;  '87-8  Rockaway  Beach,  L.  I.;  '88-91  East  Syracuse; 
'91-4  instructor  in  department  of  biology,  State  Normal  School  Madison, 
South  Dakota;  '93  instructor  in  biology,  Summer  School  Madison;  '94-5 
graduate,   course  Potsdam;  '95-6  Indiana  Normal  School,  Pa. 

Charles  Seymour  Plank — C;  entered  from  Ives  Seminary;  taught  two  terms 
undergraduate;  '87-90  Principal,  Waddington;  '90-date  school  commission- 
er 2d  district  St.  Lawrence  county;  graduate  study  of  law;  '91  married 
Ada  M.  Flint  '90.  Son,  Seymour  Lafayette,  Dec.  '95.     Waddington,  N.  Y. 

Clayton  W.  Powers — E.;  '87-8  Principal,  Chazy;  '89-90  Principal,  Mooers; 
'90-3  Principal,  Hailey,  Ida. ;  '93-5  Fire  Insurance,  Minneapolis,  Minn. ; 
'ss  married  Margaret  Marnes.  Daughter,  Margaret  Lucile, 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  1 33 

Cora  M.  Stearns — C. ;  has  taught  six  years  at  Cape  Vincent  and  New  Ro- 
chelle. 

Frank  Benton  Spaulding— S.,  A.  B.:  entered  from  Crary's  Mills;  taught 
two  terms  undergraduate;  '87-9  Principal,  Ocean  City,  N.  J.;  '89-90  Prin- 
cipal, Madrid;  '93  A.  B.  St.  Lawrence  University;  '95-6  Principal,  New 
Hartford,  N.  Y.;  '88  married  Bettie  M.  Pelton,  whose  health  did  not  per- 
mit her  to  complete  her  course.     Son,  Carl. 

Maggie  Sullivan — El.     Tuckahoe,  N.  Y. 

Martin  E.  Thew — C;  taught  two  terms  undergraduate;  '87-9  Principal 
Amenia;  '89  Principal,  Hastings-on-Hudson;  '90-2  Principal,  Lawrence,  L. 
I.:  '92-4 general  agent  Saving  and  Loan  Association;  '95  district  organizer 
loan  association;  '80  married  Bertha  C.  Church.  Sons,  M.  Bertrand  '90; 
Robert  G.  '92.  '90-2  studied  Pedagogics,  University  of  New  York.  New- 
burgh,  N.  Y. 

Edith  C.  Thompson-McNaughton — E.;  taught  at  Southville,  N.  Y.;  '90  Nor- 
way, Mich. 

Lizzie  R.  Wadsworth — E. ;  taught  at  North  Bangor,  Norwood,  Knapps  and 
North  Stockholm.     North  Stockholm,  N.  Y. 

Abbie  M.  Zoller-Fuller — C;  entered  from  Morristown;  '87-9  assistant  Nor- 
wood; '89  married  W.  D.  Fuller.     One  son,  Wyman  '93.     Norwood,  N.  Y. 

Class  of  January,  '88. 

Franciene  E.  Bidwell — El.;  entered  from  Norfolk;  taught  two  years  un- 
dergraduate; '88-92  Norwood;  '92-6  Fort  Plain,  N.  Y. 

Merton  P.  Fobes— C;  entered  from  District  No.  8;  '88-9  Somers;  '90-5  Suth- 
erland, Iowa;  '92  married  Harriet  Clark. 

Mabel  B.  Foster — C;  entered  from  district  school;  '88  taught  home  district 
school;  '88-9  assistant,  Rockland  College,  Nyack;  '89-93  No.  8  Potsdam; 
'93-6  Alhambra,  Calif. ;  piano  course,  post  graduate. 

Patricia  M.  Hartford-Hoag — E.;  taught  several  years;  married  P.  M.  Hoag, 
Utica,  N.  Y. 

Julia  E.  Merritt — C;  entered  after  teaching  sixteen  terms  in  the  towns  of 
Pierpont  and  Potsdam;  '88-9  Mt.  Vernon;  '89-90  South  Colton;  '90-4  In- 
termediate department,  Theresa.     Crary's  Mills,  N.  Y. 

Carrie  M.  Morse — E. ;  taught  at  Chateaugay.  1  Somerset  street,  Boston, 
Mass. 

Harriet  L.  Parker-Hubbs — El.;  taught  at  Los  Angeles,  Cal. ;  '91  Anaheim; 
Cal.;  Superintendent  Kearns  County  Exposition,  San  Francisco.  South 
Broadway,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Willow  M.  Peake — El.;  entered  from  Chateaugay;  '88-94  Chateaugay  Union 
school.     Deceased  Oct.  21,  '94. 


134  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

Celia  C.  Eobinson-Page — E.;  entered  from    South    Colton;   '88  Santa   Clara; 

'89  Principal,  South  Colton;   '90  instrumental  music,  Windom,  Minn.;  '91 

married  Rev.  A.  E.  Page,  a  'Normalite.'     Norfolk,  N.  Y. 
Aletta  Viola  Ray-Brayton — E.;  entered   from    North   Russell;    taught  one 

year  undergraduate;  taught  two  years  since  graduation;    '89  married  Geo. 

W.  Brayton,  who  died  Oct.  18,  '94.     Canton,  N.  Y. 
Evan  J.  Smith— E.,  M.  D.;  '88   Principal,  Palmer  Falls;  '90  Principal,  Beaver 

Falls;  '95-6  Physician,  Irvington-on-Hudson,  N.  Y. 

Class  of  June,  '88. 

Laura  Estelle  Burrows-Hoyt — C;  entered  from  Hermon;  taught  two 
terms  previous  to  entering;  and  one  year  undergraduate;  '88-92  Precep- 
tress, Fulton  Academy;  '92-3  St.  Lawrence  University;  '98-4  Principal, 
Bennington,  Vt.,  High  School;  '94  April  married  Chester  James  Hoyt, 
Bennington,  Vt. 
Elva  L.  Bell-Carr — E.;  taught  Parishville;  East  Orange,  N.  J.;    '93  Rouse's 

Point,  N.  Y. ;    married  Principal  Carr,  Rouse's  Point,  N.  Y. 
Emily  A.  Braun— EL— E.    '90;  '89    Grand  Isle,    Nebraska;  '90-3   Sing   Sing; 

postgraduate  Music  and  German.     Cape  Vincent,  N.  Y. 
Georgetta   L.    Burnap-Tryon — EL;  entered   from   Stockholm;   taught   two 
terms  undergraduate;  '88-9  Katonah;  '89-91  Hammond;    '91-3  Madrid;  '93 
married  Howard  I.  Tryon  '88.     Pawling,  N.  Y. 
Dora  E.  Buxton-Lang — EL;  entered  from  district  school;  taught  twenty-five 
terms  undergraduate;  '90-1  Johnstown;  '92-3  Harrisburg;  '93-4  Marion;  '89 
married  William  W.  Lang  now  '90  a  student  at  the  Normal. 
Mary  Clark — El. ;  taught  one   term   undergraduate;    '89-90   Somers   Centre; 

'91-2  Cantito:  '94-5  Ypsilanti,  Mich.;  '95-6  Bedford,  N.  Y. 
Sarah  A.  Freeman — E. ;  entered  from  Edwards;    '88-90  Edwards;  '90-5  Long- 
fellow school,  Minneapolis,  Minn. ;  '95-6  Edwards,  N.  Y. 
James  M.  Graves — C;  entered   from   Waddington;    see  Faculty.     Potsdam, 

N.  Y. 
Emma  E.  Grant — E.;  entered   from  district   school;    taught  one   term  under- 
graduate; '89-91  Baldwins,  L.  I.;  '91-6  Chester;    completed  course  of  read- 
ing C.  L.  S.  C.  '92.     Chester,  N.  Y. 
Minnie  E.  Gillis-Lynch — E.;  entered  from  Fort  Covington;    taught  two  and 
one   half  years   undergraduate;    '88-9  Mt.  Kisco;    '90-2  Principal,  Primary 
department,     State     Normal    School,    Oneonta,     N.     Y.;      '91     married 
Professor  Wilbur  H.  Lynch,  of  the  Normal  Faculty;  died  July  '95. 
Mary   E.    Hamlin-Bowhall — EL;    entered  from  training  school;  taught  two 
terms  undergraduate:  '89-91  Norwood;  '90  married   Lincoln  A.  Bowhall. 
Son,  Leigh  Armin  '93.     So.  Framingham,  Mass. 
Frances   L.  Joy-Ladd — EL;  taught  two  terms  undergraduate;  '89-91  South- 
ville;    '91-2    Intermediate  Department,  North  Lawrence;  '95  married  Asa 
F.  Ladd  who   died  '95.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  .  135 


William  J.  Linnell — E.;  taught  four  years  at  Three  Mile  Bay;  three  years 
at  Chaumont;  '88  married  Harriette  M.  Wells.  Children,  Harold  and 
Don  Clifford  Gray.     Chaumont,  N.  Y. 

Mrs.  Mary  L.  Lewis — E.;  taught  several  terms  undergraduate;  since  gradu- 
ation has  taught  chiefly  at  Passaic,  N.  J.;  postgraduate  one  year,  School 
of  Pedagogy,  N.  Y.     Towners,  N.  Y. 

C.  Antoinette  Miller — S. ;  '83-96  Primary  Department,  Massena,  N.  Y. 

Eobert  C.   McGill — E. ;  Principal,  McKnownville,  Conn.     Perris,  Cal. 

Jessie  E.  Mawson-Cubley — EL;  entered  from  district  school;  taught  one 
term  undergraduate;  '88-91  Massena;  '91-3  Ithaca  High  School;  '93  mar- 
ried Will  H.  Cubley.     One  son.     Massena,  N.  Y. 

Florence  A.  Puffer — E.;  entered  from  Heuvelton;  '88  9  North  Lawrence; 
'89-90  Fargo,  North  Dak.;  '90-6  Fresno,   Cal. 

Leslie  Eodee — C.     Canton,  N.  Y. 

Lee  E.  Eemley-Mansfield — S.;  early  education,  Port  Henry;  taught  two 
terms  undergraduate;  two  years,  Dixon,  111.;  three  years,  Austin,  111.; '93 
married  Frank  Mansfield  of  Boston,  Mass.  1621  Chestnut  Street,  Phila- 
delphia, Penn. 

Willis  J.  Shields — C;  '84-5  taught  ungraded  school;  '88-90  Principal 
Katonah,  N.  Y.;  '90  Principal,  Grammar  School,  East  Orange,  N.  J.; 
resigned  on  account  of  health;  '91  April  went  to  California;  '93  married 
Alwilda  E.  Bonine.     Real    estate,  16   E.    Colorado  Street,   Pasadena,  Cal. 

John  B.  Smith— E.     Watertown,  N.  Y. 

Joseph  Smith — E. ;  entered  from  district  school;  taught  three  terms  under- 
graduate; '88-90  Prospect;  '90  traveled  West;  '90-1  Real  Estate  Mont. : 
'91-6  mining;  attended  the  twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  his  Alma  Mater. 
Dillon,  Mont. 

Edith  A.  Sawyer — E.;  prepared  at  Canton;  has  taught  at  Neillsville,  Wis.; 
Babylon,  L.  I.;  Arlington,  N.  J.;  '91-6  LaCrosse,  Wis. 

Geo.  A.  Taft — E.;  entered  from  Norwood;  taught  two  terms  before  gradu- 
ation; '88-9  Parish ville;  '89-90  Goldens'  Bridge;  '90-3  Katonah;  '93-5 
Pawling,  N.  Y.     Custom  House,  New   York  City. 

Howard  I.  Tryon — E.;  entered  from  Brookdale;  taught  three  terms  under- 
graduate; '88-9  North  Lawrence;  '89-91  Ausable  Forks;  '92-4  Highlands, 
N.  J.;  delegate  from  Clinton  County  to  State  Association,  Saratoga,  '91; 
93'  married  Georgetta  L.   Burnap  '83;  '95-6  Principal,  Pawling,  N.  Y. 

Laura  A.  E.  Walker — C.     Deceased. 

N.  Belle  Whitney — E.;  entered  from  Copenhagen;  taught  one  and  one-half 
years  undergraduate;  '88-9  Hammond;  '89-94  New  Rochelle;  '95-6  San 
Diego,  Cal. 


1 36  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Class  of  January,  '89. 

Frank  J.  Fuller — E.,  M.  D.;    Principal,    Saranac  Lake;    Principal,  Somers; 

Principal,  Lake  Placid;  M.  D.  University  of  Pennsylvania.  Potsdam,  N.Y. 
George  Washington  Fuller — E.,  LL.  B. ;  taught  three   and  one-half  years, 

Potsdam,  Odessa,  and  Good  Ground;    LL.  B.  University  of  Michigan;  '93 

Law  Practice.     Potsdam,  N.  Y, 
Kate  G.  Hayes — EL;  entered  from  Keeseville;  '89-90   Westport;  '90-6  Keese- 

ville,  N.  Y. 

Jennie   M.    Healey — E.;    taught   district   schools,    Crary's  Mills;    '93-4  East 

Syracuse;  '95-6  Lowville,  N.  Y. 
Harriet  M.  Nichols- Ackert — E.;    entered  from  Madrid;    taught    one   term 

undergraduate;  '89-90  Fairport;  '90  married  Charles  P.  Ackert.  Children, 

Euth  Nichols  '91;    Charles  Pierce  '93.     Little  Rock,  Ark. 
Margaret   A.    Thomas — E. ;    entered   from   Plattsburgh;  '89-96  Plattsburgh, 

N.  Y. 
Emily  S.  Thorne — El.;  prepared  at   Perth  College  Institute,  Can.,   and  Mas- 

sena;    has   taught   at   Massena;    Hewlett's,  L.  I.;  Woodhaven;    Jamaica; 

'95-6  Woodhaven,  L.  I. 

Class   of  June,  '89. 

Mary  E.  Bateman — C;  entered  from  training  school;  '89-90  district  school; 
'91-3  Champlain;  '94-6  Rouse's  Point,  N.  Y. 

J.  Fred  Brown — C;  taught  five  years  before  entering  the  Normal;  '89-90 
Principal,  Heuvelton;  '90-1  Centerville,  Mich.;  '91-3  Principal,  Cheney, 
Wash.;  admitted'  to  the  Bar,  Spokane  Co.,  Wash.;  '93  Nov.  removed  to 
Yakima,  Wash.;  practiced  law,  Firm  name,  Snyder  and  Brown;  '94 
County  Superintendent  of  Schools,  Yakima  Co.,  Wash.;  '90  married 
Minetta  C.  Thorton  of  Heuvelton,  N.  Y.  Children,  Marguerite  Elizabeth 
'91;    Irving  Thortou '93.     North  Yakima,  Wash. 

Abner  B.  Brown — S.;  preparatory  education  at  Philadelphia,  N.  Y.;  taught 
four  years  at  Amenia  and  Chester  Hill;  postgraduate  Latin,  History  and 
German.     Mt.  Vernon,  N.  Y. 

Julia  A.  Boyle — E.     Seward,  Neb. 

Elizabeth  J.  Cartwright — E.;  taught  ten  terms  undergraduate;  '90  Essex- 
ville,  Mich.;  '91  Boston  School  of  Oratory;  '93  studied  Swedish  Gymnas- 
tics and  graduated  at  the  School  of  Expression,  Boston.  Mass.;  '91-5 
Washington  State  Normal  School,  Ellensburgh,    Wash. 

Elsie  A.  Curtis-Moe — E. ;  taught  five  terms  undergraduate;  '89-90  Odessa; 
'90-1  Heuvelton;  '91-2  Johnstown;  '93  married  John  Prescott  Moe,  mer- 
chant, who  died  June  25,  1893.  One  step  daughter,  Mary  Brown;  one 
daughter,  Gladys  '93;  who  died  March  7,  1894.     Houghton,  N.  Y. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  137 

Mary  A.  Daily-O'Malley— A.  B.,  C;  entered  from  St.  Lawrence  Universi- 
ty; taught  one  year  undergraduate;  '86  A.  B.; '87-8  Parishville;  '88  en- 
tered Normal,  graduating  in  one  year;  '89-92  Principal  Assistant  and 
Training  Class,  Walkill  Academy,  Middletown,  N.  Y.;  '92  married  Daniel 
O'Malley.     Colton,  N.  Y. 

Libbie  L.  Dyke — E.;  entered  from  East  Stockholm;  taught  four  terms  under- 
graduate; '89-90  Sing  Sing;  '91-2  New  York  City;  '93-4  Felton,  Del.;  95-6 
East  Stockholm,  N.  Y. 

Nellie  A.  Denison — El.;  entered  from  Massena;  taught  two  years  under- 
graduate; '85-91  New  York  City;  '92-6  Tonawanda,  N.  Y. 

Oscar  W.  French — C,  M.  D.;  taught  one  year;  M.  D.,  Rush  Medical  Col- 
lege, Chicago,  111.;   physician,  Hospers,  Iowa. 

Wayne  C.  Fox — E.;  after  graduating  Adams  College  Institute  and  teaching 
three  terms,  entered  from  Rodman;  '91  Somers;  '92-4  Principal,  Croton; 
'94-6  Dobbs  Ferry;  '93  established  the  Croton  Journal,  a  weekly  news- 
paper.    Dobbs  Ferry,  N.  Y. 

Hortense  E.  Ferris — E.;  entered  from  La wrenceville  Academy;  six  years 
teaching  at  Mount  Kisco  and  Moriah;  postgraduate  Drawing  and  Rhetor- 
ic;   '95-6  Lawrence ville,  N.  Y. 

W.  Henry  Fox — E.     Deceased. 

Gertrude  M.  Fuller — El. ;  has  taught  at  Massena,  and  South   Salem,  N.  Y. ; 

'95-6  Stenographer,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Harriet  F.  Flower— El. ;  '89-90  Gouverneur;    '90-6  Seattle,  Wash. 
John  W.    Harrington— E. ;  '89-91  Fine;    '91    Lake  Placid;  '92  West  Chester; 

two  years  Putnam  County;  '93  married  Addie  Alice  Barnhart.     Son,  John 

W.  Jr.,  '94.     Has  been  assistant   Institute  conductor   at  Elizabeth,  Mana- 

roneck,  Carmels  and  Brewster.     Dykemans,  N.  Y. 

Ured  A.  Hadley — E.:  taught  Tobyhanna  Mills,  Pa.     Black  River,  N.  Y. 

Charles  T.  Haggerty — E. ;  early  education  at  Raymondville; '89-96  Travel- 
ers'  Insurance  Co.,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Carrie  E.  Haggett — E. ;  entered  from  Massena;  has  taught  every  year  since 
graduation.     Dickinson  Center,  N.  Y. 

J.  Irving  Harkness — E.;  prepared  at  Stamford  Seminary;  '89-90  Principal, 
Rouse's  Point;  '91  Mooer's  Forks;  '91-4  Principal,  Phoenicia;  '94-6  Prin- 
cipal, Davenport,  N.  Y.;  '90  attended  Sauvere  Language  College;  '91 
married  Luretta  Madeline  Hall  of  New  Berlin. 

Eliza  Kellas — C;  entered  from  Franklin  Academy;  postgraduate,  History 
and  Literature;    See  Faculty.     State  Normal,  Plattsburgh,  N.  Y. 

Angela  E.  Keyes — EL;  entered  from  Rich  ville;  taught  during  her  course; 
illness  repeatedly  interrupted  her  studies;  has  taught  eleven  years;  '94-6 
Richville,  N.  Y. 

Harriet  A.  Kellam-Houston — El.     Seattle,  Wash. 


38  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Carrie  Liscomb — El.;  entered  from  Jay;  lias  taught  six  years  at  Jay,  Sing 
Sing  and  Saranac  Lake.     Saranac  Lake,  N.  Y. 

Mary  E.  Lynch-Campbell — E.;  entered  from  Stockholm;  taught  five  terms 
undergraduate;  '89-93  Herkimer;  '93  married  John  Campbell.  Herkimer, 
N.  Y. 

George  A.  Miller — C;  entered  from  Louisville;  taught  one  and  one-half 
years  undergraduate;  '92-3  journalist,  Massena;  course  in  Stenography; 
Bookkeeper  and  Stenographer,  Philadelphia  Type-writer  Co.,  Philadel- 
phia, Pa. 

D.  Eliza  Needham — E.     Deceased. 

Mary  A.  Pierce — E.;  preliminary  education  at  Lawrenceville  and  Franklin 
Academies;  taught  four  terms  undergraduate;  '89  district  school;  '90-3 
Moira;    '93-4  Alburgh;    '94-6  St.  Regis  Falls,  N.  Y. 

Bertrand  H.  Snell — S.;  see  June  "90. 

Lena  M.  Stanley — E,  T.;  entered  from  Binghamton  High  School;  taught 
in  Binghamton  schools;  '89-96  teacher  of  Vocal  Music,  New  Rochelle,  N. 
Y. ;    postgraduate  Music.     New  Rochelle,  N.  Y. 

Jerry  W.  Sweeney — E.;  preliminary  education  at  district  school;  taught 
three  terms  undergraduate;  '89-90  Principal,  St  Mary's,  Pa.;  '90-6  Dis- 
trict Superintendent  of  Benzinger  Schools,  Pa  ;  conducts  summer  schools 
for  teachers  and  local  institutes  in  his  own  and  adjoining  districts;  '90 
attended  summer  school  at  Glens  Falls;  has  published  a  "Course  of 
Study"  for  his  teachers;  revisits  his  Alma  Mater  annually.   St.  Marys,  Pa. 

Minnie  L.  Stickney-Essler — E.;  taught  one  term  undergraduate;  '89-90 
Assistant  Principal  and  Teacher  of  Music,  St.  Peter,  Minn.;  '91  married 
Henry  J.  Essler.     St.  Peter,   Minn. 

Flora  L.  Shaw— El.;  ,89-90  Dickinson  Center;    '90-6  Rouse's  Point,  N.  Y. 

Ella  A.  Tilden— El. 

Mary  Thorne— E. ;  '89-93  Ninth  Grade,  Sidney;  '93-6  Preceptress,  Amster- 
dam, N.  Y. 

Annie  Thorne — EL;  prepared  at  Perth  Collegiate  Institute,  Canada,  and 
Massena;  has  taught  one  year  at  Woodard,  L.  I.,  and  two  years  at  Bald- 
wins;   '95-6  Madison,  N.  J. 

Hattie  M.  Wood— C,  T.  '88;  entered  from  Elwood,  111.;  taught  one  term 
and  two  years;  '89-90  High  School  and  supervisor  of  Music  Mankato, 
Minn.;  '90-2  same  work  Sauk  Center,  Minn.;  '92-6  High  School,  South 
Omaha,  Neb. 

Emma  E.  Wood — S.,  T.;  '89-91  Music;  studied  with  Mrs.  Harriet  Crane 
Bryant  of  Chicago,  111.;  '91-4  supervisor  and  Special  Music  Teacher's 
work,  South  Omaha,  Neb.;  has  studied  Vocal  Music  with  Mrs.  J.  W. 
Cotton,  South  Omaha,  Neb. 

George  F.  Wilcox — E.;  entered  from  training  school;  taught  one  term  un- 
dergraduate;   '89-90   Principal,  Burke;    '90  with   O.  G.  Howe's   Millinery 


BiograpJiical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  139 


House;  '91  with  Acme  Oil  Co.;    '92  with  A.  A.  Senter;    '93  studied  crayon 

portraiture;  '93-6  Elmira  Portrait  Co.,  Elmira,  N.  Y. 
Mary  E.  Willmarth— E. ;  entered  from  Addison,  Vt.;    '89  Bristol,  Vt.;    '90-1 

Chester,  Vt. ;    home  duties  have  necessitated   her  being   near   home,    but 

she  has  been  in  school  work  each  term  since  graduation.     Addison,  Vt. 
Rebecca  E.  Young — E.;  entered  from  Tuckahoe;  '89-91  first   assistant,  Mount 

Vernon;  '91-4  Bronxville.     Tuckahoe,  N.  Y. 

Class  of  J  anuary,  '90. 

Alice  B.  Baldwin — E.;  entered  from  Ausable  Forks;  taught  four  terms  un- 
dergraduate: '90-1  Heuvelton;  '91-2  district  school;  '92-3  Herkimer;  '93-4 
at  home;  94-6  Herkimer,  N.  Y. 

Harriet  E.  Briggs — E. ;  taught  Derry  Depot.  N.  H;  at  Chicopee  Falls,  Mass.; 
'95  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

W.  H.  Crowley — E. ;  entered  from  training  schools;  taught  one  term  under- 
graduate; '90-1  Principal,  Burke;  '91-2  Passaic;  '92-3  Bayville,  L.  I.;  '93-5 
Rush  Medical  College,  Chicago,  111. 

Ada  M.  Flint-Plank — C;  entered  from  South  Colton,  taught  three  years  at 
Norwood  and  at  Rio  Grande,  Colo.;  '91  married  C.  H.  Plank '89.  Dec. 
7th,  '95   son,  Seymour  Lafayette.     Waddington,  N.  Y. 

Frances  A.  M.  Garvin — E. ;  prepared  at  Belleville;  has  taught  at  South  Ham- 
mond; Union,  N.  J.;  St.  Louis,  Mo.;  and  is  now  caring  for  her  father  at 
home.     Belleville,   N.  Y. 

Clara  B.  Harris— E. ;  '90-1  Harrisville;  '91-2  Gloversville;  '93-5  Yonkers, 
N.  Y. 

Velma  A.  McCormick-Barry — E.;  entered  from  District  No.  17;  '90-1  Baby- 
lon, L.  I.;  '91-2  Bradford,  Pa.;  '92-3  District  No.  17  Potsdam;  '94  mar- 
ried Edwin  M.  Barry.     Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y. 

W.  B.  Richmond — C;  taught  one  year  undergraduate;  '90-1  Principal,  Black 
Brook;  '91-2  Principal,  Jay;  '92-4  Principal,  Ausable  Forks;  '95  Middle- 
bury  College,  Vt. 

Class  of  June,  '90. 

Katherine  E.  Barnett — E. ;  entered  from  the  practice  schools;  '90-3  graded 
schools  Potsdam;  '94-6  Westminster,  Cal. 

Grace  L.  Brush-Pert — S.;  entered  from  Hopkinton;  '90-2  Canton;  '92  mar- 
ried vVilliam  L.  Pert.     Daughter,  Josephine  '94.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Emily  A.  Braun — E. ;  see  June  '88. 

Grace  L.  Besio — EL;  entered  from  the  training  schools;  '90-2  Primary, 
Theresa;  '92-4  Intermediate  department,  Whitford,  R.  I.;  '94-5  Grammar 
department,  Catskill;  '95-6  Flushing,  L.  I. 

May  F.  Burns— E.     Rouse's  Point,  N.  Y. 


14^  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

Hannah  A.  Cahill — E  ;  entered  from  Constableville;   '90-6  Malone,  N.  Y. 

Clara  J.  Foster — E.;  '90-2  Hammond;  '98-6  Moreno,  Cal. 

Ida  Belle  Green — EL;  entered  from  Adams  Center;  taught  six  terms  before 
graduation;  '90-2  Adams;  '92-4  at  home,  ill;  '94-6  Adams  Center,  N.  Y. 

Elizabeth  V.  Griffin — El.;  taught  before  entering  the  Normal:  took  a 
special  course  in  Botany  at  Wellesley  College;  resumed  work  in  the 
South;  '90-2  Boger  Williams  University,  Nashville,  Tenn.;  '92-6  Superin- 
tendent Speiman  Normal  and  Training  School,  Atlanta,  Ga.;  has  charge 
of  the  Normal  School  exhibit  at  the  Atlanta  Exposition  '95. 

Seth  Hoyt  Geer — S.;  entered  from  the  home  district,  Potsdam;  emigrated*  to 
California  in  '90;  engaged  in  ranching  for  his  health.     Perris,  Cal. 

C.  Alice  Hamblin — C;  entered  from  District  No.  8;  taught  at  Somers  Center 
five  months;  at  Goldens  Bridge  one  and  one-half  years;  at  Keeseville  two 
years;  '94-5  Emerson  School,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Lillian  A.  Hay-Maxfield — C;  entered  from  West  Chazy;  taught  three 
years  undergraduate;  '90  married  Bev.  Charles  C.  Maxlield;  '92  North 
Parma;  '94-6  Binghamton,  N.  Y. 

Hattie  E.  Hoffman — C;  entered  from  Deposit;  '90-5  Deposit  Union  School; 
'95-6  Glendale,  Mass. 

Jeannette  B.  Johnson — El.;  entered  from  Kichville;  '90-1  Moriah;  '92-6  Phil- 
adelphia, N.  Y. 

Ola  L.  LaLime — C;  entered  from  Franklin  Academy;    '90-5  Malone,  N.  Y. 

Addie  I.  Lavery — E.;  taught  three  terms  undergraduate;  '91-2  senior  depart- 
ment, Norwood;  '93-6  Malone,  N.  Y. 

Adelaide  E.  Littlejohn — E. ;  entered  from  home  district;  taught  three  terms 
undergraduate;  '90-2  Herkimer;  '92-3  rested;  '93-4  Herkimer;  '94-5  Loon 
Lake;  '95-6  Burlington,  Vt. 

Sarah  T.  Lee — EL;  teaching  at  the  New  York  Orphan  Asylum,  New  York 
City. 

Mrs.  Alice  D.  Lottridge — EL;  entered  from  New  Berlin;  taught  five  terms 
before  entering;  '86  married  Silas  A.  Lottridge;  '90-2  taught  at  Canton 
while  her  husband  completed  his  College  Course.  374  Williams  street, 
East  Orange,  N.  J. 

Myrtle  C.  Maynard — E.;  preparatory  education  at  Elgin,  111.;  taught  two 
terms  undergraduate;  '90-2  Keeseville;  '92  visited  Seattle,  Wash.,  where 
she  has  continued  to   teach  in  the  city  schools. 

Sarah  Alice  McKenty — EL;  entered  from  Norwood;  taught  five  terms  un- 
dergraduate; '90-2  Pierrepont;  '92-6  Norwood,  N.  Y. 

Ella  J.  Niles-May — S.;  prepared  at  Spencertown;  has  taught  at  Spencer- 
town;  Lenox,  Mass.,  and  Amenia,  N;  Y.  '94  married  Rev.  Edwin  M. 
May.     Cleveland,  O. 

Emma  E.  Phippen — E.;  entered  irom  home  district;  taught  one  term  under - 
j^radnsite;  '90-4  Minneapolis,  Minn. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  141 

Mary  Aura  Reeve-McEwen — E.;  entered  from  Lawrenceville  Academy;  '90-2 
Mt.  Kisco;  '92-4  home  school;  '94  married  G.  C.  McEwen.  Fort  Jackson, 
N.  Y. 

Eva  A.  Ricketson-Morse — E. ;  '91-2  High  School,  Durand,  Wis. ;  '93  married 
George  Morse.     Schuyler  Falls,  N.  Y. 

M.  Belle  Remley-Paulson — El.     655  Macon  St.,    Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Mary  Reynolds — El. ;  entered  from  Alburgh  Springs,  Vt. ;  taught  three  terms 
undergraduate; '91  Morristown,  N.  J.; '92  Clinton,  Iowa;  '93-6  Colorado 
City,    Colo. 

Charles  H.  Signor— C;  '90-2  Principal,  Grammar  Grade,  Ogdensburg;  '92-4 
Principal,  Dannemora;  '95-6  law  student,  Plattsburgh,  N.  Y. 

Ella  B.  Shaw — E.;  entered  from  Norwood;  taught  one  term  undergraduate; 
'90-2  Santa  Paula,  Cal. ;   '92-4  Ventura,  Cal. ;  '95-6  Berkeley,  Cal. 

Ellen  E.  Sheehan — E. ;  entered  from  district  school;  '90-2  Hammond; '92-6 
No.  8  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Bertrand  Hollis  Snell — C,  A.  B.;  entered  college  after  graduation;  '94 
A.  B.  Amherst:  President  College  Athletic  Association;  Chairman  Senior 
Dramatics.     Racquette  River  Paper  Co.,  Potsdam,   N.  Y. 

Fred  Le Verne  Spaulding — C;  prepared  at  Spencertown;  '83  Journalist;  '89 
Classical  Academic;  '89-90  New  Lebanon;  '90  Normal  Classical;  '90-2  Prin- 
cipal, Stuyvesant  Falls:  '92-4  Principal,  Gorham,  N.  H.;'94  married  Flora 
M.  Adams  of  Plymouth  N.  H.  Normal;  '95-6  Principal,  Manchester,  N.  H. 

Elizabeth  Emma  Thompson-Bannister — El.;  prepared  at  Carthage;  taught 
one  and  one-half  years:  '92  married  Frank  G.  Bannister;  '94  traveled 
through  England,  France,  Switzerland,  Germany  and  Belgium.  101  West 
128th  Street,  New  York  City. 

Clara  E.  Waterbury — E.;  entered  from  Sacketts  Harbor;  '90-2  Osceola: 
'92-6  High  School,  Whitehall,  N.  Y. 

Silas  H.  Wood ard — E.:  entered  from  practice  schools;  taught  one  year  un- 
dergraduate; '90-2  Principal,  Amenia;  '92-6  Literary  Department  Univer- 
sity of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,   Mich. 

Jessie  M.  Wright — El. ;  entered  from  practice  schools;  taught  several  terms 
in  rural  schools;  '94-6  Corona,  L.  I. 

Marion  E.  Whitney — E.;  entered  from  Cazenovia  Seminary;  90-6  Principal 
East  Hill  Ward  School,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

Class  of  January,  '91. 

John  T.  Barnett — E. ;  taught  four  years  at  Silverton,  Colo.;  Secretary  and 
Treasurer  State  Silver  League;  '95-6  studying  law.  836  University  Build- 
ing, Chicago,  111. 

Sidney  Pope  Brown — E,  M.  D.;  entered  Primary  department  and  passed 
through  the  training  schools;  '91  Principal,  Hammond;  '92  medical  stu- 
dent; President  John  Ashurst  Surgical   Society   University  Philadelphia; 


H2  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

'94  M.  D.  University  of  Philadelphia;  traveled  through  Washington,  Ore- 
gon, Nevada,  Utah,  Idaho,  Colorado  and  Nebraska;  '95  Physician,  Pots- 
dam, N.  Y. 

Georgia  Marie  Cleveland — C;  entered  the  Primary  under  Miss  Jones; 
'91-3  Principal,  Intermediate  department  Port  Henry;  '93  student  at  Nor- 
mal Conservatory;    '94-5  Principal,  Pine  street  school;  '95-6  Utica,  N.  Y. 

M.  Elizabstii  Dou3LVi3—  E. ;  entecei  from  Eaymoniville;  '91  Sandy  Creek; 
'91-3  rural  schools;  '93-5  Presbyterian  school  at  Old  Dwight,  Indian  Terri- 
tory;   '95-6  resting  at  home.     Raymondville,  N.  Y. 

Eugene  A.  Fuller — E.;  entered  from  District  No.  8.;  taught  ten  terms  un- 
dergraduate; '90-4  Good  Ground;  '94-6  Principal,  Shelter  Island  Heights, 
N.  Y. 

Frances  May  Matteson — C;  entered  from  practice  schools;  '92-5  Preceptress 
Macedon  Center,  N.  Y. 

Carrie  M  Palmer — S. ;  prepared  in  the  practice  schools;  '91  Pine  street 
school;  '91-3  Massena;  '93  6  Preceptress,  High  School,  Howard  City,  Mich. 

Arthur  R.  Rutherford — C;  prepared  at  Ogdensburg;  '91-4  Principal,  Har- 
risburg,  Ore. ;  '94-6  Superintendent  of  Lime  Co.  Schools,  Ore. 

Amy  L.  Richardson-Millen — E.;  entered  from  Norwood;  taught  one  term 
undergraduate;  '91-4  Grammar  Grade,  Earlville,  la.;  '94  married  William 
J.  Millen,  Earlville,  la. 

M.  Alice  Rutherford-Cornell — E. ;  was  married  soon  after  .graduation  to 
Frank  Cornell  of  Potsdam;  after  a  protracted  illness   she  died  in  Feb.  '92. 

Class  of  June,  '91. 

Albion  B.  Allen — C;  taught  six  terms  before  entering  the  Normal;  '92-3 
superintendent  of  Cottage  Building  Association,  Ansonia,  Conn.;  '93 
Principal,  Derby  Schools;  '93-6  member  of  Allen  Brothers  Building  Co., 
Amherst,  Mass. 

Elizabeth  Ellen  Aitchison — E.;  entered  from  Waddington;  '91-2  Canton: 
'92-3  Croton-on-Hudson;  '93-5  Mount  Kisco;  '95-6  New  York  Orphan 
Asylum.  New  York  City. 

Fannie  E.  Burnap-Laverty — C;  entered  from  Brasher;  taught  one  term 
undergraduate:  '91-4  Riverside,  Cal.;  \)4  married  Rev.  L.  F.  Laverty. 
Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Mary  Elizabeth  Baum-Kernan — S. ;  entered  from  the  practice  schools;  a 
member  of  the  first  Intermediate  class  which  graduated  with  public 
exercises;  '91-2  Katonah;  '92  married  Principal  Charles  H.  Kernan.  One 
daughter,  Ruth  Imogene  '95.     Orient,  L.  I. 

Carleton  Hosford  Bonney — S.,  M.  D,;  entered  from  Canton;  '91-5  Balti- 
more Medical  College;  '95  April,  M.  D.;  '95-6  Physician,    Ludlow,  Vt. 

Loella.  M.  Byrns-Williamson— EL;  entered  from  Sprague villa;  taught  four 
terms  undergraduate:  '91-3  Harrisville;  '93-4  Natural  Bridge;  '94  married 
Mr.  Williamson.     Spragueville,  N.  Y. 


BiograpJiical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  143 

Nettie  I.  Benson — EL;  has  taught  district   schools  several  terms.     Potsdam, 

N.  Y. 
Ildah   M.    Chaney — C,  P.;  taught    one   term   undergraduate;    '91-2  District 

No.    17,    Potsdam;  '92-3   Mt.    Kisco;  '93-5    Pasadena,   Cal.;  '95-6    Tupper 

Lake,  N.  Y. 
Mabel   P.    Collins-Powers — C;    taught   at   Parishville;  '92-6   Minneapolis; 

May  13,   '92  married  Samuel  E.  Powers  '91.     Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Alice   L.    Crystal — E.;  entered   from   the   practice    schools;    '91-6   Canton 

Academy. 
Lilla  V.  Cole-Buck — E. ;  taught  one  year  in  the  Normal  Department  of  East 

Greenwich  Seminary,  E.  I.     Lawrenceburg,  Ky. 
Jennie  M.  Davis — E. ;  taught   three  terms   before    entering  the  Normal,  and 

six  years  undergraduate;  '91-6    History    and    Eeading,  High  School,  East 

Orange,  N.  J. ;    postgraduate  study  of  History   at  Teachers'  College,  New 

York  City. 
Myrem  H.  Donald — E. ;  entered  from  Redwood.     Insurance,  Antwerp,  N.  Y. 
Nettie  C.    Dove — E.:    taught   three   terms   undergraduate;    '91-5   Grammar 

Grade,  Kerney,  N.  J. 
Anna    S.    Dowsey — EL;  entered    from    the    practice  schools;  '91-5  Lawrence 

Station  L.  I.;  '95-6  District  No.  17,  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 
Frances  A.    Francis — C;  entered  from  Gouverneur   Seminary;    taught  one 

term    undergraduate;  '91-2    assistant,    Canton    Academy;  '92-6    Principal 

Assistant,  Carthage  Academy. 
Jessie   Gale-Herring — E.;    entered   the  Intermediate    Department   in   '78; 

taught  two  years  at  Morristown  and   one  year  at  North  Lawrence,  during 

undergraduate  course;  '91-2  Preceptress,  Heuvelton;  '92  studied  at  New 

England  Conservatory;  '93-6  North  Attleboro,  Mass. 
Lunette  M.  Garlock — EL;  entered  from  Parishville;  '93-4   East   Orange-  N. 

J. ;  '94-6  Yonkers,  N.  Y. 
Benjamin   L.    Haydon — E.;  prepared   at   Heuvelton;  '89-90  Principal,  Black 

River;  '91-3  Principal,  Poland;  '93  entered  Middlebury,  Vt.,  College. 
Agnes  Eveline  Hollister-Brooks — EL;  entered  from  District  No.  8,  taught 

one  term  undergraduate;    '91-5  Pine    Street,  Potsdam;  '95  married  Hiram 

W.  Brooks,  Esq.     Chateaugay,  N.  Y. 
Lulu  Almira  Hazelton — EL;    entered   from   Felts   Mills;    taught  one  year 

undergraduate;  '91-2  Harrisville;    '92-3  Felts  Mills;  '93-6  Geneva,  N.  Y. 
Theresa  J.    Kenneday — E.;    prepared   at   Franklin  Academy,  Malone;    '91-3 

Bellmont;    '93-4  Duane;    '94-6  Malone,  N.  Y. 
Sadie    Helen   Littlejohn— E.;  '91-3   Herkimer;  '93-4  traveling   through  far 

West  for  health;  '95-6  at  home,  Loon  Lake,  N.  Y. 
Herbert   S.    McCasland — C;  three  years   teaching  undergraduate;  '90  mar 

ried  Anna  C.  Anson,  Ausable  Forks;  '91-5   Mooer's  Forks,  Standish,    and 

Peru;  '95-6  Paul  Smiths,  N.  Y. 


44  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Anna   F.    Maltby— S.;    prepared   at   Alfred   University:  '92-3   Dillon;    '94-5 

teaching  and  graduate   study,  Alfred   University,   Alfred   Center,  N.  Y.; 

'95-6  Saugerties,  N.  Y. 
Sarah  E.  Morgan — E.;  entered  from  Hogansburg  Convent  of  Mercy;  taught 

eight  terms,  undergraduate;  '91-4  West  Chazy;  postgraduate  French  and 

German. 
Helena   M.    Mawson — EL;    preliminary   education   at  Earlville;  after  three 

terms  teaching  entered  the  Normal;  one  term  teaching  during  the  course; 

'91-2  Rushford;  '92-6  Walden,  N.  Y. 
Eveline  L.  MoKimm — El.    North  Lawrence,  N.  Y. 
Carrie   E.    Merriam — EL;  entered   from    Franklin  Academy;   '91-2  Malone; 

'92-3  studied  music;    '93-6  Belmont,  N.  Y. 
T.  Frank  Niles — S.;  prepared  at   Spencertown;    taught   before   graduation; 

'91-3  Austerlitz,  and  White  Mills;    '93-5  Principal,  Spencertown,  N.  Y. 
Willard  F.  Ollard — E. ;    taught  several  terms  after  graduation;  is  traveling 

through  the  South. 
Bertha   S.   Olmstead — EL;    taught   seven   terms  undergraduate;    '91-3  East 

Quogue;    '93-5  District  No.  17,  Potsdam. 
John   W.    Powers — E.,    LL.  B.;    taught  one   year   before   graduation;    '91-2 

Principal,    North   Lawrence;    '93   LL.  B.,  University   of  Michigan;    '94-6 

Lawyer,  Kniper  and  Powers,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 
Agnes  T.  Reilly — E. ;    graduated,  Franklin  Academy;  taught  two  years;  '91-4 

Principal,  Bellmont;    '94-6  Principal,  Ward  School,  Malone,  N.  Y. 
Rose  E.  Reeve — E.;   prepared  at  Lawrenceville  Academy;    taught  ten  terms 

undergraduate;    '91-3  Mt.  Kisco;    '93-4  East  Orange,  N.  J.;    '94-5  at  home, 

Fort  Jackson,  N.  Y. 
Simon  Garrett  Sheehan — C,  LL.  B.;    '91-2  Superintendent,  St.  Mary's,  Pa.; 

'92   study    of   law   with    Hon.  J.    G.  Mclntyre,  Potsdam;    '94  graduated, 

"cum  laude"  New  York   Law   School;    '95-6   Lawyer,    Room  No.  33,  120 

Broadway,  New  York  City. 
Nellie  G.  Smith — C;  prepared  at  Ogdensburg;    '93-6  Middletown,  N.   Y. 
M.    Eloise   Searles — E.;  entered   from   Katonah:    '91-2   South  Salem;    '93-6 

New  Rochelle,  N.  Y. 
Minnie   R.     Santway-Sargent — EL;    entered   from    Canton,    Latin-English 

Course;    taught  one  term  undergraduate;    '91-4  Principal,  Castorland;  '94 

married  Edgar  Sargent.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 
Estella  C.  Taggart — E. ;  entered    from  Norwood;    '91-3  Norwood;    '93-6  Ft. 

Plain,  N.  Y. 
Julie  Thompson  Walling — C,  T.;  entered  from  training  schools;    a  member 

of  the  first   Intermediate   class   which  graduated  with  formal  graduating 

exercises;  '91-2  Lawrence,  L.  I.;    '94-6  Shaw  University,  Raleigh,  N.  C. 
Delia   M.    Wainwright—  EL;    '91-2   Primary,    Jay;    '92-5   Primary,  Ausable 

Forks,  N.  Y. 


Biograpliical  Sketches  of  Alum m.  145 

Rolnda   H.    Williams — E.;  entered   from   Holland   Patent;    '91-2  Principal, 

Sing  Sing;    '92-3  student,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  Boston, 

Mass. ;    '93-6  Troy  Military  Academy. 
Eliza.  M.  Wood-Patterson — El.;    entered   from  Massena;    taught  four  terms 

before   graduation   and   two   years   since;    '93   married   D.  E.  Patterson. 

Massena,  N.  Y. 

Class  of  January,  '92. 

Gertrude  A.  Burton— C;  entered  from  training  school;  '92  South  Colton; 
'93  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Delia  Marie  Barrows — E.;  entered  from  Parishville;  taught  previous  to 
graduation;  '92  supply  teacher,  East  Orange,  N.  J.;  '92-5  Canton;  '95-6 
Schaghticoke,  N.  Y. 

Katherine  Burke — EL;  graduate  of  Canton  Union  School;  '92-5  Crary's 
Mills,  N.  Y. 

Julia  C.  Chandler — C;  graduate  of  Ogdensburg  Free  Academy;  '93-4 
Glenwood  Collegiate  Institute,  Matawan,  N.  J.;  '94-6  Flushing,  L.  I.; 
postgraduate  French  and  German. 

Charlotte  M.  Clarke— E.;  entered  from  Redwood;  taught  six  terms  pre- 
vious to  entering  the  Normal,  and  two  terms  undergraduate;  '92-3  Prin- 
cipal, Plessis;  '93-5  Woodville,  N.  Y. 

W.  D.  Clemons — E.;  prepared  at  Massena;  '92-6  Principal,  North  Lawrence 
and  North  Bangor. 

Lester  G.  Collins — E.;  entered  from  Ives  Seminary;  taught  three  terms 
undergraduate;  '92-3  Principal,  Calverton,  L.  I.;  '93-4  Principal,  East 
Moriches;    '94  married  Alice  Rector;  '95-6  Point  Peninsula,  N.  Y. 

Edna  Cora  Crowley — El.;  entered  from  Massena;  '92-6  Union  School, 
Massena,  N.  Y. 

Mary  Elizabeth  Dardis — El.;  entered  from  Madrid;  taught  one  term  under- 
graduate; '92-6  Tonawanda,  N.  Y. 

Harriet  May  Dayton — El.;  entered  from  training  schools;  taught  one  term 
undergraduate;  '92  Pierrepont;  '92-3  Principal,  Intermediate,  Harrisville; 
'93-6  Princpal,  Primary,  Fishkill-on-Hudson,  N.  Y. 

May  Janette  Emerson — El.;  prepared  at  Canton;  taught  district  schools; 
'93-6  Fishkill-on-Hudson,    N.   Y. 

William  Elliot  Fay — C;  entered  from  District  No.  8;  for  three  years  of 
undergraduate  course  he  was  connected  with  the  Courier  &  Freeman;  '92 
Principal,  Calverton,  L.  I. ;  '92-3  Principal,  Cold  Spring  Harbor,  L.  I; 
summer  of  '93  on  the  Staif  of  the  "Daily  on  the  St.  Lawrence,"  and  Unit- 
ed Press  Representative  at  the  encampment  of  the  American  Canoe  Asso- 
ciation; '94  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Courier  and  Freeman,  Potsdam,  N. 
Y.,  and  publisher  of  the  Quarto-Centennial  Book. 

Q.   C  H.  10. 


146  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Mary  Cecelia  Fairfax— C. ;  taught  Latin,  French  and  German,  Westfield, 
N.  Y.;  '93  traveled  in  Algeria,  Egypt,  Greece,  Italy,  and  studied  in  Ger- 
many and  France;  '95-6  Idaho  Springs,  Colorado. 

Ella  Fife — C;  entered  from  Gouverneur;  1)2-3  Heuvelton;  '93-5  Whitestone, 
L.   I. ;  '90  East  Orange,  N.  J. 

Idella  M.  Fuller— El.;  prepared  at  Massena;  '92-6  Corona,  N.  Y. 

J.  Gertrude  Hutton — C;  entered  from  home  district  school;  taught  four 
terms;  '95-6  Mathematics  and  Normal  Methods  in  the  Normal  and  Col- 
legiate Institute,  Ashville,  N.  C. 

Flora  B.  Hackett — S.,  T.;  entered  from  the  training  schools;  '92  Lawrence- 
ville;  '92-3  Lawrence,  L.  I.;  '93-4  special  teacher  of  music  and  drawing, 
Florence,  Wis.;  '94-5  Deposit,  N.  Y.;  '96  Red   Bank  N.  J. 

Florence  M.  Hamlin — E.;  ?92-4  Elmira,  N.  Y.;  '95  called  home  by  the  illness 
and  death  of  her  mother.     Detroit,  Mich. 

Nellie  R.  Hartley — E.;  since  graduation  has  taught  in  the  graded  schools 
of  Spencerport,  N.  Y. 

Nellie  M.  Howard-Cline — EL;  taught  one  term  before  graduation;  '92-5 
rural  school;  '94  married  W.  Cline.     Croils  Is.,    via  Massena,  N.  Y. 

Veda  Martha  Lyon — E.;  graduated  from  Franklin  Academy;  has  taught 
three  years.     Fort  Covington,  N.  Y. 

Anna  McGilvray — E.;  entered  from  district  school;  taught  six  terms;  '92-3 
Principal,  Fine;  '93-6  assistant,  Good  Ground,  L.  I. 

Martha  Amelia  Mitchell — EL;  has  taught  eight  terms;  Benson  Mines  and 
Parishville;  '95-6  Williams  Bridge,  N.  Y. 

E.  Lizzie  Morrell — El. ;  entered  from  Dickinson  Center;  taught  three  terms 
before  graduation;  '92-4  St.  Regis  Falls;    '94-5  Intermediate,  Moira,  N.  Y. 

A.  Stanley  Pike — C. ;  entered  from  Madrid;  taught  one  term  undergraduate; 
'92  Principal,  Evans  Mills;  '93  Principal,  North  Bangor;  '95  M.  D.  Univer- 
sity Medical  College,   New  York  City. 

Carlotta  M.  Porteus-Wellington — EL;  entered  from  Waddington;  taught 
one  term  undergraduate;  '92  Good  Ground;  '92-3  Hempstead;  June  '93 
married  Carlon  G.  Wellington.     West  Stockholm,  N.  Y. 

Susanna  E.  Snaith — EL:  prepared  at  Massena;  '92-4  Massena;  '94-6  Fort 
Plain,  N.  Y. 

Helen  Irene  Still-Schurr — EL;  entered  from  Theresa;  taught  one  term  un- 
dergraduate; '92-3  Primary  department,  Theresa;  '94  married  Theodore  P. 
Schurr.     Springfield,    Mo. 

Jessie  M.  Young-Murkett — E.;  entered  from  home  district  school;  '92-4 
teacher  of  English  and  Normal  Methods,  E.  Greenwich  Academy,  R.  I.; 
"94  HarewoDd;  '95  Aug.  22  married  Rev,  Herbert  E.  Murkett.  East 
Black-stone.    Mass. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  147 


Class  of  June,  '92. 

Cornelia  F.  Anthony — E.;  entered  from  Cape  Vincent;  failing  health  pre- 
vented her  teaching.     Deceased. 

Lillian  R.  Avery — EL;  entered  from  Norwood;  taught  four  terms  under- 
graduate; '92-4  common  schools;  '94-5  Lyon  Mountain,  N.  Y. 

Edward  S.  Burdick — S.;  entered  from  Sherman  Academy,  Moriah;  served 
four  years  as  assistant  janitor  to  pay  his  way;  '92-3  District  No.  7  Crown 
Point;  '93-4  Science  and  Mathematics,  Ives  Seminary,  Antwerp;  '92  mar- 
ried Minnie  E.  Cooley  '90,  who  died  July  12,  '94;  '94-5  Principal,  West 
Troy,  '95-6  teacher  in  Deaf  and  Dumb  Institution,  New  York  City. 

Franklin  P.  Baltz—E.  ;  '92-3  DePauville;  '93-4  Cold  Brook;  '94-5  Lyons, 
N.  Y. 

Mary  E.  Barry — E. ;  '92-6  Woithington,  Minn. 

Nina  A.  Benham-Daniels — E. ;  entered  from  home  village  school;  taught  four 
terms  undergraduate;  '92-3  Principal,  South  Colton;  '93  married  Warren 
O.  Daniels  '93.     Nicholville,  N.  Y. 

Stanard  D.  Butler — E.;  taught  four  terms  at  Chamberlain's  Corners;  '92-3 
Principal,  Ox  Bow;  '93-5  Principal,  Bridgewater,  N.  Y.;  '94  married 
Blanche  Hungerford,  Preceptress  at  Bridgewater. 

Ida  J.  Bouton— El. ;  '95-6  Stamford,    N.  Y. 

Johanna  M.  Boyle-O'Brien — EL;  entered  from  Pierrepont  Center;  taught 
eight  terms  undergraduate;  '92-3  Principal,  Tupper  Lake;  Oct.  '93  mar- 
ried William  O'Brien.     Son,  David  Boyle  '94.     Tupper  Lake,  N.  Y. 

Eunice  E.  Crapser — C;  entered  from  Waddington;  taught  before  gradua- 
tion; '92-4  High  School,  Middletown.  N.  Y.;  '94-5  postgraduate  and  sup- 
ply teacher  at  Normal;  '95-6  Lawrence  Station,  L.  I. 

Frank  L.  Cubley — C;  entered  from  Massena;  '92-3  Brookfield;  '93-6  Univer- 
sity of  Rochester,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Georgiana  E.  Clark — E.;  entered  from  Franklin  Academy;  taught  several 
years  before  graduation;  '92-3  Madison;  '93-5  English  Language,  Dover, 
N.  J. 

Horace  N.  Clark — E.;  received  his  early  education  in  home  district;  '93-4 
Golden's  Bridge;  '95  undertaking.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Alice  M.  Clark — El. ;  entered  from  teaching  at  Bangor;  '92-3  Principal, 
Dickinson  Center;  '93-4  Intermediate,  Bangor;  '94-5  Castleton  Cor., 
Staten  Island;  '96  at  home.     Dickinson,  N.  Y. 

Lillian  H.  Chilton— EL;  '92-3  East  Quogue;  '93-4  Walden;  '95-6  Glen  Ridge, 
N.  J. 

Frances  C.  Crary-Cooke — EL;  entered  from  Colton;  taught  three  terms 
before  entering;  and  eleven  terms  undergraduate;  '88  while  teaching  in 
North  Dakota  she  married  J.  Berton  Cooke,  who  died  five  weeks  after 
their  marriage;  '92-3  Norwood;    '93-6  Middletown,  N.  Y. 


148  Potsdam  Normal  Scliool. 

Almena  M.  Covey — El. ;  entered  from  home  district;  taught  eighteen  terms 
undergraduate;  '92-4  Principal,  Brasher  and  Stockholm;  '94-6  Parish ville, 
N.  Y. 

Orletta  Crandall — El.     New  Berlin,  N.  Y. 

Grace  M.  Dayton — El.;  entered  from  training  school;  taught  one  term  un- 
dergraduate; '92-4  Primary,  Harrisville;  '94-6   Fishkill-on-Hudson,   N.  Y. 

Mary  E.  Dimond— E.;  entered  from  Fort  Covington;  '94-5  Principal,  Bom- 
bay, N.  Y. 

Pauline  Eddy — E.;  entered  from  Glens  Falls;  '92-5  Glens  Falls;  '95-6  Hor- 
nellsville,  N.  Y. 

Clara  A.  Foster — EL,  T.;  entered  from  training  school;  '92-3  North  Bangor; 
'93-4  Saugerties;  '94-5  Alhambra,  Cal.;  '95-6  postgraduate.  Potsdam, 
N.  Y. 

Harriette  Fuller — El.;  entered  from  Center  White  Creek;  '92-3  Heuvelton; 
'93-4  Cambridge,  N.  Y. 

Luna  A.  Giffin-Clark — El.     Canton,  N.  Y. 

Evelyn  T.  Goldthrite-Fowler — El.;  entered  from  district  school;  taught 
three  terms  before  graduation;  '94-5  Lowville;  '94  married  Philip  S.  Fow- 
ler.    Lowville,  N.  Y. 

Ella  J.  Goodnow — EL;  entered  from  Hopkinton;  taught  two  years  under- 
graduate; '92-6  Hopkinton,  N.  Y. 

Anna  Olivia  Gouldin — El. ;  has  taught  since  graduation  at  Hopkinton  and 
Parish  ville,  N.  Y. 

Margaret  M.  Grant — EL;  entered  from  Clayton;  '93-4  Grammar  grade,  At- 
lantic City,  N.  J.;  '94-6  Tome  Institute,  Port  Deposit,  Md. 

Mary  A.  Grant— EL;  entered  from  Clayton;  '93  Theresa;  '94-6  Atlantic  City, 
N.  J. 

Lillian  Ellen  Hadley — C;  entered  from  Madrid;  '92-3  St.  Regis  Falls:  '93-6 
Madrid,  N   Y. 

Mary  A.  Hadley— E.;  entered  from  Madrid;  '92-3  St.  Eegis  Falls:  '93-6  Mad- 
rid, N.  Y. 

Elizabeth  H.  Hale — C;  entered  from  Norwood ;  taught  in  Norwood  Academy 
twenty-seven  terms;    '92-6  Grammar  School,  No.  44,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Mary  K.  Harrington — S. ;  entered  from  Elizabethtown:  taught  one  year  un- 
dergraduate; '92-3  Indian  Lake;  '93-5  Westport,  N.  Y. 

Harriet  A.  Hapgood — E.;  entered  as  graduate  from  Franklin  Academy;  '92-3 
East  Orange,  N.  J.;   '93-6  Malone,  N.  Y. 

Elizabeth  Mary  Hanlon-McGaulley — E.;  entered  from  Clayburg;  taught 
two  terms  undergraduate;  '93  Sept.  married  Michael  W.  McGaulley. 
Clayburg,    N.  Y. 

W.  S.  Herrick — E.:  entered  from  Three  Mile  Bay:  '92-4  Principal,  Rodman, 
N,  Y. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  149 

William  M.  Hill— E.:  entered  from  Lawrence ville;  taught  two  terms  under- 
graduate; '92-4  Principal,  West  Hampton.  L.  I.;  '93-5  Principal,  Good 
Ground;  '95-6  Charlottesville,  Va. 

Jennie  Harper-Craig — EL;  entered  from  Lisbon  Center;  taught  thirteen 
terms  before  graduation;  '92-5  eighth  grade.  Canton;  married  J.  Wesley 
Craig.     Lisbon,  N.  Y. 

Belle  W.  Hyde— El.;  entered  from  Massena;  '92-5  taught  No.  3,  Massena, 
N.  Y. 

Katherine  M.  Kellas — C;  prepared  at  Mooer's  Forks;  '92-3  Norwood;  '93-6 
Cazenovia  Seminary.     Cazenovia,    N.  Y. 

Mary  Alison  Keenan — El.;  taught  ten  terms  before  graduation;  '92-4  Cham- 
plain;  '94-6  at  home,  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Mabel  U.  Kingston — EL;  entered  from  Winthrop;  taught  two  terms  under- 
graduate; '92-6  Norwood  Union  School  and  Academy. 

James  C.  Lenney — C;  entered  from  Potsdam;  '92-4  Empire  Book  Co.;  '95-6 
Law  student,  New  York  City. 

Mary  Teresa  Lenney — C;  taught  two  terms  undergraduate;  '92  summer 
school.  Tupper  Lake;  '93-4  Heuvelton;  '94-5  Gouverneur;  '95-6  book- 
keeper, Empire  Book  Co.,  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Ida  Rozelle  Lewis — C;  entered  from  the  practice  schools;  '92-3  Canton; 
'93-6  Intermediate  Department,  Francis  Street,  Utica,  N.  Y. 

Margaret  C.  Lincoln — C;  entered  from  Fort  Covington;  taught  several 
terms;  was  Preceptress  at  Brasher;  and  attended  the  January  Commence- 
ment '93;  was  killed  on  her  way  to  church  by  a  running  horse,  and  was 
buried  from  the  Principal's  residence. 

F.  H.  Lewis — C;  entered  from  Evans  Mills;  taught  three  terms  previous  to 
graduation;  '92-3  Principal,  Pierrepont  Manor;  '93-4  Maimsville;  '94-5 
Principal,  Antwerp;  '93  married  Fannie  Lena  Millard;  '95-6  Principal, 
Evans  Mills,  N.  Y. 

Catherine  M.  Leary — S.;  entered  from  Gouverneur;  taught  several  terms; 
'93-4  Principal,  Natural  Bridge;   '94-6  Naugatuck,  Ct. 

Jeremiah  J.  Lynch — E. ;  entered  from  Brasher  Falls;  '92-3  Principal,  High 
School,  St.  Mary's,  Pa. ;  '93-4  Principal,  Tupper  Lake:  '94-6  Principal, 
Portland  Mills,  Pa. 

Margaret  T.  Lynch — E.;  entered  from  Stockholm;  taught  nine  terms;  '92-6 
Herkimer,  N.  Y. 

Susie  J.  Liddle — EL;  entered  from  Colton;  taught  four  terms;  '93-4  Primary, 

Colton;    '94-6  Tupper  Lake,  N.  Y. 
Gertrude  Lockwood — EL  ;  entered  from  Morley;  '92-3  Helena;    '93-6  Morley, 

N.  Y. 

Lilly  M.  Lottridge-Willard — El. ;  taught  several  terms;  married  Geo.  H. 
Willard.     New  Berlin,    N.  Y. 


150  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Mary  McCarthy-Fitzgibbons — E. ;  received  her  early  education  in  the  Con- 
vent of  Mercy,  Hogansburg;  '92-3  Salem;  '93-4  Hammond;  '94  married 
Principal  W.  L.  Fitzgibbons  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

William  McCoemick — E.;  prepared  in  the  training  schools;  '93  Principal, 
Potsdam;  '94  Principal,  Ox  Bow;  entered  Law  Department  of  University 
of  Michigan. 

Theron  L.  McKnight — E.;  taught  forty  weeks  before  entering  Normal;  since 
graduation  has  studied  Latin;  '92-3  Principal,  Ellenburgh  Depot;  '93-6 
Principal,  Fort  Montgomery,  N.  Y. 

Margaret  MacRae — E.;  entered  from  Fort  Covington;  '92-4  Fort  Covington; 
'94-6  Crookston,  Minn. 

Jennie  E.  McKenty — El.;  entered  from  Hewittville;  taught  thirteen  terms 
before  graduation;  '93  district  No.  18  Potsdam;  '93-6  Tiverton,  R.  I. 

Mary  Oredlia  Pendleton — E. ;  entered  from  New  Berlin ;  taught  six  terms 
undergraduate;  '93-6  Northville,  N.  Y. 

Jennie  Pierce — El.;  entered  from  Gouverneur;  taught  two  terms  before  en- 
tering; '92-3  rural  schools;  '93-4  Theresa;    '94-6  Gouverneur,  N.  Y. 

Jennie  D.  Reed — E.;  teaching.     Vineland,  N.  J. 

Jennie  Ellen  Riggs — El.;  taught  several  schools;  '92-3  Dickinson;  '93-4  Hop- 
kinton;  '94-6  Stockholm,  N.  Y. 

Isabelle  M.  Stowers-Skinner— C;  entered  from  Waddington;  taught  two 
terms;  '92-3  High  School,  North  Tonawanda;  '93  married  Walter  S.  Skin- 
ner.    Portage  Creek,  Pa 

Mabel  C.  Sayles— E.;  '93-4  Canton;    '94-6  District  No.  8  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Dante  Smith — E.;  taught  two  terms  before  graduation;  studied  pharmacy; 
'94  licensed  pharmacist,  Manchester,  N.  H. 

Rosa  M.  Smith— E.;  entered  from  South  Salem;  '92-3  Cross  River;  '93-6  Bed- 
ford Station,  N.  Y. 

Carolyn  M.  Smith — EL;  taught  one  year  previous  to  entering  the  Normal; 
'92-6  Primary  and  Music,  Oceanic,  N.  J. 

Adelaide  Sweet — E.;  taught  six  terms  in  district  schools;  '92-3  Coila; '93-4 
Good  Ground;  '94-5  East  Hampton,  L.  I.;    '95-6  Johnstown,  N.  Y. 

Mary  Louise  Walling-Brown — C;  entered  from  District  No.  8  Potsdam; 
'92-3  Silverton,  Colo.;  '94  married  Frank  B.  Brown,  Esq.     Silverton,  Colo. 

Lester  W.  Ward — C;  taught  rural  schools;  '92  supply  teacher,  Preparatory 
department,  Normal  School  Potsdam;  '93  4  Principal,  Fort  Covington;  '94 
entered  Boston  University,  School  of  Theology.     Boston,   Mass. 

Mary  L.  Warren — C;  entered  as  graduate  from  Port  Byron,  N.  Y.;  '92-6 
Redbank,   N.  J. 

Charlotte  A.  Wolcott — C;  entered  from  Port  Henry;  '92-6  Intermediate 
department,  Mt.  Kisco,  N.  Y. 

Abigail  H.  Webster— E.     Highgate  Center,  Vt. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  151 


Frank  C.  Wires— E.;  entered  from  West  Potsdam;  '92  3  Principal,  Flanders, 
L.  I.;  '93-6  assistant  electrical  engineer.  Canton,  N.  Y. 

Vbnkta  C.  Wright — E.;  entered  from  Wegatchie;  taught  rural  schools;  since 
graduation  has  taught  at  Herkimer  and  Gouverneur.     Gouverneur,  N.  Y. 

Mary  L.  Walbridge— El.;    '92-3  Chateaugay;    '93-6  Malone,  N.  Y. 

Ella  L.  Watts — El. ;  prepared  in  Brooklyn,  and  New  York  City  Normal; 
'92-6  Crawford,  N.  J. 

James  K.  Young — E. ;  taught  several  rural  schools;  '92-5  Principal,  Ham- 
mond;   '95-6  Bloomfield,  Nebr. 

Class  of  January,  '93. 

Abbie  Susan  Armstrong-Storie — E. ;  '93  district  school;    '93-4  Antigo,  Wis.; 

'94  married  Harvey  Storie.     Parishville,  N.  Y. 
Madge    S.    Bruner-Boshart — C;    entered    from    Rochester;   '93-5    Lowville; 

'95  married  C.  M.  Boshart.     Lowville,  N.  Y. 
Alida   B.    Craig — E. ;    entered   from    Lisbon    Center;    taught    several    terms 

before  graduation;    '93-4  Norwood,  N.  Y. 
Grace   Harriet   Good  ale — C;  entered  from  preparatory  department;   '93-5 

Intermediate    Department,    Pettit    School,  Lawrence  Station,    L.  I.; '95-6 

Columbia  College. 
Charlotte  L.  Hoadley-Leonard — E.     Norwood,  N.  Y. 
Agnes  B.  Mein — C;  entered  from  Madrid;  '93-4  grammar  grade,  Middletown: 

'94-5    Walkill    Academy,    Middletown;    '95-6  at   home.     Madrid,  N.  Y. 
Luella  Arnold    Melhinch — C  ;    graduate    of    Ogdensburg  Academy,    Latin 

English    Course;    taught   two    years;     '93-4   Preceptress,    Manlius;     '94-6 

Principal,  High  School.     Columbia  City,  Ind. 
Jennie  M.  Merithew — E.;  graduated    at    Richville;    taught    two  years;    '93-4 

Hammond;  '94-6  Blue  Ridge.  Pa. 
Ethan  H.  Parker — E.;    entered  from  district  school;    '93-4  district  No.  3;  '94 

Principal,  Russell;    '95  Sissonville;    '95  married  Lovisa    M.  Baum.     Pots- 
dam, N.  Y. 
Herbert  E.    Sweet — 0. ;  prepared  at   Madrid;    '93-5   Principal,  East  Quogue; 

'95-6  Principal,  Richville,  N.  Y. 
Webster  G.  Snell — E.;  prepared  at  Ives  Seminary;  studied    law    in    Water- 
town;    '93  Principal,  Brushton;  '93-4  Principal,    No.   17  Potsdam;    after  a 

brief  illness  died  Aug.   '94. 
Mary    A.     Towne-Fuller — S.;    prepared    at    Potsdam;     '93-4   Preceptress, 

Brasher;    '95  Dec.  10  married  Grant  W.  Fuller.     Gouverneur,  N.  Y. 
Arthur  A.  Woodard — S. ;  taught  rural  schools.     Raymond ville,  N.  Y. 
Wtlliam    H.    Willson — E. ;  entered    from    training   schools;    '93-6  Lemoore, 

Cal. 


152  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

Class  of  June,  '93. 

Jessie  Helen  Alverson — E. ;  entered  from  Hermon;  '93-4  Primary.  Dolge- 
ville;    '94-6  Primary,  Dr.  Sach's  School  for  Girls,    New  York  City. 

Edward  J.  Bonner— C;  taught  threj  district  schools:  '93  5  Principal,  North 
Brookfield;    '95  entered  Hamilton  College,  Clinton,  N.  Y. 

Edith  V.  Brill — C;  entered  from  home  district  school;  taught  one  term 
undergraduate;  '93-5  Walkill  Academy,  Middletown;  '95  at  home. 
Mooer's  Forks,  N.  Y. 

Eva  E.  Briggs — C;  entered  from  practice  schools;  taught  one  term  under- 
graduate; '93-6  grammar  grade,  Saugerties,  N.  Y. 

Mrs.  Nellie  Lang  Bartlett — C;  see  Faculty,  last  name.  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Mary  A.  Barnett — S.;  entered  from  practice  schools;  '93-6  District  No.  17, 
Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Anna  G.  Bell-Corsin — E. ;  entered  from  Heuvelton;  taught  six  terms  under- 
graduate; '93-5  Burlington,  Vt. ;  '95  married  Aaron  B.  Corbin  '93;  '95 
entered  Middlebury,  College.     Middlebury,  Vt. 

Carrie  A.  Bissell — C,  T.;  entered  from  home  district;  '93-4  District  No.  8, 
Potsdam;    '94-6  St.  Johnsville,  N.  Y. 

Mary  N.  Boynton-Munro — E.,  T.;  entered  from  Sherman  Academy,  Moriah; 
taught  one  year  undergraduate;  '93-5  Primary  teacher,  and  music  in 
other  grades,  Pettit  School,  Lawrence  Station,  L.  I.;  '95  Dec.  25,  married 
Rev.  D.  D.  Munro.     Gouverneur,  N.  Y. 

Aaron  B.  Corbin — C;  prepared  in  the  practice  schools;  '93-4  Principal, 
Nicholville;  '94-5  Principal,  Good  Ground;  '95  married  Anna  G.  Bell; 
'93;    '95  entered  Middlebury  College,   Middlebury,  Vt. 

Ada  B.  Coats-Walling — C. ;  entered  from  Gouverneur;  '93-4  Primary,  Sau- 
gerties; '93  married  William  H.  Walling.  Son,  William  '95.  Potsdam, 
N.  Y. 

Katherine  M.  Church-Hyde — C;  entered  from  Amenia;  taught  two  terms; 
'93-4  Sidney;  '94-5  Summit,  N.  J.:  June  27,  '95  married  George  H. 
Hyde.     Bristol,  Conn. 

Carrie  Winona  Carver— E.;  entered  from  Rensselaer  Falls;  '93-6  Plessis, 
N.  Y. 

Grace  E.  Daggett — E.;  prepared  at  Parishville;  '93-4  Primary,  Sidney,  N. 
Y.;    '94-6  Parishville,  N.  Y. 

Burt  B.  Davis — E.;  entered  from  Cape  Vincent;  has  taught  one  3-ear.  Cape 
Vincent,  N.  Y. 

Warren  O.  Daniels — E.;  entered  from  Parishville;  taught  two  terms  under- 
graduate; '93-4  Principal,  Sing  Sing,  School  No.  3;  '93  married  Nina  A. 
Benham  '92;    '94-6  Principal,  Nicholville,  N.  Y. 

Mary  J.  Donovan — E.;  preparatory  education  in  the  home  district  school; 
'93-6  Sonthville,  N.  Y. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  1 5 3 


Lena  Euth  Goodnow — C;  entered  from  Madrid;  taught  one  year;  '93-6 
English  and  German,   ('94  Preceptress).  Belleville,  N.  Y. 

Anna  M.  Gaynor — C;  entered  from  practice  schools:  '93-5  Philadelphia, 
N.  Y.;    '95-6  Hewlett,  L.  I. 

Delphine  I.  Growe — E. ;  '93-6  Primary,  Dolgeville,  Union  Free  School. 

Louise  Stewart  Horr — C;  graduated  at  Carthage;  '93-4  Clayton;  '94-6 
Harris ville,  N.  Y. 

Katherine  L.  Hulburd — E.;  entered  from  Stockholm;  taught  one  year  un- 
dergraduate;   '93-4  Philadelphia;    '95-6  Fort  Jackson,  N.  Y. 

Lola  E.  Holden — E.;  prepared  at  DeKalb;    '93-6  Heuvelton,  N.  Y. 

Bessie  Louise  Humphrey — E. ,  T.;  prepared  at  Copenhagen;  '93-5  Lawrence; 
'95-6  Summit,  N.  J. 

Mildred  Derby  Hamlin — E.;  entered  from  Hermon;  '93-4  Cape  Vincent; 
'95-6  Richville  Center,  N.  Y. 

Esther  T.  Jackson — C;  was  transferred  from  the  Oswego  Normal;  '93-5 
Martin,  Fla. 

Cl^ra  May  Keenan — C;  entered  from  Edwards;  taught  five  terms  under- 
graduate;   '93-6  Union  Free  School,  Rouse's  Point,  N.  Y. 

Jennie  M.  Kelly — C;  entered  from  home  district  school;  taught  two  terms, 
undergraduate;    '93-6  Norwood,  N.  Y. 

John  H.  Miller — C,  LL.  B.;  entered  from  Louisville;  '92  studied  law;  '94 
LL.  B.  University  of  Michigan. 

Lillian  E.  McGill — E.;  entered  from  Norwood  Academy;  taught  eight 
terms  undergraduate;    '93-6  Norwood,  N.  Y. 

Cora  A.  Nelson — E.;  entered  from  Stockholm;  taught  one  term  undergrad- 
uate; '93-4  Primary  Department,  music  and  drawing,  Lowville;  '94-5 
West  Stockholm;  '95-6  North  Tonawanda,  N.  Y. 

Minnie  B.  Olley — E.;  entered  from  Carthage;  taught  Felt's  Mills  two  years; 
'93-6  Great  Bend,  N.  Y. 

Margaret  J.  Pringle — C;  prepared  at  Madrid;  taught  twenty-five  weeks 
after  graduation  and  was  obliged  to  resign  on  account  of  failing  health; 
died  Sept.  '94. 

Edith  G.  Pardee — E. ;  taught  three  consecutive  years  at  Newport;  '93-6 
grammar  department,    Mt.  Kisco,  N.  Y. 

Sophia  E.  Pettit— E.;  prepared  at  Lockport;  '94-6  Sixth  Grade,  Suspension 
Bridge,  N.  Y. 

Frederick  T.  Swan — C;  entered  from  the  practice  schools;  '93-4  Principal, 
Fine;  '94  entered  University  of  Michigan. 

Iola  D.  Shepard — E.;  graduated  Fair  Haven,  Vt.;  taught  one  year  under- 
graduate, Pittsford,  Vt. ;    '93-6  Middletown,  N.  Y. 

Helena  A.  Smith — E.;  entered  from  Chateaugay  Academy,  and  Sophomore 
class,  Mt.  Holyoke    College;   '93-6  Burlington,   Vt. 


1 54  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Lillian  S.  Snowe — E. ;  prepared   at   Malone;  taught   two   terms  in  Norfolk; 

'94-6  Malone,  N.  Y. 
Clara  Alice  Stearns — E.;    entered  from   Massena;    '93-5  Intermediate  De- 
partment, Massena;    '95-6  Flushing,  L.  I. 
C.  F.  Simpson — E. ;  taught  four  years  in  Herkimer  County;    transferred  from 

Cortland  Normal;   '90    married    Mary  Theobold;    '93-6    Principal,  District 

No.  8,  Potsdam,  N.    Y. 
Hattie  M.  Shaughnessy-Avery — E.;  prepared  at  Norwood;    '93-5  Norwood; 

'95  married  Nathan  E.  Avery  '94;    '95-6  teaching  North  Lawrence,  N.  Y. 
Charles   J.    Vert — C;    entered    from     Morristown;    taught   undergraduate. 

Bismark,  North  Dakota. 
E.    Belle   Webb — E.;  graduate  Syracuse   High   School;    '93-6   Worthington, 

Minn. 

Class  of  January,  '94. 

Theresa  Agnes  Crystal — C;  entered  from  training  schools;  taught  three 
terms  undergraduate;    '94-6  Madrid,  N.  Y. 

Grace  E.  Chaney — S.;  entered  from  practice  schools;  '94-5  Mount  Kisco, 
N.  Y.;    '95-6  Saugerties,  N.  Y. 

Katherine  Campbell — E.;  taught  several  terms  undergraduate;  '94-6  Wal- 
kill  Academy,  Middletown,  N.  Y. 

Maude  C.  Chappell — E.;  '94-5  Katonah;    '95-6  Patterson,  N.  Y. 

Delos  M.  Cosgrove — E. ;    Principal,  OxBow,  N.  Y. 

Mae  De  Ette  Davis — E. ;  entered  from  practice  schools;  '94-6  Croton  Falls, 
N.  Y. 

Henrietta  L«.  Faber — C;  graduate  of  Utica  Academy;  '94-6  Drawing  and 
U.  S.  History,  Newton,  N.  J. 

Lucy  A.  Geer — C;  entered  from  practice  schools;  taught  two  terms  under- 
graduate; '94  began  her  work  as  teacher  of  Natural  Science  in  the  Col- 
legiate Institute,  Asheville,  N.  C,  but  illness  necessitated  her  return 
home,  where  she  died  Dec.  8,  1895. 

William  S.  George  — E. ;  entered  from  Eedwood;  taught  one  term  under- 
graduate; '94  entered  Eastman's  Business  College,  graduating  April  '95. 
Plessis,  N.  Y. 

Katherine  M.  Gorman — C;  entered  from  Waddington:  taught  one  term; 
'94  Principal,  Lisbon  Center;  '94  summer  school,  North  Bangor;  '94-6 
Preceptress,  Massena,  N.  Y.;    continued  summer  school. 

Margaret  F.  Haggerty — C;  preparatory  education  at  Raymondville; 
taught  one  term;  '94  Principal,  Norfolk;  summer  school  at  North  Ban- 
gor;   '94-6  Dolgeville;  summer  school  at  North  Bangor. 

Phebe  A.  Hatfield — C;  graduate  of  Utica  Free  Academy;  '94  Herkimer; 
'94  Sept. ,  entered  Vassar  College. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  15$ 


Hannah  A.  Hayes — E.;  prepared  at  Norwood;  '94-5  Lisbon;  '95-6  Canton, 
N.  Y. 

Harvey  W.  Humphrey — E.;  prepared  at  Copenhagen;  '94-5  Copenhagen;  '95 
entered  Medical  College,  New  York  City. 

Emma  E.  Leonard — S.;  prepared  at  Norwood;    '95-6  Norwood,  N.  Y. 

Mary  H.  Mulligan — C. ;  graduate,  Ogdensburg  Academy,  Latin  and  English 
Courses.    Ogdensburg,  N.  Y. 

Myra  L.  Mayne — E.;  graduate  of  Heuvelton;  taught  seven  terms  undergrad- 
uate;   '94-5  Herkimer;    '95-6  Alexandria  Bay,  N.  Y. 

Harriet  W.  Meade — E. ;  having  studied  three  years  at  Middlebury  College 
and  taught  four  years,  entered  the  Normal:  '94-5  Preceptress,  Sherman 
Collegiate  Institute,  Moriah;    '95-6  Salem,  N.  Y. 

Dennis  B.  O'Brien — E. ;  prepared  at  the  Normal;  '94-6  Principal,  Eussell, 
N.  Y. 

Evangeline  O'Connor — E.;  preparation  in  the  New  York  City  Schools;  trans- 
ferred from  the  Albany  Normal;    '94-6  Williams  Bridge,  N.  Y. 

Emma  Pratt — E.;  entered  from  Hopkin ton;  taught  one  year;  '94-5  Earl ville; 
'96  Hopkinton,  N.  Y. 

J.  Frank  Stanton — C;  prepared  in  home  district;  '94  Principal,  East  Con- 
stable;   '95  married  Ida  Booth,  Troy;    '94-6  Principal,  Hillsdale,  N.  Y. 

HelenA.  Savage — S.;  entered  from  St.  Mary's  Academy;  '95-6  No.  8,  Og- 
densburg, N.  Y. 

Gertrude  Emma  Swift-Peck — S.;  prepared  in  practice  schools;  postgradu- 
ate Vocal  Music;  '94  married  William  W.  G.  Peck,  druggist,  Potsdam, 
N.  Y. 

William  M.  Snell — E. ;  entered  from  Theresa;  '94-6  Book-keeper,  Snell  and 
Makepeace.     Theresa,  N.  Y. 

Ida  B.  Tolman — C;  graduate  from  Fort  Covington;  '94  Dickinson;  '94-6 
Cross  Eiver,   N.  Y. 

Mary  I.  Taft — E.;  entered  from  Norfolk;  taught  two  terms;  '94  Dickinson; 
'94-6  Amsterdam,  N.  Y. 

Class  of  June,  '94. 

Jennie  A.  Armstrong — C;  prepared  at  Ives  Seminary;  taught  about  nine 
years;    '94-6  Hunter,  N.  Y. 

Ellen  Aitchison — E.;  entered  from  Madrid;  taught  one  year;  '94-5  Middle- 
town;    '95-6  Madrid,  N.  Y. 

Nathan  E.  Avery — E.;  entered  from  Norwood;  taught  two  terms;  '94-5 
Principal,  Craigs ville;  '95  married  Hattie  Shaughnessy,  '93;  '95  Princi- 
pal, North  Lawrence,  N.  Y. 

Alma  D.  Babcock — C. ;  graduate  from  Massena;  '94-6  preceptress,  Brasher 
Academy,  Brasher,  N.  Y. 


156  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Edwin  J.  Bennett — C;  entered  from  home  district;  taught  four  years,  un- 
dergraduate;   '94-6  Principal,  Accord,  N.  Y. 

Lemuel  R.  Brown — C;  entered  from  training  schools;  '94  entered  Middle- 
bury  College.     Middlebury.  Vt. 

Helen  M.  Bullis — S.;  entered  from  Marion  Collegiate  Institute;  taught 
twenty  weeks;  '94  Herkimer;  '95  spring  term,  postgraduate,  English 
Literature,  at  Potsdam;    '95-6  Summit,  N.  J. 

Mary  A.  Baldwin — S.;    prepared  at  St.  Mary's  Academy,  Ogdensburg;    '94-6 

Chateaugay,  N.  Y. 
D.  N.  Boynton — E.;    entered    from    Sherman    Academy;    taught  three  terms; 

'94  married   Jessie   I.  Ormiston,    a  Normal  student;    '94-6   Chestertown; 

Daughter,  Ruth,  '95  April  7th.     Chestertown,  N.  Y. 
Bertha  C.  Brunson — E.;  entered  from  the  Normal  Academic.  Potsdam,  N.Y 

Hattie  F.  Burdick — E.;  entered  from  Fine;  taught  one  term,  undergradu- 
ate;   '94-6  Intermediate  Department,  Gilbertsville,  N.  Y. 

Emma  M.  Crabbe — A.  B.,C;  graduate  of  St.  Lawrence  University;  '94-6 
Heuvelton,  N.  Y. 

Clara  A.  Cruikshank — C;  graduate  of  Carthage  Academy;  '94-6  Morris- 
town,  N.  Y. 

Ida  B.  Clark — S.;    entered  from  Malone:  '94-6  North  Bangor,  N.Y. 

Katherine  L.  Carr — E.;  graduate  of  Utica  Free  Academy;  '94-6  Newton, 
N.  J. 

Katherine  B.  Carroll — E. ;  taught  eighteen  terms  before  entering  the  Nor- 
mal; taught  one  term  during  the  course;  '94-5  Principal,  Rossie;  '95-6 
Principal,  Hailesboio,  N.  Y. 

Viola  V.  Cheney— E.;  entered  from  the  practice  schools;  '94-5  Bayville,  L. 
I.;    '95  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Frank  Clapper — E.;  entered  from  Amsterdam  Business  College;  taught 
three  terms  before  graduation;    '94-6  Castleton,  N.  Y. 

James  F.  Connolly — E.;  entered  from  Norfolk;  taught  four  years;  '95-6 
Pleasant  Valley,  N.  Y. 

Naomi  E.  Craig — E.:  taught  six  years  before  graduation;    '94-6  Russia,  N.  Y. 

Eleanor  M.  Cruikshank — E. ;  graduate  of  Carthage  Academy;  '94-6  Princi- 
pal,   Harrisville,  N.   Y. 

Mary  Helen  Ellis — S.;  attended  the  Agassiz  school,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  for 
three  years  and  moved  to  Potsdam,  with  her  parents;  entered  the  Normal 
from  the  practice  schools;  '94-5  Primary,  Theresa;  '95-6  No.  17,  Pots- 
dam, N.  Y. 

Elias  H.  Foley— C.     Lowville,  N.  Y. 

M.  Vanche  Fuller — S.;  taught  before  graduation;    '94-6  Lowville,  N.  Y. 

Florence  Gorman — C;  graduated  at  Waddington;  taught  one  term,  94-6 
Alexandria  Bay,  N.  Y. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  157 

Sybil  C.  Goodnough — S.     Orient,  L.  I. 

Elizabeth  M.  Gadbois — E. ;  entered  from  Brasher;  taught  four  terms  under- 
graduate;   '94-6   Massena,  N.  Y. 

H.  Louise  Hale — E.;  prepared  at  Norwood  and  at  East  Greenwich,  R.  I.; 
'94-6  grammar  grade,  Whitestone,  L.  I. 

Carrie  Hatch-Brookins — E. ;  prepared  at  Waddington;  '94  Primary,  Dis- 
trict No.  8  Potsdam;  '95  married  W.  H.  Brookins.  64  Knox  St.,  Ogdens- 
burg,    N.  Y. 

Lillian  A.  Hutchins — E.;  entered  from  district  school;  taught  one  year  un- 
dergraduate;   '93-5  Norfolk;    '95-6  St.  Regis  Falls,  N.  Y. 

Alice  B.  Jordan — C. ;  entered  from  Chateaugay;  taught  one  term;  '94-5 
Parishville,  N.  Y. 

Mollie  E.  King — E.;  entered  from  home  district;  '94-6  district  school,  Nor- 
folk, N.  Y. 

Susan  Lewis — C;  entered  from  the  practice    schools;    '94-6  Herkimer,  N.  Y. 

Eva  F.  Lalone — E.;  entered  from  Norwood;    '94  6  Hammond,  N.  Y. 

Alice  K.  Merrill — C;  graduate  from  Watertown  High  School;  '94-6  Latin 
and  English,  High  School,  Watertown,   N.  Y. 

Charles  A.  Murphy — S.;  entered  from  Norwood;  taught  twenty-two  weeks; 
"94-6  St.  Lawrence  Hospital,  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y. 

Winona  D.  Merrick — E.     Johnstown,  N.  Y. 

George  W.  Miller — E.;  entered  from  Ogdensburg  Academy;  taught  twenty- 
six  weeks  before  entering  the  Normal,  and  eighteen  during  his  course; 
<94-5  Principal,  West  Carthage;  '95-6  202  East  Onondaga  St.,  Syracuse, 
N.  Y. 

Sadie  M.  Nichols — C;  entered  from  practice  schools;    '94-6  Wellington,  O. 

Bessie  Olney — E.;  entered  from  Madrid;  taught  one  term;  '94-5  Croton  Falls; 
'95-6  Purdy's,  N.  Y. 

George  C.  Owen — E.;  entered  from  home  school;  took  three  years  Latin  ex- 
tra in  his  course;  '94-5  Fine;  '95-6  Principal,  Colton,  N.  Y. 

Charles  D.  Pitcher — C;  prepared  at  Lowville;  'S4  Martinsburgh;  '94-6  Prin- 
cipal, Kenwood,  N.  Y. 

Mary  I.  Philp— E.;  entered  from  Chateaugay;  taught  four  terms;  '94-5  gram- 
mar grade,  Sidney;  '95-6  Chateaugay,  N.  Y. 

Roy  N.  Porter — E.;  prepared  at  Theresa;  '94-5  bookkeeper,  Theresa;  '95-6 
business.     Clayton,  N.  Y. 

Dora  E.  Remley — E.;  entered  from  Port  Henry;  spent  one  year  in  Notre 
Dame  Convent;  '94-5  Mt.  Kisco;    '95-6  Schuylerville,  N.  Y. 

Elizabeth  F.  Remley — E.;  prepared  at  Port  Eenry;  one  year  at  Notre  Dame 
Convent;  '94-6  East  Quogue,  L.  I. 

Sara  Louise  Reynolds — E.;  entered  from  Amenia  Seminary;  taught  four 
and  one-half  years;    '94-5  Principal,  Barre,  Mass.;    '95-6  Johnstown,  N.  Y. 


58  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


William  P.  Smith— S.;  prepared  at  Heuvelton;  taught  one  year;  '94-5  Princi- 
cipal,  E.  Moriches;   '95  entered  Emerson  School  of  Oratory,  Boston,  Mass. 

Lena  Violet  Sabin — E. ;  taught  one  year  before  entering  the  Normal;  '94-5 
Principal,  Knapps  Station;  '95-6  St.  Johnsville,  N.  Y. 

Julia  E.  Sullivan — E.;  entered  from  her  home  district  school;  taught  four- 
teen terms;  '94-6  Alexandria  Bay,  N.  Y. 

Gi*ace  M.  Train— E.;  entered  from  District  No.  8  Potsdam;  '94-6  Norwood, 
Mass. 

Emma  M.  Tyner— E.    '94-6  Canton,  N.  Y. 

Ella  R.  Valley— E.;  prepared  at  Fort  Covington;  '94-6  Theresa,  N.   Y. 

Frank  H.  Wallace — C;  entered  from  Morristown;  taught  four  years;  '94-6 
Principal,  Madrid,  N.  Y. 

Annie  Gertrude  White — C;  graduated  from  the  practice  schools;  taught 
fifty-four  weeks;  '94-5  Coxsackie;  '95-6  No.  17  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Squire  Stephen  Wood — S.;  entered  from  Katonah  Public  School;  taught  two 
terms  at  Croton  Lake:  two  terms  at  Purdy's;  '94-6  Principal,  Patterson, 
N.  Y. 

Jessie  E.  Ware — E. ;  entered  from  Norwood;  taught  twenty-six  weeks;  '94  6 
Hammond    N.  Y. 

Virgil  C.  Warriner — E.;  prepared  at  Belleville  Academy;  taught  one  year; 
'94-5  Principal,  Smitnville;  '95-6  Principal,  Adams  Center,  N.  Y. 

Jennie  L.  Whitmarsh — E.;  entered  from  Canton;  taught  one  year;  '94-6  Am- 
sterdam, N.  Y.  She  is  studying  Shakespeare  with  Mrs.  Trapnell,  the 
first  Preceptress  of  the  Normal. 

Margarete  L.  Williams — E.;  graduate  from  Adams  Collegiate  Institute; 
entered  State  Normal  College;  transferred  to  Potsdam;  taught  six  terms 
previous  to  coming  to  the  Normal;  '94-6  Primary,  Plessis,  N.  Y. 

Class  of  January,  '95. 

Mary  Lucinda  Benson — E. ;  enterd  from  the   practice   schools;    taught  forty 

weeks;  '95  district  school;  '95-6  Alden,  N.  Y. 
Harriet  Belle  Br  adley — E. ;  entered  from   Madrid;    taught   twenty  weeks; 

'95  district  school;  '95-6  Madrid,  N.  Y. 
Nellie  A  Buss — E. ;  entered  from  Hammond;  '95-6  Amsterdam,  N.  Y. 
Margaret  Jean  Craig — E.;  taught  seven  years  before  graduation;  '95  Stark; 

'95-6  Flack ville,  N.  Y. 
Nelly  Ruth  Cramer — C,  T.;  graduate   of  Watertown    High  School;   taught 

twelve  terms  before  graduation;  '95-6  Lawrence  Station,  L.  I. 
Jeanette  E.  Douglass — E.;  entered  from  Ray moudville;  taught   three   years 

undergraduate;  '95-6  Malone,  N.  Y. 
Minnie  Louisa  Davis — E.  T.:  graduate  from    Malone  Academy:    taught  three 

vears:  '95-6  Tarrvtown,  N.  Y, 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  159 


Margaret  A.  Gaynor — C. ;  entered  from  the  practice  schools;  '95  district 
school;  '95-6  Port  Henry,  N.  Y. 

Minnie  Avildah  Gary — E. ;  entered  from  Brasher  Academy;  taught  thirty- 
two  weeks;   '95-6  North  Tonawanda,  N.  Y. 

DeFrance  M.  Hodge — E. ;  entered  from  Adams  Center;  '95-6  Adams  Center 
Union  School. 

Mida  L.  Hooper — E.;  graduate  from  Ticonderoga  High  School;  taught  two 
terms  in  same  school;  '95-6  returned  to  Ticonderoga  High  School. 

Julia  M.  Hourihan — E. ;  taught  several  terms  undergraduate;  '95  district 
school;  '95-6  Stockholm   Center,  N.  Y. 

Matilda  L.  Jackson — C;  entered  from  the  practice  schools;  '95  district 
school;  '95-6  Massena;  called  home  by  the  death  of  her  mother.  Potsdam, 
N.  Y. 

Elizabeth  Leary — S.;  entered  from  Gouverneur;  taught  six  years  before 
graduation:  '95-6  Naugatuck,  Ct. 

Ellen  Agnes  Leary — S.;  entered  from  Colton;  taught  eight  terms  under- 
graduate; '95-6  district  school.     Colton,  N.  Y. 

Katherine  Louise  Leary — E.;  graduate  of  Gouverneur;  taught  one  year; 
'95-6  grammar  grade,   Gouverneur,  N.  Y. 

W.  Merton  McNeil— E.;  '95-6  Principal,  Philadelphia,  N.  Y. 

Leonard  J.  Reynolds — C;  entered  from  the  practice  schools;  '95  Principal, 
Brushton;  '95-6  Principal,  Heuvelton,  N.  Y. 

Helen  M.  Story — C:  entered  from  the  practice  schools;  '95-6  grammar 
grade,  Schaghticoke,  N.  Y. 

Mary  Belle  Sherman — E.;  entered  from  East  Greenwich  Seminary,  R.  I. ; 
taught  three  years  undergraduate;  '95  Kitchawan,  N.  Y. ;  '95-6  Webster, 
Mass. 

William  A.  Torrance — E. ;  prepared  at  Jay ;  taught  four  terms  undergradu- 
ate; '95-6  Principal,  West  Troy,  N.  Y. 

Martha  A.  Wiggins — E. ;  graduate  of  Rensselaer  Falls;  taught  three  years; 
'95  Sidney;  '95-6  Point  Peninsula,  N.  Y. 

Class  of  June,  '95. 

Bessie   Evangeline   Andrews — E.;  entered   from   Pierrepont;     taught    five 

years;  '95-6  Saugerties,  N.  Y. 
Henry   Murray   Andrews — C;  entered   from   South   Rutland;    '95  entered 

Hamilton  College.     Clinton,    N.  Y. 
Susan  Gates  Armstrong — E. ;  entered  from  Wilna;    taught  one   year  before 

entering;  '95-6  Evans  Mills,  N.  Y. 

Julia  Annis  Beam  an — E.;  graduate  of  Gouverneur  Seminary;  taught  two 
years;  '95-6  East  Hampton,  L.  I, 


160  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

Fannie  Jane  Beaman — C;  graduate  of  Gouverneur  Seminary;  taught  twenty 
weeks;  '95-6  Theresa,  N.  Y. 

Henry  Martin  Bodman— E.;  entered  from  Theresa;  '95-6  Theresa,  N.  Y. 

Cressida  May  Clark — E. ;  taught  before  graduation:  received  honorable 
mention  Clarkson  Prize  Contest;  '95-6  Croton-on-Hudson,  N.  Y. 

Mary  Hannah  Coolidge — C;  entered  from  Philadelphia;  taught  one  year; 
contestant  for  Clarkson  Prize;  '95-6  East  Hampton,  L.  I. 

George  Herbert  Covey — S.;  entered  from  Potsdam;  taught  sixteen  weeks; 
'95-6  Principal,  Port  Chester,  N.  Y. 

Solon  Ellsworth  Crane — E.;  entered  from  North  Stockholm;  taught  one 
term;  '95-6  Principal,  North  Stockholm,    N.  Y. 

Hagopos  Toros  Daghistanlian — C. ;  entered  from  Marion  Collegiate  Insti- 
tute: taught  one  year,  Principal,  Louisville;  '95-6  Emerson  College  of  Ora- 
tory.    Boston,  Mass. 

William  Chalmers  Davis — C. ;  entered  from  Norwood  Academy;  taught  one 
year;  contestant  for  Clarkson  Prize;    '95-6  Principal,  Massena,  N.  Y. 

Mabel  Katherine  Dixon — C;  entered  from  Madrid;  '95-6  Norwood,  N.  Y. 

Delia  D'Ette  Dorchester —  entered  to  take  the  English  Course;  see  June 
'86;  '95-6  Billings,  Mont. 

Jessie  Maria  Doud — E.;  entered  from  West  Stockholm;  taught  previously; 
'95-6  West  Stockholm,  N.  Y. 

Grace  Hannah  Dryden — E. ;  prepared  at  Copenhagen  and  Houghton  Semin- 
ary; '95-6  Preceptress,    New  Hartford,  N.  Y. 

Susie  Lura  Eastman — C;  entered  from  practice  schools:  '95-6  Primary, 
Pettit  private  school.     Lawrence  Station,  L.  I. 

Frederick  Everett— S.;  entered  from  Fort  Jackson;  taught  one  year;  Prin- 
cipal, Elba  High  School,  Elba,  Neb. ;  '95  entered  Cornell  University. 
Ithaca,    N.  Y. 

William  Edward  Fisher — E.;  entered  from  Madrid;  taught  one  year;  '95 
began  course  in  Theology.     1060  N.  Halstead  St.,  Chicago,  111. 

Florence  Imogene  Freeman — E.;  entered  from  Crary's  Mills;  taught  one 
year;    '95-6  Middletown,  N.  Y. 

Milton  Harvey  Freeman — C. ;  entered  from  Crary's  Mills;  taught  four  terms  ; 
'95-6  Principal,  Good  Ground,  L.  I. 

Flora  L.  French — E.;  entered  from  Madrid  Springs;  taught  one  term;  '95-6 
teaching  near  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Nellie  Mae  Fullerton — E. ;  taught  several  terms  before  entering  the  Nor- 
mal; '95-6  Norfolk,  N.  Y. 

Katherine  Johanna  Gill — E.;  entered  from  Port  Henry;  '95-6  Port  Henry, 
N.  Y. 

Arthur  B.  Hale — E.;  entered  from  Hermon;  taught  three  years  before  grad- 
uation; '95-6  Hermon,  N.  Y. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.      .  161 

May  Agnes  Haley — E. ;  entered  from  Stockholm  Center;  '95-6  Stockholm 
Center,  N.  Y. 

Gustavus  S.Hardy — S.;  entered  from  Copenhagen;  taught  fifty-six  weeks; 
'95-6  Principal,  North  Brookfield,  N.  Y. 

Elizabeth  Laura  Healey — E.;  entered  from  Crary's  Mills;  taught  fourteen 
weeks;  '95-6  Goldens  Bridge,  N.  Y. 

Amy  B.  Hildreth — E.;  entered  from  Canton;  taught  one  year;  '95-6  Glen 
Cove,  L.  I. 

Myrtle  M.  Howard — E.;  entered  from   Pierrepont;  taught  ten   weeks;   '95-6 

South  Colton,  N.  Y. 
Agnes  J.  Jordan — E. ;  entered  from  Burke;    '95-6  Sun,  N.  Y. 
Mhry  A.  Joy — C;  entered  from  Potsdam;  '95-6  Canton,  N.  Y. 

Minnie  A.  Joy — E.;  entered  from  Raymondville;  '95-6  Natural  Science,  Nor- 
mal and  Collegiate  Institute,  Asheviile,  N.  C. 

Elsie  A.  Kerans — E.;  entered  from  Harrisville;  taught  three  years;  '95-6 
Harrisville,  N.  Y. 

Allie  Kibbe — E.;  graduate  of  Franklin  Academy;  taught  five  terms;  '95-6 
South  Bombay,  N.  Y. 

Minnie  Everett  Kirby — C;  entered  from  the  practice  schools;  '95-6  Primary, 
No.  8,  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Edith  M.  Lent— E.;  entered  from  Rensselaer  Falls;  '95-6  Hammond,  N.  Y. 

Clara  G.  Loope — E.;  entered  from  Crary's  Mills;  taught  two  years;  '95-6 
Gloversville,  N.  Y. 

Harry  Z.  Mayne — E. ;  entered  from  Katonah;  '95-6  Principal,  Chappaqua, 
N.  Y. 

Lucy  L.  McCarthy — C;  graduate  of  Ogdensburg  Academy;  taught  one  hun- 
dred ana  forty  weeks;  contestant  for  Clarkson  Prize;  '95-6  Ogdensburg, 
N.  Y. 

Joseph  Wheeler  McDoniels,  Jr. — E.;  entered  from  Pitcairn;  taught  one 
year;  '95-6  Principal,  West  Carthage,  N.  Y. 

Nellie  F.  McGill — E.;  graduate  of  Norwood;  taught  five  terms;  '95-6  West 
Parishville,  N.  Y. 

Clara  L.  Miller — E.;  taught  several  terms  before  graduation;  '95-6  Glovers- 
ville, N.  Y. 

Florence  M.  Myers — entered  from  Canton  Union  School;  taught  nine  terms; 
'95-6  Whitesboro,  N.  Y. 

Amy  C.  Norton — E.;  entered  from  Morley;  taught  one  hundred  ten  weeks; 
'95-6  Whitesboro,  N.  Y. 

Elizabeth  O'Connor — E.;  entered  from  New  York  City;  taught  several 
terms;  '95-6  Williams  Bridge,  N.  Y, 

Q.  C.  H.  11. 


Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Johanna  M.  O'Leary — E.;  entered  from  Crary's  Mills;  taught  sixteen  terms; 
'95-6  Crary's  Mills,  N.  Y. 

George  M.  Perry — E.;  entered  from  the  practice  schools;  taught  one  year; 
'95-6  Principal,  East  Quogue,  L.  I. 

Jennette  M.  Purves — E.;  entered  from  Libson;  '95-6  Patterson,  N.  Y. 

Helen  M.  Radford — E.;  graduate  of  Port  Byron;  taught  five  years;  '95-6 
Dolgeville,  N.  Y. 

Katherine  B.  Began — E. ;  entered  from  Potsdam;  taught  seventy-two  weeks; 
'95-6  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Lena  E.  Schwarz — C. ;  entered  from   Theresa;  '95-6  Theresa,  N.  Y. 

Metta  Virgil  Strough — C;  entered  from  Clayton;  won  the  Clarkson  Prize; 
'95-6  Highland  Falls,  N.  Y. 

Nellie  C.  Sullivan — E.;  entered  from  Potsdam;  taught  sixteen  weeks;  '95-6 
Alexandria  Bay,  N.  Y. 

Arloine  M.  Walton — E.;  entered  from  Houghton  Seminary;  taught  three 
and  one-half  years;    '95-6  Alexandria  Bay,  N.  Y. 

Ellen  I.  Ward — E.;  entered  from  North  Wilna;  '95-6  Michigamme,  Mich. 

Jennie  M.  Wellings — entered  from  Potsdam;  taught  three  terms;  '95-6  Syca- 
more,  111. 

Dora  E.  Wheelock — E.;  entered  from  Moriah;  '95-6  Rutland,  Vt. 

Tacie  L.  Wood — E.;  graduate  of  Massena;  taught  several  terms;  '95-6  Mas- 
sena, N.  Y. 

William  W.  Wright — E.;  entered  from  Philadelphia;  '95-6  Principal,  South 
Bangor,  N.  Y. 

Class  of  January,  '96. 

Ada  R.  Allen — E. ;  prepared  at  Hammond;   taught  one   year   district  school. 

Hammond,  N.  Y. 
Leslie  R.  Bell — E. ;  prepared  at  home  school.     Manlius,  N.  Y. 
Alberta  C.  Bents — E,;  prepared  at  LaFargeville  High  School.  Orleans,  N.  Y. 
Mae  H.  Bromley — E.;  prepared  at  Wallingford,  Vt.,    and   Lansingburg,    N. 

Y. ;  '96  East  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 
Giles  A.  Chase — E.;  prepared  at  Massena;    taught   one  year.     Racket  River, 

N.  Y. 
Francis  M.  Close — E.;  prepared  at  the  home  school.    South  Colton,  N.  Y. 
Mary  E.  Crane— C;  prepared  at  North  Stockholm;  taught  two  terms.  North 

Stockholm,  N.  Y. 
Minnie  A.  Dollar — S. ;  graduate  of  Heuvelton;   taught  two  years   in  district 

school,  and  two  years  in  the  Heuvelton    Union  Free  School.     Heuvelton, 

N.  Y. 
Katherine  Donovan — E. ;  entered  from  home  school.     Colton,    N.  Y, 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  163 

Frederic  A.  D.  Dowsey — E.;  entered  from  the  practice  schools.  Potsdam, 
N.  Y. 

James  F.  Driscoll — C;  prepared  at  Lawrenceville  Academy;  taught  in  dis- 
trict schools,  and  one  year  as  Principal  of  Hopkinton  Graded  School. 
Brasher  Falls,  N.  Y. 

Mary  Drown — E.;  prepared  in  the  home  district  school;  taught  ten  weeks. 
Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Elsa  E.  Evans — E.;  prepared  at  Hermon  graded  school;  taught  five  years  be- 
fore entering  the  Normal.     Hermon,  N.  Y. 

Lettie  L.  Gtll — E.;  graduate  of  Canton  Union  School;  taught  one  year. 
Canton,  N.  Y. 

Hannah  C.  Goggin — E.;  prepared  at  Brasher  Academy;  taught  ten  terms. 
Winthrop,  N.  Y. 

Mildred  E.  Griffith — E.;  graduate  of  Heuvelton;  taught  one  and  one-half 
years  in  the  district  schools.     Heuvelton,  N.  Y. 

Margaret  J.  Haydon — E. ;  graduate  of  Heuvelton;  '96  assistant,  Schroon 
Lake,  N.  Y. 

Blanche  A.  Hodgkin — E. ;  prepared  at  Gouverneur  Seminary.  Gouverneur, 
N.  Y. 

Etta  E.  Horton — E.;  prepared  at   home   school;    taught    twenty-six   weeks. 

South  Colton,  N.  Y. 
Edwin  L.  Hulett — S.;  prepared   at   Heuvelton;    taught   district  school;    '96 

Principal,  Brushton,  N.  Y. 
Luna  B.  Keeler — C,  T.;  graduate   of  Norwood  Academy.     Norwood,  N.  Y. 
Linnie  E.  Merrill— E.;  entered  from  home  school;  '96  Chappaqua,  N.  Y. 
Effie  E.  Plumb — E. ;  prepared  at  Colton.     Harrisville,  N.  Y. 
Bernard   P.   Quain — E.;  prepared   Fort  Covington;    taught  sixteen  weeks, 

Principal,    Vermontville.     Moira,    N.   Y. 
Elsie  M.  Reynolds— E.;  prepared  at  Mt.  Vernon.     Tuckahoe,  N.  Y. 
James  I.  Reynolds — C;  entered  from  the  practice  schools.     Potsdam,    N.  Y. 
Herbert  M.  Stone — E. ;  entered  from  the  practice  schools;  '96  Massena,  N.  Y. 
Margaret  Sullivan — E. ;  prepared  in   the  district   school.     Potsdam,    N.  Y. 
Bertha  M.  Taber — S. ;  graduate  of  Utica  Free  Academy.     Utica,    N.  Y. 
Marion  H.  Thompson — E.;  graduate   of  Utica   Free   Academy;   taught   three 

terms  before  entering  the  Normal.     208  Elizabeth  St.,    Utica,  N.  Y. 
Anna  K.  Toomey — E.;  prepared   at   Lawrenceville  Academy;    taught    about 

nine   years;    seven  years  in  the   North  Lawrence   graded   school.     North 

Lawrence,  N.  Y. 
Note — C,  Classical   Course;   four  years.     S.,    Scientific  Course;   three   and 
one-half  years.     E.,    English  Course:    three  years.     El.,    Elementary   Course; 
two  years,  not  now  in  existence. 


164  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

ACADEMIC  GRADUATES. 

Hattie  Leete-Clapp — E.   '71;  See  Faculty. 

Clarence  P.  Townsley— E.  '72;  IT.  S.  Army  Officer,  Ft.  Adams,  Newport, 
E.  I. 

Harvey  J.  Welch — E.  '73;  Deceased. 

Lamira  S.  Dodge-Briggs—E.  '74;  '74-7  taught  Chateaugay;  '80-1  Chateau- 
gay  Academy;  '81  married  M.  D.  Briggs,  M.  D.     Champlain,  N.  Y. 

Grace  Eaymond  Knowles — E.  '74;  entered  the  Intermediate  Department: 
'75-9  student  at  Vassar  College;  the  years  since  have  been  devoted  to 
Art  in  its  various  forms,  and  to  travel,  the  latter  including  much  of  our 
own  country,  Cuba,  England,  the  Continent,  Greece,  Egypt,  Syria,  and 
other  parts  of  Turkey.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Celia  M.  Parker— C.   '74.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Hattie  E.  May-Smith — C.    '74.     Deceased. 

Walter  A.  Brown — E.    '75.     Charlevoix,  Mich. 

Mary  L.  Carpenter — E.  '75.     Norwood,  N.  Y. 

David  A.  Forrest — E.    '75;   Lawyer.     West  Manchester,  N.  H. 

Augusta  E.  Lee-Sampson — E.  '75;  three  years  teaching;  taught  two  terms 
after  graduation;  '80  married  and  resided  in  Vermont;  thirteen  years  in 
her  present  residence;    508  Second  Avenue,  S.,  Minneapols,  Minn. 

Edward  W.  Leete — C.  '76;  merchant;  '95  commercial  traveler.  110  W.  59th 
St.,  New  York  City. 

Frank  W.  Moore — C.  '76;  '81  A.  B.  Union  University;  '82  business,  Pots- 
dam; '82  married  Jessie  M.  Crane,  '78;  '85-9  Sash,  Door  and  Blind  Fac- 
tory, Potsdam;  '89-96  lumber  business.  Children,  Barbara,  attending 
the  practice  school;  Mabel,  deceased;  a  son  lived  only  a  few  days; 
Merton,  three  years  of  age.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Forrest  P.  Eundell — E.  '76;  prepared  at  Dekalb;  taught  one  term;  course 
in  History  and  Political  Economy  at  Cornell;  read  law,  practiced  eight 
years;  President  of  the  New   England  Investment    Co.,  Providence,  E.  I. 

Henry  S.  Wilson — C.  '77;  book-keeper  for  G.  B.  Swan,  several  years;  book- 
keeper for  Thomas  S.  Clarkson,  resigning  '95;  '89  married  Anna  Baldwin; 
Aug.  6th,  '94  son,   Harold  B.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Janet  A.  Farlinger-Hawkins — E.    '77.     Deceased. 

Jessie  M.  Crane-Moore — E.  '78;  entered  from  District  No.  8,  at  the  opening 
of  the  school;  '81  taught  Shippensburg,  Pa.  Normal;  '82  married  Frank 
W.  Moore  '76;    four  children.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Bertie  L.  Hawley-Willmarth — E.  '78;  entered  from  District  No.  8;  taught 
one  year;    '80  married  Geo.  E.  Willmarth,  Druggist.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Alfaretta  MacDonald-Moore — E.  '78;  taught  four  terms  undergraduate; 
'78-9  Coopersville;  '80  Hannawa  Falls;  '81'  Perry's  Mills;  '82  married 
Charles  E.  Moore.     Perry's  Mills,  N.  Y. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  165 

Frederick  R.  Smith— E.  '78;  '78-85  Principal,  Norwood  Free  School;  '81 
married  Hannah  B.  Barnes;  '85  became  editor  and  half  owner  of  the  Nor- 
wood News;  '87  elected  school  commissioner,  third  district,  St.  Lawrence 
County:  '90  and  '93  re-elected;  September,  '90  admitted  to  the  Bar.  One 
daughter,  Ada  C.  '84.     Norwood,  N.  Y. 

Augustus  W.  Sheals — E.  '78;  entered  from  Hopkinton;  taught  several  terms 
during  undergraduate  course;  read  law  with  T.  H.  Swift,  Esq.,  Potsdam; 
and  later  with  L.  C.  Lang,  Esq.,  Brasher  Falls;  '82  admitted  to  the  Bar; 
practiced  law  since  at  Brushton,  N.  Y. ;  '88  married  Sarah  L.  Taylor. 
Two  sons,  W.  Taylor,  Ralph  A.  and  daughter,  Charlotte  E. ;  '89-93  Post- 
master.    Brushton,  N.  Y. 

Howard  E.  Stearns — E.    '78;  merchant,  Mapes,  Dak. 

Wilbur  H.  Armin — E.  '78;  entered  from  Hermon;  taught  three  years;  assist- 
ant and  Principal,  No.  17  Potsdam;  Principal,  Sibley,  la. ;  '84  married 
Stella  Perry,  a  Normal  student;  Five  children,  three  living;  '86-7  County 
Superintendent.  Dickinson  County,  la.;  '88-95  lumber  business.  Oche- 
yedan,  la. 

Frank  F.  Williams — E.  '79,  M.  D.;  taught  before  and  after  graduation; 
Principal,  at  Heuvelton  two  years;  '83M.D.  ,N.  Y.  Homeopathic  Col- 
lege; member  of  several  medical  societies;  '84  married  Lilla  A.  Thornton; 
Two  sons  living,  daughter  deceased.     Physician,  Canton,  N.  Y. 

Helen  W.  Liscomb-Wheeler — C.    '79.     Deceased. 

Nellie  E.  Howe-Brown — E.  '79.     St.  Albans,  Vt. 

Edwin  A.  Merritt,  Jr. — C.  '79;  prepared  at  the  Normal;  '84  A.  B.,  Yale 
University;  '84-5  abroad;  '88  married  Edith  S.  Wilcox  '84.  Daughter, 
Esther  Mary  '94.  Managing,  Manufacturing  and  Selling  Potsdam  Red 
Sandstone.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

John  A.  Dutcher — E.    '80;  Merchant.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

John  A.  Dalzell — C.  '80;  '84  A.  B.,  Hamilton  College;  Attorney  at  Law. 
Gibbon,  Minn. 

Rosa  Wright-Wright— C.  '80;  '93  married  Daniel  Wright.  Hopkinton, 
N.  Y. 

Edward  P.  Hamill— E.    '82;  Merchant.     Milford,  O. 

Helen  M.  Hay-Jamieson — C.  '82;  entered  from  Ogdensburg;  taught  two 
terms  undergraduate;  taught  two  years  since  graduation;  '92  married 
Alexander  Jamieson;    '94  daughter.     Morristown,  N.  Y. 

Anna  J.  Wright — E.  '82.     Madrid  Springs,  N.  Y. 

Emilie  V.  Clarkson — C.  '85;  after  graduation  spent  several  winters  in  New 
York,  with  private  masters  in  drawing  and  painting;  '88  began  the  study 
of  photography;  '89  joined  Postal  Photographic  Club,  and  Chautauqua 
School  of  Photography,  graduating  from  the  latter  in  '90;  '90  member  of 
the  Society  of  Amateur  Photographers  of  New  York;  exhibited  work 
publicly  first  at  the  joint  exhibition  '91;    '93  gave   lantern   exhibition  be- 


1 66  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

fore  the  New  York  Society,  since  which  time  she  has  given  exhibitions 
before  prominent  clnbs  in  the  State;  a  firm  believer  that  Photography  is 
an  art,  she  has  demonstrated  the  correctness  of  her  theory  by  numerous 
prizes  and  medals,  won  at  competitive  exhibitions  both  at  home  and 
abroad.     "Holcroft",  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Nellie  R.  Lang-Bartlett — C.   '83;    see  Faculty.     Last  page. 

Tompkins  Marshall — E.  '83;  has  taught  at  Redwood,  Adams  Center;  '91-6 
Principal,  Theresa,   N.  Y. 

N.  Clark  Stone — C.  '83;  '87  married  Edith  Simonds.  Photographer,  Pots- 
dam, N.  Y. 

Ida  A.  Stone E.  '83;  '86-8  studied  art  at  Syracuse  University;  '92-3  Art- 
students  League,  New  York  City.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Mary  E.  Sanford— E.  '84.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Edith  S.  Wilcox-Merritt — C.  '84;  '88  married  Edwin  A.  Merritt,  Jr.,  '79. 
Daughter,  Esther  Mary,  '94.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Edith  M.  Crandall-McFadden — E.  '84;    Deceased. 

Jennie  M.  Barnes — E.  '84;    Stenographer.     303  W.  51st  St.,  New  York  City. 

W.  W.  Reed— E.  '84;  prepared  at  Watertown;  '88  C.  E.,  Cornell  University; 
four  years  in  Syracuse;  '92  Cleveland,  0.;  '95  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.; 
'92  married  Elizabeth  Mclnness.  Son,  Willette  D.  Engineer  and  Con- 
tractor, Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y. 

Geo.  E.  Parmeter — E.  '84;  '88  B.  Sc.  Cornell  University;  '91  married  Minnie 
Keiley,    of  Ithaca;    '88-95  Architect,  212  N.  17th  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

John  Perkins  Colnon — E.  '84:  entered  first  primary  grade;  learned  milling 
at  Potsdam;   proprietor  of  Heuvelton  Grist  Mill.    Heuvelton,  N.  Y. 

Minnie  M.  Stone — C.  '85,  T.  '95;  '86-8  studied  music,  Syracuse  University; 
'87-8  taught  music  in  private  family;  '89-95  Organist  and  Choir-Leader, 
M.  E.  Church,  Potsdam;  '95  Music  Teachers'  Course;  '95-6  Superintendent 
of  Music,  Westchester,  N.  Y. 

Anna  J.  Hay — S.  '85;  entered  from  Morristown;  '85  taught  at  home.  Og- 
densburg,  N.  Y. 

Katherine  Barnhart-Paddock — C.  '86;  after  graduation  entered  the  Art 
Schools  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum;  has  written  articles  for  Art  Maga- 
zines; has  taught  charcoal  drawing  from  the  Antique  and  has  continued 
art  study  in  oil,  water  color,  and  pastel.     Malone,  N.  Y. 

Francis  D.  Davis— E.  '86;  M.  E.;  member  A.  S.  M.  E.;  '90  M.  E.  Cornell 
University;  '90-1  draftsman  for  Howe  Scale  Co.;  '91-2  assistant  engineer, 
Sheldon  Marble  Co.,  Rutland,  Vt.;  '92-5  Bridge  engineer,  The  Yale  & 
Towne  Mfg.  Co.,  Stamford,  Conn.;  '92  elected  member  of  the  American 
Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers;  '92-4  taught  evening  school  in  mechani- 
cal drawing,  Y.  M.  C.  A.  course,  Stamford,  Conn. 

Pliny  J.  Clark— S.  '86;  '89-96  manufacturer,  S.  L.  Clark  &  Son.  Parish- 
ville,    N.  Y. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  1 67 


Edward  W.  Henderson — E.  '86;  M.  D.;  entered  from  Fort  Covington;  '91 
M.  D.  University  of  Michigan;  '93  married  I.  May  Hill.  Physician,  785 
Grand  River  Ave.,  Detroit,  Mich. 

James  M.  Marsh— E.  '87;  '90  M.  D.,  Homeopathic  Medical  College  of  New 
York;  Hospital  practice  one  year,  Brooklyn;  '87  married  Nora  Crossman 
'87.  Children,  Emma  L.  '91;  Jael  S.  '94.  Practicing  Physician  and  Sup- 
erintendent, Keeley  Cure,  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y. 

Mary  S.  Howe— C.  '87;  P.  '88;  '89-91  Teacher  of  Music,  State  Normal,  Os- 
kosh,  Wis.;  '91-5  Superintendent  of  Music,  Public  Schools,  Flushing,  L. 
I.;  '95-6  at  home,  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Fred  E.  Duffy — S.  '87;  '95  School  Commissioner.     Mooer's  Forks,  N.  Y. 

Ernest  Austin  Fay — S.  '87;  Joint  editor  and  proprietor,  Courier  and  Free- 
man, Potsdam;  '93  Assistant  Journal  Clerk,  Senate;  '94  5  Clerk  of  Senate 
Finance  Committee;  '96  Index  Clerk,  Senate.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

A.  Lincoln  Boynton — E.  '87,  Rev.;  taught  one  term  undergraduate;  '88 
taught;  '89-91  Secretary  of  Y.  M.  C.  A.;  pastor  of  birst  Baptist  Church, 
Essex,  N.  Y.;  '94  pastor  Hamilton,  N.  Y.;  '95-6  Colgate  University, 
Theological  Department.     Hamilton,  N.  Y. 

Herbert  G.  Geer — E.  '87,  M.  E.;  entered  from  the  practice  schools;  '87-9 
Cornell  University;  '89-91  Union  Pacific  and  Southern  Pacific  Railways; 
'93  M.  E.,  Cornell  University;  '93-6  Instructor  in  Mechanical  Engineering, 
Johns  Hopkins  University;  Member  of  the  Franklin  Institute  Engineers 
Club,  Philadelphia;  and  of  the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Engineering 
Education.     Baltimore,  Md. 

Charles  E.  Lake — E.  '87;  prepared  at  Harrisville;  '89-92  clerk,  Harrisville; 
'92-5  Merchant,  Harrisville;  '91  married  Jettie  R.  O'Neil.  Daughter, 
Jettie  May,  '94.     Supervisor  of  town,  Harrisville,  N.  Y. 

William  E.  Kelly— E.  '88;  '95  Teacher,  Bucks  Bridge,  N.  Y. 

Robert  R.  Murphy — E.  '83;  Life  Insurance,  Red  Wing,  Minn. 

Fred  L.  V.  Spaulding — C.  '89;    See  Normal,  June  '90.     Manchester,  N.  H. 

William  W.  Walling— S.  '89;    '93  married  Ada  B.  Coats,  '93.     Son,  William 

Henry,  '95.     Hardware  merchant,  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 
Edith  Leona  Dove— E.   '90;  90-2  taught   in  New  York;  '92-3  in  Texas;    '93-6 

Accotink,  Va. 
Samuel  E.  Powers — C.   '91;    taught  several  years  in   New  York;  '91    married 

Mabel  Collins  '91.     Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Willard  H.  Waterbury — C.   '91;    taught  several  schools  undergraduate;    '92 

graduated  C.   at  Cortland  Normal;    is  teaching.     Niversville,  N.  Y. 
Jennie  U.  Clay — E.  '91;  entered   from  Plattsburgh  Academy;    '91-2  studied, 

Conservatory   of    Music,    Utica;  '92-3  graduated  Fort    Edward    Institute; 

'93-4  Methods,  Albany  Normal  College;    '94-5   teacher   of  Language,    Cat- 
skill  Academy.     Catskill,  N.  Y. 


Potsdam  Normal  School. 


George  M.  Stimets — E.  '91;  postgraduate  Literature;  business.  51  Somer 
St.,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Arthur  W.  G^le—E.   '92;  '93  entered  Eastman's  Business  College;    '94   with 

Alden  Spears  Sons  and  Co.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Leon  L.  Gibson— E.  '93;   lumber  business.     West  Stockholm,  N.  Y. 
Laura  Alta  Feltt — E.    '94;    teaching,  Clintonville,  N.  Y. 

Mary  Coffeen-Sisson — C.  '94;  entered  the  lowest  Primary  class  in  '69;  when 
a  member  of  the  "A"  class  taught  Rhetoric,  Algebra  and  French,  Ogdens- 
burg  Academy  for  four  years;  one  year  District  No.  17,  Potsdam;  '86 
married  Rufus  L.  Sisson.  Children,  Lewis  Hamilton,  '87;  Rufus  Luther, 
'90;  Ruth  Coffeen,  '92;  Walter  Coffeen  '94;  having  completed  all  academic 
work,  her  diploma  is  dated  '94.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Mary  Frances  Batchelder — C.  '95;  entered  from  practice  schools.  Pots- 
dam, N.  Y. 

D'Ette  Brownell,  M.  D. — E.  '95;  first  entered  the  Normal,  left  before  com- 
pletion of  professional  course;  taught  nine  years  in  the  schools  of  New 
York.     Practicing  Physician,  Westboro,  Mass. 

Katherine  Agnes  Donovan — E.  '95;  re-entered  to  complete  Normal  Course, 
and  to  take  course  in  Art.     see  Normal  January,  '96.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Carlton  Eugene  Smith — E.  '95;  '95  entered  Union  University.  Schenectady, 
N.  Y. 

William  D.  Witherbee — E.  '95;  '95  entered  McGill  Medical  College.  Mon- 
treal, Canada. 

Frederick  Lamont  Maxon — E.  '96;  entered  from  Adams  Center;  taught 
several  rural  schools  in  Jefferson  County;  nearly  completed  Normal 
course;  '96  teaching.     Smithvillc,  N.  Y. 

CONSERVATORY    GRADUATES. 

Martha  S.  Abbott — P.  '77;    see  Normal  '77.     Music  teacher,    Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Mabel  D.  Parker-Hathorne — P.  '77;  postgraduate  at  Normal  Conservatory, 
.  and  at  New  England  Conservatory;  has  taught  sixteen  years  as  assistant 
to  her  husband,  Professor  F.  E.  Hathorne,  at  E.  Greenwich,  R.  L,  and 
at  the  Normal.     Son,  Ernest.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Florence  L  Chase-Briggs — P.  '81;  entered  Normal  from  practice  schools; 
taught  three  terms; '81-2  teacher  of  music,  No.  17,  Potsdam;  '82-4  voice 
culture  and  piano,  Hickory,  N.  C;  '85  married  Warren  S.  Briggs.  Daugh- 
ter, Florence  Mayfred  '87.     St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Lucy  Katherine  Leonard-Follett — P.  '82;  taught  one  year,  Pierrepont; 
four  years,  Marinette,  Wis. ;  '87  married  J.  Ward  Follett;  is  teaching. 
Marinette,  Wis. 

Clarence  H.  King — P.  \S7;  taught  piano  one  year;  organist  and  director  of 
music,  First  Universalist  church;  jeweller,  North  Attleboro,  Mass. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  169 

Mary  S.  Howe— P.  '88;  see  Academic  '87.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Carrie  E.  Moore- Watkins — V.  '88;   married   Henry   A.  Watkins.     One    son 

living.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 
Mrs.  Belle  P.  Barnard — T.  '88;  taught  music  in  public  schools   and  private 

lessons,  Norwood;  '94-6  Superintendent  of  Music.     West  Bay  City,  Mich. 
Harriet  E.  Brown-DeRevere — T.  '88;   member  of  the   first  class   graduated 

in  the  Teachers'  Course;    assistant  to  Miss   Crane   until  '93;    studied  with 

Mme.  Cappiani  and  Professor  Holt;  '93  married  Dr.  J.  W.  DeRevere,  who 

died  December,  '95.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 
Mrs.  S.  A.  Clarke— T.  '88.     Smith's  Falls,  Ont. 
Mary  F.  Call— T.  '88.     New  Rochelle,  N.  Y. 

Harriet  M.  Crane-Bryant — T.  '88;  see  Normal  '85.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 
Elva  M.  Haywood— T.  '88;  see  Normal  '86.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 
Hattie  M.  Wood— T.  '88;  see  Normal  '89.     South    Omaha,  Neb. 
Harriet  Lovisa  Ellis-Lanpher — P.  '89,  T.  '90;  '90  Superintendent  of  Music, 

East  Orange,  N.  J.;  since   '92  private  class  at  home;    Dec.  25,    '95  married 

Professor  Charles  N.  Lanpher.  Lowville,  N.  Y. 
Bertha  M.  Leonard-Dovc — P.  '89.  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 
Dora  May  Frauton — P.  '89;    '89-90  home  class;    '90-2  Conservatory  of  Music, 

Boston,  Mass.;    '92  orchestra,  St.  Andrews,  N.  B.;  '93-5  teaching  at  home; 

'95-6  Conservatory  at  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 
Carrie  L.  Storrs— P.  '89.     Canton,  N.  Y. 
Elizabeth  W.  Carpenter — T.  '89;     '89-90  soprano   and   leader   of   quartette 

choir  and  teacher  of  vocal  culture,    Warren,    O. ;    '90-2   vocal   music   and 

drawing,  Johnstown,  N.  Y.;    '93  entered   Oberlin  Conservatory  of  Music. 
Alice  S.  Lewis— T.  '89;    see  Normal  '86.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 
Lena  M.  Stanley— T.  '89;  see  Normal  '89.     New  Rochelle,  N.  Y. 
Grace  T.  Howe — T.  '89;  entered  Intermediate   department  from  District  No. 

8;  after   graduation   become   assistant   in   the   Vocal   Department;    '91-2 

studied  with  Mme.  Cappiani;  '95-6  private  vocal  lessons.    Cortland,  N.  Y. 
Emma  E.  Stone— T.  '89;  '90-1  Shippensburg,  Pa.,    State  Normal  School;    '92-3 

Devil's  Lake,    North  Dakota;    '94-6  vocal   music,    Jacob   Tome   Institute, 

Port  Deposit,  Md. 

Emma  E.  Wood— T.  '89;  see  Normal  '89.     Teaching,    South  Omaha,  Neb. 

Minnie  E.  Cubley-Rochester — P.,  T.  '90;  taught  one  year  at  Massena;  mar- 
ried Rev.  Rochester,  pastor  Presbyterian  church.  Two  sons.  Prince 
Albert,  Sask.,  Canada. 

Edith  Louise  Barnum — P.  '90;  '91  Vocal  and  Instrumental  music,  Jasper 
Normal  Institute,  Fla. ;   housekeeper  for  her  father.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Alice  E.  P.  Kellogg-Riley— P.  '90.     West  Chazy,  N.  Y. 

Lila  S.  McClelland-Britton — P.  '90;  private  pupils,  organist,  Norwood;  '91 
married  Fred  J.  Britton.     Norwood,  N.  Y. 


170  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

Elfreda  E.  Tambling-Fraser — P.  '90;  '91-2  chorister  and  organist,  Parma: 
'92-3  taught  Piano  in  New  York  Institute  for  the  Blind;  '93  married  Allan 
D.  Fraser;  '91-2  studied  Voice  Culture  with  Charles  Abercrombie,  of 
Eochester.     North  Parma,  N.  Y. 

Minnie  E.  Cooley-Burdick—T.  '90;  '90-1  taught  at  San  Eiver,  Mont.;  '91-2 
Shoshone,  Idaho;  '92  married  Edward  S.  Burdick  '92;  '92-3  Crown  Point: 
'93-4  Ives  Seminary.     Died  July  12,  '94. 

Jennie  Purves — T.  '90;  see  Normal  '85;  '95-6  Emerson  College  of  Oratory, 
Boston,  Mass. 

Ildah  M.  Chaney— T.  '91;  see  Normal  '91.     Tupper  Lake,  N.  Y. 

Mrs.  Jennie  P.  Clark-Mu-llen — T.  '91.     Leadville,  Col. 

Charlotte  A.  Clark-Parker — T.  '91;  see  Normal  '86.     Deceased. 

Mary  A.  Waldo — T.  '91;  see  Normal  '76.     Shippensburg,  Pa. 

Julie  T.  Walling— T.  '91;    see  Normal  '91.     Ealeigh,  N.  C. 

Edith  M.  Austin — P.  '91,  T.  '93;  assistant  in  the  Normal  Conservatory  of 
Music,  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

G.  Estelle  Peppers-Drummond — P.  '91;  taught  one  year;  '94  married  John 
H.  Drummond.     '95  son.     Adams,  N.  Y. 

Sarah  E.  Sanford— P.  '91.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Flora  B.  Hackett— T.  '92;  see  Normal  '92.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Eleanor  J.  Lockwood — T.  '92;  taught  at  Shippensburg,  Pa.,  at  Mohawk  and 
at  Malone.     Madrid,  N.  Y. 

Clara  A.  Foster— T.  '92;    see  Normal  '92.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Anna  F.  McGregor-Billings — T.  '92;  taught  three  terms  before  graduation; 
'92-4  Superintendent  of  music  and  drawing,  Johnstown,  N.  Y. ;  married. 
Charles  Billings.     South  Hammond,    N.  Y. 

S.  Mae  Hapgood — T.  '92:  graduate  of  Franklin  Academy,  Malone;  '92-6  vocal 
music,  State  Normal  School,  Plattsburgh,  N.  Y. 

Harriet  McCormick-Hitchcock— T.  '92.  i02  Fifth  St.,  N.  E.,  Washington, 
D.    C. 

Alice  H.  Houghton — P.  '92;  '93-4  student,  New  England  Conservatory,  Bos- 
ton, Mass;  '94-5  private  pupils,  Potsdam  and  Ogdensburg.  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Gertrude  E.  Whitney-Eogers — P.  '92;  '92  married  William  F.  Eogers,  Ant- 
werp, N.  Y. 

Hattie  L.  Burr-Henderson — T.  '93;  Superintendent  of  vocal  music  West- 
chester; married  William  Henderson.     Westchester,  N.  Y. 

Mary  H.  McGregor — T.  '93;  taught  three  terms  undergraduate:  '93  teacher 
of  vocal  music  Mohawk;  '93-5  superintendent  of  music  and  drawing,  Am- 
sterdam; '95-6  Superintendent  vocal  music,  Corning,  N.  Y. 

Ethel  M.  Vance — T.  '93;  graduate  of  Elmira  Academy;  severe  illness  has  in- 
terrupted her  teaching  since  graduation.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Alumni.  171 

Carrie  A.  Bissell— T.  '93;  see  Normal  '93.     St.  Jolmsville,  N.  Y. 

Mary  N.  Boynton-Munro— T.  '93;    see  Normal  '93.     Gouverneur,  N.  Y. 

M.  Gabriel  Collins — T.  '93;  taught  three  months  at  Mohawk;  '94-5  at  home; 
'95-6  Superintendent  of  Music,  Stamford,  N.  Y. 

Bessie  L.  Humphrey — T.  '93;  see  Normal  '93.     Summit,  N.  J. 

Nellie  Melrose — T.  '93;  '93-4  Lewiston;  '94-5  Music  in  the  Seminary,  Pryor 
Creek,  Ind.  Terr. 

MarCxARET  G.  Northup-Flint — T.  '93;  private  pupils,  Morley;  Nov.  28'  '95 
married  Edward  L.  Flint.     Potsdam.  N.  Y. 

Eva  M.  Wellington — T.,  P.  '93;  studied  with  Mrs.  Carpenter,  Potsdam;  later 
at  Boston  and  at  Holyoke,  Mass.;  '93-4  private  lessons  DeKalb;  '94  Music, 
Colby  Academy,  New  London,  N.  H. 

Ella  Maude  Williams — T.  '93;  '94  taught  in  public  schools,    Katonah,  N.  Y. 

Mrs.  Grace  Dearing  Walseman — T.  '93;  '93-6  Superintendent  of  music  in 
city  schools,  and  soprano  in  Baptist  church.     Plattsburgh,  N.  Y. 

Mrs.  Alberta  Atkins- Wilson — T.  '93;  '93-4  taught  music,  Massena;  '95  be- 
gan Normal  Course;  '95-6  teaching  No.  8.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Julia  F.  Bailey— T.  '94.     Canton,  N.  Y. 

Mary  Elizabeth  Bixby — T.  '94;  one  and  one-half  years  undergraduate  teach- 
ing. Norwood,  N.  Y. 

Myra  M.  Blake — P.  '94;  private  pupils,  Nicholville;    '95-6  Clinton,  Mass. 

Margaret  M.  Garrity — T.  '94.     Chatham,   N.  Y. 

Leta  A.  Kitts — T.  '94;  Superintendent  of  Music   and  Drawing.     Flint,  Mich. 

Joanna  M.  Oliver — T.    '94;   private  vocal  lessons.     Waddington,  N.  Y. 

Georgia  Anna  Schull — T.  '94,  studied  French  and  German  in  addition  to 
Conservatory  course;  private  pupils  German  and  Superintendent  of  Music 
in  Public  Schools.     Carthage,  N.  Y. 

Carroll  H.  Vance — T.  '94;  nearly  completed  Academic  E.  course;  spent 
several  years  as  slide  trombonist  in  theater  and  opera-concert  orchestral 
work;  has  conducted  military  bands,  orchestras,  and  amateur  operas; 
'94-6  Clerk,  Surrogate's  Office;  '93  married  Bertha  Glanz;  member  of 
specialists'  committee  on  bands,  New  York  State  Music  Teacher's  Associ- 
ation.    Canton,  N.  Y. 

Nellie  Buth  Cramer — T.  '95;  see  Normal  '95.    Lawrence  Station,  L.  I. 

Ethel  I.  Chaney — T.  '95;  see  Normal  '95.     Saugerties,  N.  Y. 

Minnie  L.  Davis — T.  '95;  see  Normal  '95.     Tarrytown,  N.  Y. 

G.  Clayton  Flint — T.  '95;  nearly  completed  Academic  S.  course;  studied 
harmony  and  composition  in  New  York  City;  '95  teaching  music  and  con- 
tinuing postgraduate  studies;  member  of  local  music  organizations;  '95-6 
Musical  Director.     Lafayette,  Ind. 


1^2  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Anna  M.  Manlet — T.  '95;  prepared  at  Watertown;  Superintendent  of  Music, 
Yarmouth,  Mass. 

Hatty  C.  McGary— T.  '95.     Watertown,  N.  Y. 

Fannie  L.  Towne—V.    '95,  T.   '9G;    at  home,  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Mary  C.  Wells— T.,  D.  '95;  graduate  of  Madrid    Union  School;    '95-6  Super- 
intendent of  Music  and  Drawing,  East  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

Ada  Euth  Allen — T.    '96;  see  Normal,  '96.     Hammond,  N.  Y. 

Grace  Heward— T.  '96.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Luna  Belle  Keeler — T.  '96;  see  Normal,  '96.     Norwood,  N.  Y. 

Note — P.,  Piano  Course.     T.,  Music  Teachers'  Course.     V.,  Vocal  Course. 

D.,  Drawing  Course. 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

URBANA 


MISS  EUTRICK.  FRLF.  FLRQG.  M1SSSTEYER.  HiSSCHOLLflR. 

MISS   HOWE.  PROF.    MRNN,  DR.    STCWELL.  MISS    MOREY,  FR£F.    HRTHORNE. 

FRLF.  NORSE.  PRCF.BONC.  HISS  CRANE.  FR°F.  ROSEGRRNT.  HISSESTERLY. 

FR£F.  CRAVES.  HRS.    BRRTLETT.  FR9F.  ALLEN.  PR°F,  W ATKINS. 


{pWenty-piffl?  ©Anr\i\}Grsar^  Exercises 

(p^e   potsdam  State    J^ofmal   School    eAlumni    ©Association, 
Ibelfc  in  tbe  ©pera  fbouse,  fl>ot50am, 

WEDNESDAY,  JUNE  21m,  1894,  AT  TEN  A.  H. 

■?&& 

Music,         .         .         .         Orchestra. 
Informal  Greeting,  ......     Dr.  T.  B.  Stowell, 

Principal  Potsdam  Normal  School. 
Address  of  Welcome,  .....         Gen.  E.  A.  Merritt, 

President  Local  Board. 
Eesponse,  .         .         ."  .         .         .      Mahlon  M.  Wagner,  '75. 

President  Alumni  Association. 
Music — The  Night  has  a  Thousand  Eyes,        .  .       Phoenix  Club. 

Address,         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  .       Hon.  A.  X.  Parker, 

The  Old  St.  Lawrence  Academy  as  an  Educational  Center  in  Northern  N.  Y. 

Song— Three  Fishers,         .         .         .       Mary  N.  Boynton,  '93. 
Reading,         .         .         .         .         .         .         .       Gertrude  D.  McBrien,  '87 

Violin  .Solo,  .         .         .  R.  Barnhardt  Brewer. 

Address — Reminiscences,         .         .  Mrs.  Helen  Austin  Bramley,  '73. 

Song — In  Sevilla's  Groves,  ....  VanLennep. 

Miss  Fannie  Towne. 

Address, Francis  M.  Payne,  '76. 

County  Superintendent  of  Schools,  Pipestone,  Minn. 
The  Influence  of  the  Potsdam  Normal  in  the  West. 

Song, Miss  Emma  E.  Stone,  '89. 

Address,  .......     Elizabeth  V.  Griffin,  '90, 

Principal  Spell  man  Normal  College,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
Work  of  Our  Alumni  in  the  South. 
Aria — Romeo  and  Juliet,     .     Mrs   Harriet  Crane  Bryant,  '88. 
Address,       ...         .         .         .         .         Frank  D.  Boynton,  A.  M.,  '87, 

Principal  High  School,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
The  Influence  of  the  Normal  at  Home. 
Music,         ........        Orchestra. 


174  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


CONDENSED  REPORT  OF  THE  EXERCISES. 

Introductory  Remarks  by  Dr.  Stowell. 

Members  of  the  Alumni  Association,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen: 

In  the  olden  time  there  was  a  functionary  with  a  high-sounding  title  which 
indicated  that  his  special  work  at  the  time  of  the  races  was  to  signal  just 
when  the  line  should  be  dropped  for  the  races  to  proceed.  I  saw  this  illus- 
trated the  other  day  by  some  small  boys  who  were  engaged  in  their  sports, 
and  one  little  fellow  was  pompously  magnifying  his  office,  of  whom  I  inquir- 
ed: "My  little  fellow  what  have  you  to  do  with  this?"  Straightening  him- 
self he  replied:  "Why,  I  am  the  starter."  You  see  at  once  my  relation  to 
the  exercises  of  the  day— and  I  would  magnify  my  office— I  am  the  starter. 
It  was  agreed  that  I  form  no  part  of  the  program,  but  I  take  this  occasion  to 
reiterate  and  to  emphasize  what  is  well  understood  by  the  undergraduates  as 
well  as  by  the  recent  classes  that  my  hopes  rest  entirely  in  the  Alumni  for  the 
prosperity  and  the  future  of  our  Normal  school.  We  may  boast  of  great 
things  here  at  home,  but  unless  our  Alumni  show  to  us  large  results,  we  are 
a  failure;and  consequently  I  rejoiced  when  I  heard  that  our  Alumni  were  dis- 
posed to  return  this  year  and  celebrate  the  silver  wedding.  They  would  not 
permit  us  to  invite  them  home  and  celebrate  their  return;  but  they  proposed 
to  come  back  as  boys  and  girls  and  have  a  grand  good  time.  We  are  to  look 
on  and  see  their  sports  and  rejoice  with  them.  I  wish  to  express  my  ap- 
preciation of  the  hearty  co-operation  of  the  Alumni  in  this  movement,  and  on 
this  occasion  also  to  acknowledge  the  services  of  the  Executive  Committee  in 
making  this  gathering  a  possibility,  for  without  their  continuous  and  hearty 
co-operation  it  would  have  been  impossible  to  reach  all  sections  of  the  country 
and  to  awaken  the  enthusiasm  so  manifest  to-day. 

It  would  be  quite  foreign  to  the  spirit  of  our  school  to  forget  the  history  of 
another  Institution  whose  labors  in  Northern  New  York  made  the  Potsdam 
Normal  School  a  possibility — for  let  it  be  remembered  that  St.  Lawrence 
Academy  was  one  of  the  first  schools  in  the  Empire  State  to  form  a  special 
class  for  the  training  of  teachers. 

It  gives  me  pleasure  to  see  one  of  the  old  Academy  boys  upon  the  program 
and  the  last  of  the  Academy  Principals  who  for  years  was  an  honored  mem- 
ber of  the  corps  of  Instructors  in  our  Normal  School,  and  who  is  to-da./ 
Treasurer  of  the  Local  Board.  But  while  we  honor  the  older  Institution  I  am 
forced  to  say  "Pulchra  mater,  filia  pulchrior." 

In  the  selection  of  a  site  for  a  Normal  School  in  Northern  New  York,  one 
gentleman  was  perhaps  more  active  and  more  influential  than  any  other;  to 
his  services  Potsdam  is  indebted  for  the  location  of  the  school  in  her  midst, 
and  the  school  is  indebted  for  its  most  fortunate  location.  Although  this 
gentleman  accorded  to  others  the  honor  of  being  the  Original  Members  of  the 
Local  Board  he  was  subsequently  appointed  a  member  of  that  Body  and  since 
1891  has  been  its  honored  President. 

It  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  present  to  you  the  President  of  the  Local 
Board  to  bid  these  children  welcome,  General  E.  A.  Merritt. 


Twenty-Fifth  Anniversary  Exercises.  175 

ADDRESS  OF  WELCOME  BY  GEN.  E.  A.  MERRLTT, 
President  of  the  Local  Board. 

Members  of  the  Alumni  Association: 

I  give  you  on  behalf  of  the  authorities  of  this  school,  a  most  cordial  wel- 
come. You  are  very  welcome  and  we  want  you  to  feel  entirely  at  home.  We 
extend  this  greeting  also  to  the  undergraduates  of  tMs  institution,  most  of 
whom  cannot  be  with  you  today.  We  extend  it  most  cheerfully  and  earnest- 
ly on  behalf  of  the  village,  to  these  graduates  and  these  teachers,  and  if  they 
have  chosen  words  better  than  I  can  express,  I  want  them  to  feel  that  that  is 
just  exactly  what  I  feel,  and  wis:i  to  express. 

This  school  was  founded  upon  a  rock,  which  was  recognized  as  one  of  the 
first  institutions  of  Northern  New  York — the  old  St.  Lawrence  Academy. 
Many  distinguished  persons  went  from  that  school  into  public  life  and  ex- 
tended their  influence  broad  and  widely.  We  come  in  as  successors,  so  to 
speak,  of  that  institution,  and  we  are  linked  to  it  in  a  particular  way;  not 
only  in  a  bond  of  local  interest,  but  as  those  who  were  associated  in  the  old 
institution  come  over  and  becoms  a  part  of  the  present,  and  I  may,  without 
going  too  much  into  detail,  refer  to  two  or  three  of  the  individua's. 

First  and  foremost  was  the  principal  of  the  old  Academy,  who  was  most 
successful,  and  came  over  into  our  faculty  and  rendered  valuable  service  at 
the  outset — Prof.  George  H.  Sweet.  And  in  order  to  bind  together  more 
closely  the  two  institutions  he  concluded  that  he  would  join  the  faculty  and 
accordingly  he  made  Miss  Julia  Gilbert,  Mrs.  Sweet.  I  notice  here  one  of  the 
Alumni  of  the  old  institution  who  also  came  into  our  faculty.  I  refer  to  Mr. 
Manley  who  has  gone  into  the  newspaper  world  at  Canton.  I  notice  Judge 
Vance  who  was  an  alumnus  of  the  old  institution  and  who  is  now  identified 
with  the  Local  Board.  We  all  recognize  Hon.  A.  X.  Parker  who  is  to  ad- 
dress you  today.  These  are  samples  of  what  we  had  to  start  with,  and  if  we 
did  not  recognize  their  abilities,  we  would  be  dull  scholars.  We  are  very 
fortunate  today  and  it  is  a  great  pleasure  to  meet  the  ex-principals  and  ex- 
preceptresses  of  the  Normal,  who  are  all  here.  Dr.  McVicar  was  the  first 
principal.  You  know  what  he  did  in  establishing  thoroughly  the  true  prin- 
ciples of  education  here.  Dr.  Morgan  succeeded.  Nothing  was  lost  but 
something  was  added.  Then  he  was  succeeded  by  that  noble,  active,  energetic 
promoter,  Dr.  Cook,  who  directed  his  labors  not  to  the  work  of  the  school 
alone  but  to  the  sanitary  conditions  surrounding.  He  took  interest  in  the 
sanitary  interests  of  our  town,  and  became  popular,  except  with  those  who 
were  opposed  to  his  policy,  and  the  rigid  rules  which  were  established  by  the 
Board  of  Health,  of  which  he  was  an  active  member.  We  all  feel  that  a  great 
good  and  valuable  service  was  rendered  by  him.  We  knew  a  lady  by  the 
name  of  Miss  Allen,  our  first  preceptress,  now  Mrs.  Trapnell.  She  saw  fit  to 
change  her  name  while  she  was  here,  and  we  wish  to  say  to  Miss  Allen  that 
we  are  proud  she  is  here  today,  and  know  that  she  still  feels  an  interest  in 
this  school.  She  was  succeeded  by  Miss  Marks  who  afterwards  changed  her 
name  to  Mrs.  Conkey,  and  who    was   also   succeeded  by  our  own  Miss  Mcrey 


176  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


who  is  still  with  us.  Perhaps  it  would  not  do  for  me  to  dwell  on  those  who 
have  gone  out  from  us  but  I  do  not  think  it  improper  to  mention  a  few 
names.  You  all  know  we  lost  two  noble  friends,  Prof.  Blakeslee  and  Prof. 
Loomis,  who  were  linked  with  us.  I  would  also  refer  to  Miss  Parmeter  who 
was  a  member  of  our  faculty  and  who  now  has  a  permanent  position  in  Cali- 
fornia, and  Miss  Eleanor  Jones,  first  Principal  of  the  Primary  Department. 
And  you  all  know  Miss  Russell,  who  was  at  the  head  of  the  Intermediate  De- 
part ment  and  is  now  connected  with  the  Albany  College. 

I  think  that  all  I  have  to  say  now  is  that  I  have  heard  that  it  was  almost  a 
violation  of  propriety  for  the  audience  to  applaud  any  good  thing  that  came 
upon  the  stage.  I  wish  to  say  that  after  my  speech  is  done  and  that  when 
the  regular  speaking  of  the  day  is  commenced  you  need  not  feel  that  constaint 
that  has  been  imposed  upon  us  by  the  former  principals.  I  can  assure  you 
that  the  janitor  of  this  hall  and  the  local  board  are  perfectly  satisfied  to  have 
you  applaud  all  the  good  things  that  come.  We  have  examined  the  roof  and 
the  sides  here  and  you  need  not  be  afraid  of  any  calamity.  One  word  as  to 
myself.  I  feel  a  deep  interest  in  this  institution.  As  some  of  you  know  I 
have  been  in  public  life  to  some  extent,  but  of  all  the  public  services  I  ever 
rendered.  I  feel  greatest  pride  in  what  I  may  have  contributed  to  the  inter- 
ests which  are  identified  with  this  school.  I  feel  as  time  goes  on  that  at  least 
we  have  one  permanent  institution  in  which  my  neighbors,  my  family  and 
friends  shall  feel  a  continuous  and  lasting  interest. 

The  President  of  the  Alumni  will  now  take  charge  of  the  exercises  ar- 
range 1  for  this  occasion. 

RESPONSE  OF  MAHLON  M.  WAGNER. 
President  of  the  Alumni  Association. 

Mr.  President,  Members  of  the  Local  Board.  Ladies  and  Gentlemen: 

I  can  only  thank  you  in  the  name  of  the  Alumni,  for  your  friendly  greeting 
and  assure  you  that  no  matter  how  glad  you  may  be  to  see  us,  you  are  not 
one-half  as  glad  ae  we  are  to  be  at  home  once  more.  It  gives  me  especial 
pleasure  to  be  welcomed  by  Gen.  Merritt  because  I  am  indebted  to  him  for 
all  that  I  am  or  may  ever  hope  to  be. 

In  so  far  as  3'our  cordial  reception  is  intended  for  me  personally,  which 
can  be  but  in  a  small  measure,  I  return  to  you  my  most  sincere  thanks;  but 
in  so  far  as  your  intent  is  to  honor  the  Alumni  Association  through  me  their 
representative,  I  not  only  thank  you  but,  personally,  I  commend  your  judg- 
ment because  I  have  insisted,  during  the  past  year  in  public  speech  and  pri- 
vate talk,  through  the  press  and  everywhere,  that  this  Alumni  Association  is 
deserving  of  honor.  It  is  not  a  thing  for  laughter,  jibes  and  jeers  as  some 
seemed  to  think.  If  the  graduates  of  this  school  are  not  better  men  and 
women  and  more  useful  members  of  society  by  reason  of  their  instruction 
here, then  is  this  institution  a  failure  and  its  Alumni  Association  unworthy  of 
honor. 


Twenty -Fifth  Anniversary  Exercises.  177 

As  a  tree  is  judged  by  its  fruit  so  is  a  school  judged  by  its  graduates.  For 
twenty-five  yeai's  this  school  has  lived  upon  its  promises  to  do  a  certain 
work.  From  this  time  forth  it  must  be  able  to  point  with  pride  to  what  it 
has  done  and  is  doing. 

It  seems  to  me  peculiarly  fitting  that  on  this  occasion  our  Alumni  should 
gather  here  from  all  over  the  land,  that  you,  gentlemen  of  the  Local  Board, 
and  members  of  the  Faculty,  may  see  what  manner  of  men  and  women  we 
are.  We  come  not  as  children  subject  to  the  control  of  pai'ent  or  teacher,  but 
as  full-grown  men  and  women  having  ideas  and  convictions  of  our  own  and 
the  courage  to  express  them.  We  come  to  acknowledge  the  debt  we  owe  to 
you  and  to  the  state,  to  praise  those  things  which  are  deserving  of  praise,  and 
in  all  love  and  kindliness  to  criticise  those  things  which  are  deserving  of 
criticism. 

It  is  true  that  up  to  this  date  the  advise  of  our  Alumni  has  never  been  ask- 
ed by  those  in  authority  nor  have  we  any  representative  upon  the  Local 
Board.  But  there  will  be  a  change  some  day,  and  we  shall  come  back,  as  we 
have  come  today,  from  every  walk  in  life,  and  from  every  state  from  Maine 
to  California;  we  shall  come  not  only  possessed  of  a  knowledge  of  the  needs 
of  the  school,  but  strengthened  by  all  the  varied  experiences  of  life.  Then 
will  those  in  authority  advise  with  us  and  it  will  be  to  the  advantage  of  all 
concerned. 

To  you,  citizens  of  Potsdam,  on  behalf  of  the  Alumni,  I  desire  to  return 
thanks  for  your  unbounded  hospitality.  Our  stay  in  town  is  short.  We 
must  leave  early  in  the  morning  and  it  will  be  utterly  impossible  for  us  to 
call  upon  you  all  at  your  homes.  But  do  not  let  us  pass  you  on  the  streets 
unnoticed  this  afternoon.  Stop  us  and  let  us  grasp  you  by  the  hand  once 
more.  Call  us  by  our  given  names,  for  remember,  dear  folks,  that  to  you  we 
are  never  doctors,  nor  lawyers,  nor  preachers,  but  when  we  come  back  to 
Potsdam  we  are  plain  Tom  and  Dick  and  Harry,  just  as  we  were  in  the  days 
of  long  ago. 

ADDRESS  OF  HON.  A.  X.  PARKER,  A.  M. 

"The  Old  Academy." 

Mr.  Parker  said  :  It  will  be  remembered  that  the  region  lying  along  the  in- 
land rivers  of  St.  Lawrence  county  was  but  an  unbroken  wilderness  until 
after  1803,  and  that  the  attacks  upon  the  grand  old  forests  hereabout  were 
scarcely  well  begun  until  after  the  close  of  the  war  of  1812.  The  early  set- 
tlers were  people  who  found  hard  work  upon  their  hands  ;  they  were  serious, 
laborious  men  and  women  of  brawn  and  brain.  The  puny  and  timid  found 
little  to  attract  them  in  this  northern  wilderness.  The  pioneers  were  earnest, 
true  and  strong,  and  had  faith  that  they  were  developing  a  fine  country  for 
themselves  and  their  successors,  and  they  met  their  privations  with  religious 
faith  and  brave  confidence.  These  pioneers  were  essentially  a  New  England 
colony,  and  familiar  with  New  England  institutions  ;  yet  many  of  them  were 
Q.  C.  H.  12. 


178  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

from  southern  and  central  New  York,  and  a  few  were  of  those  who  came 
from  the  old  world  to  the  new.  All  worked  with  a  will  to  reproduce  here  the 
best  that  they  had  known  elsewhere.  The  landed  proprietors  gave  their  aid 
with  intelligent  liberality. 

That  portion  of  northern  New  York  lying  between  the  Adirondack  elevations 
and  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  away  from  natural  lines  of  travel,  almost  provin- 
cial in  its  seclusion,  and  practically  cut  off  from  the  business,  political,  fi- 
nancial and  educational  centers  of  the  State  until  about  1850,  of  necessity 
furnished  from  its  own  homes  and  hamlets  the  students  of  its  higher  schools. 
The  representative  students  of  that  day,  while  not  really  poor,  were  far  from 
being  rich  ;  as  a  rule  they  were  quite  mature  in  age  and  experience  before  ap- 
pearing at  the  academy.  They  seldom  possessed  means  to  acquire  a  well 
rounded  education,  and  most  of  them  were  precluded  from  a  college  course. 
They  had  little  time  for  dalliance  with  general  literature  or  for  a  culture  of 
the  graces.  They  were  not  sent  to  school,  they  came  of  their  own  volition  and 
in  furtherance  of  well  considered  plans  of  life  :  they  had  studied  their  needs 
and  their  limitations  and  were  thoroughly  practical  in  their  purposes.  They 
came  with  fully  formed  intentions  of  becoming  teachers,  editors,  doctors, 
lawyers,  civil  engineers,  business  men,  farmers,  preachers  or  missionaries,  as 
the  case  might  be,  and  studied  hard  and  lived  economically  and  wrought  and 
trained  with  a  fixed  purpose  in  view.  They  had  little  time  or  money  for  ex- 
periments, they  set  to  work  and  became  faithful,  patient  and  thorough.  Of- 
ten, when  the  student  found  his  purse  becoming  dangerously  light,  he  would 
seek  out  a  district  school,  act  as  its  teacher  for  three  or  four  months,  then 
come  back  with  his  little  fortune  and  invest  it  carfully,  dollar  by  dollar,  in 
his  education.  Such  a  student  would  neither  trille  nor  digress.  It  was  true 
then,  as  many  of  you  know  it  to  be  true  now,  that  the  sacrifices  of  a  loving 
home  circle  give  a  pathetic,  yes,  almost  a  sacred,  character  to  the  labors  and 
strivings  of  one  bravely  seeking  culture  and  knowledge  for  use  in  a  higher 
and  broader  path  of  life. 

It  is  a  notable  fact  that  while  the  population  was  yet  sparse  and  settlers 
were  few,  almost  before  the  advent  of  the  common  school  here,  an  academy 
was  provided.  Hough,  the  trustworthy  chronicler,  tells  us  that  Benjamin 
Raymond  in  1810  "built  a  house  which  he  called  an  academy  and  subsequent- 
ly conveyed  it  for  that  purpose."  Out  of  this  early  movement  grew  the  St. 
Lawrence  Academy.  In  1812  the  same  benefactor  at  his  own  cost  employed  a 
Harvard  graduate  as  teacher.  The  succeeding  school  became  the  first 
academy  in  the  county  and  its  leadership  was  unquestioned.  In  1812-14  a 
liberal  subscription  was  made  and  an  effort  followed  for  an  incorporation, 
which  succeeded  in  1816.  In  1825  the  corner  stone  of  the  northerly  stone 
building  of  the  academy  was  laid  upon  a  spot  now  covered  by  the  northern 
wing  of  the  Normal  building.  A  teachers  class  had  been  established  in  the 
school  at  a  very  early  period.  In  1825  the  State,  Silas  Wright  then  being 
State  Senator,  appropriated  $2,500  for  the  higher  education  of  teachers  at  this 
school.  Prosperity  ensued  and  in  1836  the  south  building  was  erected  where 
the  southern  wing  of  the  Normal  building  now  is.      Many  teachers  served 


Tzventy-Fifth  Anniversary  Exercises.  179 

faithfully  and  successfully,  but  perhaps  the  long  period  of  peace  and  prosper- 
ity from  1828  to  1847,  under  the  Rev.  Asa  Brainard,  was  the  period  most  of- 
ten cited.  It  has  been  stated  that  for  twenty-five  years  the  academy  sent 
forth  one  hundred  teachers  per  annum  to  train  the  common  schools. 

Thus  the  St.  Lawrence  Academy  originated  and  developed  and  became  a 
local  educational  power,  and  thus  from  those  old  red  sandstone  buildings 
did  it  send  its  representatives  throughout  the  land,  and  even  abroad  to  bear 
its  name,  extend  its  reputation,  and  in  diverse  lines  of  achievement  to  illust- 
rate the  value  of  its  careful  and  thorough  training.  About  1866  it  became 
apparent  that  the  two  old  stone  ( slab  and  binder )  buildings  were  insufficient 
for  the  demands  of  the  time,  and  that  more  and  better  rooms  were  needed. 
Extensive,  expensive  repairs  became  an  impending  necessity.  Improved  ap- 
paratus and  modern  appliances  were  demanded  to  keep  pace  with  the  times. 
The  law  authorizing  new  Normal  schools  went  upon  the  statute  books.  The 
friends  and  the  trustees  of  the  old  school  here,  and  the  representative,  in- 
fluential and  official  citizens  of  the  whole  county  joined  in  an  effort  to  consti- 
tute a  State  Normal  School  the  successor  of  St.  Lawrence  Academy.  The  ef- 
fort was  successful.  The  old  academy  disappeared,  the  members  of  its  faculty 
went  their  ways,  the  trustees  who  had  wrought  for  educational  prosperity 
here  for  more  than  half  a  century  ceased  to  meet,  and  the  builders  and  the 
managers  of  the  new  institution  commenced  their  duties  and  assumed  con- 
trol. St.  Lawrence  Academy  became  transformed  into  the  Potsdam  State 
Normal  School. 

When  Benjamin  Raymond  in  1810  built  a  house  and  called  it  an  academy 
and  conveyed  it  to  the  public  he  began  the  foundation  of  this  State  Normal 
School.  The  teachers  who  left  the  old  halls,  one  hundred  per  year,  and  went 
abroad  to  prove  by  their  characters  and  their  work  the  nobility  of  their  na- 
tures and  the  perfection  of  their  training,  were  the  advance  guard  of  the 
alumni  of  the  Potsdam  Normal  School.  Principals  Johnson,  and  Banks,  and 
Ives,  and  Brainard,  and  Bascom,  and  Plumb,  and  Sweet,  were  but  the  fore- 
runners of  the  later  Principals,  Doctors  Mac  Vicar,  and  Morgan,  and  Cook  and, 
Stowell.  While  this  Normal  school  is  in  one  sense  a  creation  in  another  sense 
it  is  an  evolution. 

Those  who  were  students  or  graduates  of  the  older  school,  like  other  veter- 
ans about  us,  will  soon  disappear.  A  large  majority  of  those  for  whom  I 
speak  have  gone  "into  the  silent  land."  Once  for  all,  speaking  in  behalf  of 
the  living  and  the  dead,  and  in  order  that  the  services  of  those  who  speak  not 
may  be  remembered  as  those  here  present  wish  them  to  be  remembered  upon 
this  notable  occasion,  I  beg  to  say  to  the  students  of  the  current  year,  to  the 
graduates  of  yesterday  who  confidently  await  their  fortunes,  to  the  brave 
alumni  who  went  out  in  companies  from  year  to  year  with  lances  couched  and 
pennons  dancing  to  storm  the  gray  castles  and  frowning  battlements  of  the 
world,  and  have  brought  back  emblems  of  victory,  I  beg  to  say  to  you  that 
but  for  the  St.  Lawrence  Academy  the  Potsdam  State  Normal  School  would 
not  have  been.  But  for  the  faith  and  labors  of  the  '  'forefathers  of  the  ham- 
let" yonder  noble  edifice  would  not  have  graced  this  fair  landscape,  nor  would 


180  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


the  rhythmic  tread  of  its  marching  bands  here  challenge  the  ambition  of  the 
young  or  recall  pleasant  memories  of  the  old. 

I  was  a  student  of  St.  Lawrence  Academy  in  those  days  which,  with  a 
student's  partiality,  I  assume  to  have  been  its  palmiest  days.  I  was  one  of 
its  trustees  when  its  property  and  good  will  were  turned  over  to  the  Potsdam 
State  Normal  School.  In  both  relations,  and  speaking  for  the  students  and 
the  managers  of  my  time,  I  beg  to  offer  this  sentiment  :  May  this  royal  insti- 
tution of  learning,  the  Potsdam  State  Normal  School,  for  which  the  St.  Law- 
rence Academy  paved  the  way  and  built  the  foundations,  live  and  flourish  for 
a  thousand  years. 

ADDRESS  OF  MRS.  HELEN  D.  AUSTIN-BRAMLEY,  73. 

Assistant  and  Critic  in  the   Intermediate  Department  in  the  Seventies 
and  Principal  of  the  Department  in  '76. 

In  those  early  days  the  number  of  students  was  not  as  large  as  at  the  pres- 
ent day,  and  the  building  was  not  as  extensive.  They  say  valuable  articles 
are  put  up  in  small  packages.  About  twenty-five  years  ago  that  building  as 
it  rose  in  its  beauty  and  grandeur,  was  a  far  more  imposing  structure  in  the 
minds  of  the  people  than  it  is  today,  and  those  who  were  fortunate  enough  to 
pass  those  rigid  examinations  were  regarded  in  the  community  as  remarkable 
students.  The  remark  was  made  in  the  Sabbath  morning  services  that  this 
institution  was  founded  in  righteousness,  and  I  wish  to  be  sober  and  earnest 
long  enough  this  morning  to  emphasize  that  fact.  We  had  a  faculty  to  which 
we  shall  always  look  back  with  feelings  of  pride  and  admiration.  Personally 
I  feel  that  I  was  enriched  for  life  through  their  influence.  Dr.  MacVicar, 
with  a  corps  of  teachers  working  in  harmony  with  him,  was  enabled  through 
this  school  to  elevate  the  moral  tone  of  all  northern  New  York.  Of  those 
who  entered  college  it  was  said  that  a  Potsdam  Normal  school  graduate  never 
cribbed  in  an  examination;  and  that,  it  seems  to  me,  is  honor  enough  for  any 
man. 

One  of  my  first  experiences  as  a  Normal  student  was  in  connection  with  a 
boarding  hall.  During  our  study  hours,  we  were  obliged  to  keep  our  rooms 
and  were  not  even  to  communicate  with  each  other.  We  usually  got  on  very 
well.  At  other  times  it  was  a  hard  matter  to  keep  still.  Sometimes  we 
heard  footsteps  in  the  hall,  heavier  footsteps  than  were  accustomed  to  pass, 
then  a  tap  at  the  door  of  an  adjoining  room,  occupied  by  teachers. 
Then  frequently  would  be  beautiful  sounds  floating  to  our  ears,  and  ac- 
companiments on  the  violin.  Some  how  or  other  these  unusual  occurrences 
had  a  very  disquieting  effect  on  us.  They  always  seemed  to  inspire  my 
room  mate  to  say  a  great  many  funny  things  to  the  stove.  I  think  I  should 
have  been  happier  if  I  had  always  remembered  that  we  could  not  go  down 
town  in  the  evening  without  permission,  unless  on  Thursday  night.  One 
night  in  front  of  the  Albion  House  I  met  the  preceptress.  Perhaps  some  of 
the  rest  of  you  have  done  the  same  thing,  and  you  may  know   just  how  small 


Twenty-Fifth  Anniversary  Exercises.  181 

I  felt.  One  of  our  chapel  experiences  stands  out  very  clearly  in  my  mind, 
when  our  good  Dr.  Mac  Vicar  used  to  stand  up  in  all  the  majesty  of  his 
righteousness.  Then  woe  to  the  student  who  had  a  conscience.  How  we 
used  to  tremble  in  our  places  when  the  command,  came  ''All  who  have  not 
kept  study  hours,  stand."  Well,  I  always  stood.  The  memory  of  those  strains 
of  music  and  conversations^ with  the  stove  always  brought  me  to  my  feet.  I 
don't  remember  of  ever  appearing  to  advantage  on  such  occasions  but  once. 
The  subject  of  discussion  was,  why  we  were  there,  the  motive  that  brought 
us  there,  etc.  Several  were  called  and  their  answers  were  unsatisfactory. 
Finally  I  raised  my  hand  and  was  given  the  floor.  I  arose  and  said,  "We 
are  here  to  be  educated."  Well,  the  faculty  nodded  approval  and  I  sat  in 
triumph.  I  did  not  think  it  necessary  to  tell  them  that  a  short  time  before  I 
had  attended  a  teachers'  institute  and  there  gained  my  information.  The  class 
of  '73  deserves  especial  mention.  I  used  to  hear  it  said  that  they  were  the 
jolliest  class  that  ever  graduated  from  the  school.  As  I  look  back  into  the 
past,  memory  brings  very  sweet  and  precious  recollections  of  the  lazy  year 
spent  in  the  intermediate  training  department.  The  year  that  I  was  assistant 
teacher  I  don't  care  to  dwell  upon.  The  keen,  merciless  but  well  deserved 
criticisms  that  were  heaped  upon  me  were  given  freely  for  my  good.  The 
wounds  they  caused  were  healed  years  ago.  The  evils  at  which  they  were 
aimed  I  fear  remain.  When  I  entered  upon  the  duties  of  a  regular  teacher  I 
had  so  recently  come  from  the  hands  of  the  critics  that  I  felt  a  great  deal  of 
sympathy  for  the  young  ladies  and  gentlemen  who  came  to  me  for  criticism. 
The  knowledge  that  I  transmitted  to  them  the  good  which  I  had  received 
would  compensate  in  a  large  measure  for  the  trials  of  the  year. 

ADDRESS  OF  FRANCIS  M.   PAYNE,  '76. 

Superintendent  of  the  Schools  of  Pipestone,  Minnesota. 

Our  worthy  president  ought  to  know,  if  he  has  studied  his  geography  at  all 
that  I  am  not  from  the  west.  Minnesota  is  one  of  the  central  States  of  this 
grand  Union.  So  that  when  he  asks  me  to  speak  of  the  influence  of  the  Nor- 
mal School  in  the  west  I  am  out  of  my  sphere.  Accepting  the  old  definition 
of  the  west,  we  will  take  nothing  east  of  the  eastern  line  of  Lake  Michigan. 
I  find  that  we  have  west  of  that  line,  out  of  800  graduates  of  this  institution, 
one  hundred  and  sixty  Normal  graduates.  The  reason,  perhaps,  was  indicat- 
ed in  the  remarks  of  Mr.  Skinner  yesterday.  They  go  there  for  the  improve- 
ment of  their  condition.  That  being  their  only  object,  and  how  well  they 
have  succeeded  I  know  only  from  my  own  personal  observation.  We  find 
Potsdam  Normal  graduates  in  almost  every  occupation  that  you  might  men- 
tion. We  find  prominent  lawyers  in  the  west;  we  find  many  judges,  even  at 
the  present  day;  we  have  prof essors  and  theologians  all  over  the  west.  We 
find  located  in  California,  Oregon  and  Washington,  silver  miners;  in  Montana 
not  the  miners  only,  but  the  owners  of  mines;  we  find  them  in  Iowa,  scatter- 
ed throughout  that  State,  and  also  in  Missouri  and  Arkansas.  In  Salt  Lake 
City  we  find  our  representatives,  (they  are  not  Mormons,  however),  and  even 


1 82  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


we  find  them  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands.      I  have   just   notified   Mr.    Cleveland 
that  if   he  would  consult   our  representatives  there,  that   the  vexed  question 
between  the  two  would  be  settled   at   once.     The  Potsdam   Normal   graduate 
seems  to  be  pre-eminently  successful  when  he  is  engaged   in   the   almost   un- 
certain occupation,  politics.     I  have  yet  to  learn  of  one  single  member  of  our 
alumni  who  has  permitted  his  name  to  run  for   political   office,   who   suffered 
defeat.     It  seems  to  me  that  when  they  go  out  West  and  want   a  political  of- 
fice they  simply  reach  out  and  take  it.     I  believe  we  have   several  ladies  who 
are  county  superintendents,  one  or  two  of  whom  are  from  our   alumni.     This 
is  an  encouragement,  knowing  that  the  abilities  of  the   ladies  are   recognized 
among  us  in  the  west  as  well  as  those  of   the   gentlemen,  and  I  was  surprised 
when  I  took  up  a  program  here  this  morning  that   the  ladies  were  not  on  the 
program  instead  of   the   gentlemen.     In   the  schools   of   Minneapolis  we  find 
from  our  State  Superintendent  that  the   graduates   of  this  school  are  doing  a 
work,  the  credit  of  which  is  due  in  a  large   measure  to  the  teachers  who  have 
gone  there  from  this  Potsdam  Normal  School.     Go  where   you   will,    ask   any 
one  whom  you  choose  that   is  acquainted  with    educational  matters,  and  the 
reputation  of  the  Potsdam  Normal  school  stands  second  to  none  in  the  West. 
Why,  we  have  them  there  in  our   Indian   school   work.     We   have   them    en- 
gaged in  all  kinds  of  occupations  from  a  primary  teacher   to  the  superintend- 
ents of  city  schools.     Among  one  of  the  most   successful  is  our  W.  F.  F.  Sel- 
leck.     I  wish  here  to  acknowledge  in  behalf   of   the    State   of   Minnesota   the 
work  that  is  being  done  there  by    one    of    our    teachers,    a   member   of   the 
faculty,  Mary  F.  Hall.     In  conclusion  I  will  simply   say   this,    that  there  is  a 
field  of  work  in  the  west  that  is  open  to  all  the  alumni  of  this  institution, and 
that  we  extend  to  every  one   a   cordial   welcome;    and   more  than  that,  if   we 
find  that  you  are  successful  in  the  east,  we  do  not   hesitate,    as   our   superin- 
tendent said  yesterday,  at  a  few  dollars,  but  we  send  for  you  and  you  general- 
ly come. 

WORDS  FROM  THE  SOUTH   BY    MISS    ELIZABETH    V.  GRIFFIN  '90. 

Superintendent  of  Spelman  Normal  School. 

Every  whiff  of  the  rose,  every  note  of  the  bird  is  a  reminder  of  the  land  of 
sunshine  and  flowers,  which  sends  to  you  of  the  Potsdam  Normal  greetings 
this  day.  This,  our  twenty-fifth  anniversary,  is  a  fitting  time  to  hear  of  the 
new  Normal,  situated  in  the  highlands  of  Georgia,  which  claims  relationship 
through  Dr.  Mac  Vicar  and  also  through  one  of  your  own  number.  The  Nor- 
mal is  a  department  of  Spelman  Seminary  of  Atlanta,  and  a  few  words  with 
reference  to  its  early  history  may  be  of  interest. 

On  the  walls  of  our  library  hangs  the  picture  of  an  old  white  haired  man. 
Thirteen  years  ago  one  dreary  spring  morning,  he  was  praying  in  the  study 
of  his  church  that  some  one  might  be  sent  to  help  the  colored  women  of  the 
South.  While  he  was  praying,  tap  tap,  against  the  window  came  a  bit  of 
sand  thrown  by  the  hands  of  two  who  days  before  had  left  their  Boston  home 
to  help  those  for  whom  he  was  praying.  Picture  to  yourself  the  basement  of  a 


Twenty -Fifth  A?iniversary  Exercises.  183 

dilapidated  church  with  half  a  dozen  old  women  in  its  dim  light,  writing  on 
its  sandy  floor  x  y  z,  guided  by  the  hands  of  a  white  haired  woman  and  her 
friend,  and  you  see  the  beginning  of  the  now  largest  school  for  colored  girls 
in  this  country.  One  of  the  students  of  those  days  says  the  building  of  the 
school  was  like  the  rebuilding  of  the  wall  about  Jerusalem  only  the  founders 
used  the  old  rubbish  instead  of  throwing  it  away  and  quaintly  adds,  "I  came 
in  with  the  old  rubbish."  After  years  of  hard  work,  another  one  of  those 
early  days  said,  "I  was  born  a  fool,  brought  up  a  fool,  but  see  what  I  am 
now."  In  a  short  time  the  dark  basement  became  crowded  beyond  endur- 
ance, and  a  part  of  the  old  battle  field  became  the  home  of  the  school.  Many 
of  the  pupils  came  from  the  old  slave  cabins  where  our  idea  of  home  was  un- 
known. Not  only  was  that  true  then,  but  now.  The  cabins  usually  of  one  or 
two  rooms  are  built  of  rough  boards,  with  battered  joints  and  being  without 
inside  finish  of  plaster  allow  good  circulation.  Many  are  without  windows,  all 
the  light  coming  from  two  doors  placed  opposite  each  other.  When  win- 
dows are  desired  openings  in  the  sides  of  the  cabin  protected  by  a  rude  blind, 
serve  the  purpose.  Stairs  are  unknown.  One  writer  exclaims,  "Oh,  the 
depth,  the  depth,  the  depth!"  If  the  way  so  far  has  been  very  dreary 
"patience  yet"  for  in  the  larger  towns  and  cities  we  see  many  homes  of  taste 
and  refinement. 

One  is  surprised  at  the  amount  of  sacrifice  shown  by  the  old  and  young  in 
the  desire  to  gain  an  education.  A  man  of  fifty  told  me  it  had  been  the 
dream  of  his  life  to  go  to  school  and  that  he  had  been  saving  for  that  pur- 
pose for  years.  He  was  a  pastor  of  a  church  and  a  man  with  a  family;  but 
three  years  ago  his  dream  came  true.  Last  year  a  man  and  his  "old  woman" 
sold  everything  they  had  to  put  themselves  in  school.  He  said  they  were  of 
"no  count"  now  and  they  wanted  to  "mount"  to  something.  If  they  failed 
they  could  be  no  less  than  nothing,  their  present  condition. 

The  pupils  in  our  school  of  today  come  from  Illinois,  California,  all  parts 
of  the  South,  Jamaica  and  even  Africa  and  are  hundreds  in  number.  They 
are  children  of  the  "old  folk"  and  have  better  advantages  than  were  dreamed 
of  in  the  days  of  slavery  long  gone  by.  The  words  of  the  little  child  "Massy, 
tell  'em  we're  rising,"  are  true. 

When  we  think  of  the  eight  millions  of  colored  people  in  this  country, 
mostly  uneducated,  with  little  true  home  life,  we  are  bound  to  feel  that  their 
salvation  can  only  come  through  educated,  christian  leaders;  leaders  who  are 
trained,  wise  to  plan  and  lead  in  the  building  up  of  a  people  once  slaves,  now 
free.  To  the  young  we  must  look,  for  "The  old  people  are  shaped  and  bent 
in  the  direction  which  they  cannot  be  bent  otherwise.  Their  habits  are  fixed 
not  to  be  unfixed  only  by  death.  But  the  young  can  be  fixed,  shaped,  polish- 
ed and  habituated." 

Four  years  ago  Dr.  Mac  Vicar  was  appointed  Superintendent  of  Education  in 
the  work  done  by  the  Baptist  Home  Mission  Society.  One  result  of  his  labors 
is  our  beautiful  building  one  hundred  and  seventy  feet  long  and  three  stories 
high  with  a  basement  entirely  above  ground,  devoted  to  Normal  work.  The 
money  came  as  a  gift   from   the  generous  John  D.  Rockafeller.     The  young 


184  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

men  and  women  who  enter  this  course  are  graduates  of  the  Seminary  or  its 
equivalent.  They  have  the  advantage  of  the  practice  school,  which  last  year 
numbered  four  hundred  and  fifty.  During  the  last  summer  these  teachers 
came  in  contact  with  one  thousand  pupils  in  their  own  schools.  Who  can 
measure  the  far  reaching  circle  of  influence?  Institute  work  has  been  much 
helped  by  our  Normal  students  as  reported  by  School  Commissioners.  "It 
was  at — where  some  of  the  information  gained  at  the  Normal  was  needed:  so 
I  did  not  lose  any  time  in  calling  forth  that  which  I  had  learned,  and  using 
it  with  all  the  freeness  possible." 

''I  have  a  good  school  and  am  forced  to  say  I  am  doing  a  good  work." 
Self  appreciation  may  be  found  in  the  North,  too,  but  perhaps  not  quite  so 
freely  stated.  The  words  of  another  student  express  the  sentiment  of  the 
school.  During  the  controversy  on  educational  work  between  the  North  and 
South,  he  said,  "While  the  two  are  quarreling  we,    the   students,  will  work." 

Let  every  whiff  of  the  rose,  every  song  of  the  bird  remind  you  of  the  spirit 
of  loving  service  found  in  the  Spelman  of  the  South  and  the  Potsdam  of  the 
North. 

THE  INFLUENCE  OF  THE  NORMAL  SCHOOL  AT  HOME. 

By  Frank  D.  Boynton,  '87. 

Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen: — 

It  has  been  humorously  said,  if  you  want  to  leam  your  duty,  how  to  live, 
and  how  to  vote,  and  how  the  Country  may  be  saved  from  ruin,  go  to  a 
Normal  School  Commencement. 

Seven  years  ago  I  stood  upon  this  platform  and  carried  out  the  provisions  of 
this  saying.  My  directions  have  been  so  faithfully  observed  that  I  have  had 
no  occasion  for  making  a  speech  from  that  time  to  this;  and  I  expect  Cincin- 
natus — like  to  return  to  my  plow,  at  the  close  of  these  exercises,  and  remain 
in  undisturbed  quiet  for  at  least  another  7  years. 

Your  committee  has  asked  me  to  speak  briefly  upon  the  "Influence  of  the 
Normal  School  at  Home;"  with  their  permission  I  shall  interpret  the  word 
home  to  mean  New  York  State. 

It  is  261  years  since  the  first  school-master,  Adam  Rolandson,  landed  in  our 
State.  Since  that  time  our  American  people  have  grown  from  the  most 
insignificant  to  the  most  powerful  government  on  the  globe.  Then  we  were 
unimportant  and  unknown;  a  few  months  ago  the  world  stood  upon  our 
shores  and  in  dazzled  bewilderment  bowed  acknowledgement  to  our  claim 
for  first  place  among  the  nations  of  earth.  What  is  the  cause  of  this  great 
effect?  The  answer  is  echoed  from  12,000  school  houses  on  the  hillsides  and 
in  the  valleys,  "Universal  Education."  The  great  secret  of  America's  success 
is  the  intelligence  of  her  people.  Ignorance  and  popular  government  never 
have  lived  and  never  can  live  together. 

"The  world  has  watched  the  development  of  our  system  of  laws  with  will- 
ing but  fearful  admiration.  Its  anxiety  has  been  to  see  if  free  states  are 
stable  as  well  as  free;  if  popular  government  can  be  trusted  as  well  as  feared. 


Twenty-Fifth  Anniversary  Exercises.  185 

We  have  said  in  answer  to  these  interrogatories,  that  wise  and  virtuous  self 
government  is  not  a  theme  for  the  contemplation  of  theorists,  but  a  truth 
illustrated  and  practiced  in  free  America."' 

The  security  of  the  American  Republic,  the  freedom  of  her  institutions  and 
the  strength  of  her  law  rests  upon  the  intelligence  of  the  American  People. 
In  a  Monarchy  or  an  Aristocracy  where  the  laws  emanate  from  one  or  a  few 
men,  it  is  not  necessary  that  the  people  be  educated,  but  in  a  Republic  where 
every  man  sees  reflected  from  his  looking  glass  a  king,  the  education  of  the 
masses  is  the  only  safeguard  to  liberty. 

Contrast,  if  you  please,  the  condition  of  the  American  and  the  European 
laborer.  Politicans  tell  us  it  is  due  to  the  tariff  or  the  abundance  of  our 
natural  resources.  They  spin  various  theories  as  to  why  an  American  gets 
three  times  the  wages  of  his  European  competitor.  But  the  real  difference 
lies  in  the  fact  of  the  American's  superior  intelligence.  Up  to  1870  the  En- 
glish Government  had  no  system  of  public  schools  and  the  masses  of  her  pop- 
ulation are  illiterate  and  unambitious.  Her  policy  has  always  been  the 
reverse  of  the  American.  Within  the  last  ten  days  I  have  answered  a  set  of  9 
questions  on  our  public  schools,  asked  by  the  Royal  Commission  of  England. 
One  of  those  questions  was,  in  substance  this — "Do  you  not  find  that  the 
American  System  of  free  schools  unfits  the  people  for  the  duties  of  life?"  For 
once  at  least  my  indignation  got  the  better  of  my  judgment  and  T  answered, 
"The  American  People  are  not  afraid  of  popular  intelligence." 

Why  is  New  York  the  Empire  State  ?  The  answer  to  this  question  begins 
back  in  1C30  when  the  Dutch  charter  of  privileges  called  particular  attention 
to  the  necessity  of  making  prompt  provisions  for  the  support  of  a  minister 
and  school-master.  The  school-master  of  these  times  received  a  compensa- 
tion of  $12  per  month,  for  which  he  taught  school,  preached  the  gospel  and 
fought  the  Indians  as  the  case  required.  The  seed  thus  early  sown  by  the 
Dutch  fell  upon  good  ground.  It  sprang  up,  grew,  yielding  30,  60,  and  even 
100  fold  until  to-day  we  are  expending  the  colossal  sum  of  19,000,000  of 
dollars  annually. 

The  comprehensive  mind  of  DeWitt  Clinton  was  the  first  to  grasp  the  idea 
of  elevating  the  standard  of  the  teacher,  and  with  characteristic  clearness  he 
pointed  out  to  the  legislature  the  only  practical  way  this  new  idea  could  be 
made  a  reality,  namely,  by  a  Seminary  solely  for  the  education  of  teachers. 
The  entire  scheme  and  purpose  of  a  Normal  School  was  thus  carefully  out- 
lined by  this  great  Statesman.  At  the  State  convention  of  County  Superin- 
tendents held  at  Utica  in  1812,  the  Subject  of  Normal  Schools  was  the  princi- 
pal topic  of  discussion.     Public  opinion  rapidly  drifted  in  that  direction. 

In  1844  the  first  Normal  school  was  organized  at  Albany  and  was  the  only 
one  in  the  State  for  19  years.  The  success  of  that  school  has  been  established 
and  the  success  of  the  system  recognized  by  the  organization  of  ten  more 
and  an  appropriation  for  another.  Tradition,  selfishness  and  ignorance  are 
and  have  always  been  the  foes  of  progress  and  reform.  These  mighty  forces 
were  hurled  against  the  Normal  School  movement  with  all  the  greed  and 
avarice   of  private   interest  and  the   foolishness   of  bigotry.     But  under   the 


1 86  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


skillful  leadership  of  David  P.  Page  the  "experiment",  as  the  first  Normal 
School  was  derisively  called,  became  a  reality,  in  spite  of  opposition,  and 
proved  its  right  to  exist. 

New  York  State  is  the  Empire  State  because  she  has  realized  from  the  first 
that  money  invested  in  educating  her  people  was  a  better  safeguard  to  indus- 
try and  personal  liberty  than  the  uniform  and  the  bayonet.  Acting  upon 
this  belief  she  has  decked  her  hillsides  and  her  valleys  with  school-houses  un- 
til the  cost  of  maintaining  these  schools  is  six  times  the  amount  appropriated 
for  the  same  object  by  the  Eussian  Government  and  twice  the  amount  expend- 
ed by  the  thirteen  confederate  States. 

But  of  all  the  important  dates  in  the  educational  history  of  our  State,  we 
are  most  interested  in  the  27th  of  April  1869.  On  that  date  the  Potsdam 
State  Normal  School  became  a  reality.  From  the  very  beginning  it  achieved 
popularity  and  the  first  year  registered  328  pupils.  The  strides  it  has  since 
made  into  the  public  confidence  have  been  phenomenal.  One  by  one  the  other 
Normal  schools  have  dropped  behind  in  the  race  for  popular  favor  until  Pots- 
dam, founded  twenty-five  years  after  the  organization  of  the  Albany  school 
and  not  until  four  others  were  in  operation,  stands  with  her  1000  students  at 
the  head  of  the  Normal  School  System,  the  pride  of  her  Alumni  and  of  the 
State. 

The  best  intellect  of  this  community  has  been  behind  this  school  from  the 
first.  It  has  always  received  the  indorsement  and  support  of  such  men  as 
Ex-president  Watkins,  Hon.  Charles  O.  Tappan,  Dr.  Jesse  Reynolds,  Hon. 
Geo.  Z.  Erwin,  Gen.  E.  A.  Merritt,  Hon.  John  G.  Mclntyre  and  others.  The 
influence  of  such  men  in  giving  the  school  a  standing  before  the  public,  can 
not  be  estimated.  They  have  made  the  interest  of  this  school  their  interest, 
giving  to  it  unsparingly  of  their  time  and  splendid  abilities.  Most  fortunate 
have  we  been  indeed,  in  having  men  of  broad  and  liberal  views  at  its  head, 
assisted  by  a  strong  corps  of  teachers  well  known  to  the  educational  world. 

Mr.  Chairman,  the  hope  of  this  nation  is  its  public  schools.  The  success  of 
the  public  schools  depends  upon  the  public  school  teachers.  The  stream  of 
ignorant  foreigners  flocking  to  our  shores  is  a  menace  to  our  free  institutions. 
The  gates  of  Castle  Garden  must  open  into  the  school  room,  and  there  these 
immigrants  must  learn  to  read,  I  was  a  German,  I  was  an  Irishman,  I  was  a 
Frenchman,  but  around  and  above  and  over  all,  in  letters  that  cannot  be  mis- 
taken they  must  read  I  AM  AN  AMERICAN  CITIZEN. 

The  character  of  the  future  citizen  is  in  the  hands  of  the  school  teachers  of 
to  day.  They  are  dealing  with  precious  materials;  they  are  making  character 
which  the  Immortal  God  will  not  change.  I  beseech  you  therefore  that  no 
pains  be  spared  that  these  characters  may  be  rightly  formed.  And  herein  lies 
the  success  of  our  Normal  School.  Scores  of  conscientious,  God-fearing,  liberty 
loving  young  men  and  women  are  yearly  going  out  from  this  school  into  the 
schools  of  this  State  with  an  intelligent  understanding  of  their  responsibility 
to  teach  the  young,  their  duty  to  their  God,  to  their  Country,  and  to  their 
fellowmen. 


Tzventy-Fifth  Anniversary  Exercises.  187 


The  presence  of  the  former  Principals  added  much  to 
the  enthusiasm  of  the  occasion.  Dr.  MacVicar  spoke 
substantially  as  follows: 

DR.  MACVICAR'S  ADDEESS. 

Members  of  the  Alumni  and  Faculty: — 

I  have  been  accustomed  to  regard  occasions  such  as  the  present  as  family 
gatherings,  in  which  the  children  who  visit  their  old  home  are  entitled  not 
only  to  a  hearty  welcome,  but  also  to  great  freedom  of  speech  and  action. 
When  young  they  were  made  to  stand  in  a  corner  and  meekly  listen  to  what 
their  parents  had  to  say  to  them;  it  was  useless  for  them  to  protest  or  com- 
plain. But  when  they  had  reached  maturity  and  had  taken  upon  themselves 
the  burdens  of  life  and  had  experience  of  their  own,  they  were  allowed  the 
right  to  speak  and  act  freely  when  they  returned  to  their  home,  and  the 
parents  took  great  pleasure  in  listening  to  the  story  of  their  struggles  and 
successes.  Such,  it  seems  to  me,  should  be  the  spirit  that  should  characterize 
this  Quarter-Centennial  re-union  of  the  children  of  the  Potsdam  Normal 
School.  They  have  come  back  in  large  numbers,  and  they  bring  good  tidings 
to  their  Alma  Mater.  They  have  reason  to  rejoice  in  the  successes  that  have 
crowned  their  twenty-five  years  of  earnest  effort.  I  speak  therefore  what  I 
know  must  be  the  sentiments  of  all  of  the  friends  of  the  School,  when  I 
assure  every  graduate  here  present,  that  they  are  welcomed  most  heartily 
back  to  the  scenes  of  their  school  life  and  that  we  join  with  them  in  their 
rejoicing.  We  have  listened  with  delight  to  what  those  who  have  taught  in 
the  West  and  in  the  East  have  had  to  say  of  their  successes,  and  also  to  the 
reminiscences  of  others  concerning  their  Normal  School  experiences, — which 
this  occasion  naturally  recalls. 

In  view  of  what  has  been  said  by  some  of  the  speakers,  I  may  perhaps  be 
allowed  to  indulge  in  some  personal  remarks.  It  is  now  fourteen  years  since 
I  severed  my  connection  with  the  School,  but  I  still  have  as  deep  an  interest 
as  ever  in  its  success  and  in  the  success  of  its  graduates.  It  gives  me  there- 
fore, special  pleasure  to  meet  so  many  of  those  who  were  under  my  guidance 
and  instruction,  as  well  as  those  who  have  finished  their  course  of  study  and 
training  under  my  successors.  It  has  certainly  given  me  also  great  pleasure 
to  meet  almost  everywhere  I  go,  worthy  representatives  of  the  Potsdam  Nor- 
mal School,  doing  valiant  service  as  teachers  in  every  grade  of  public  schools 
in  our  land.  I  am  yet  to  meet  one  who  has  not  done  honor  to  the  training 
received  while  a  student  in  this  School. 

No  doubt  the  older  Alumni  here  present  remember  quite  as  well  as  I  do  the 
conditions  under  which  the  work  of  the  School  was  commenced.  We  had 
not  then  the  appliances  of  the  present.  The  State  was  not  quite  as  liberal  as 
now  in  furnishing  pianos  and  other  important  aids  to  school  work;  these,  so 
far  as  they  were  furnished,  came  to  the  school  through  the  earnest  and  self 
sacrificing  efforts  of  both   students  and  teachers.     I  am  disposed,  however,  to 


1 88  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


think  that  the  young  men  and  women  who  participated  in  these  efforts  re- 
ceived a  training  therefrom  for  their  chosen  life  work  quite  as  valuable  as  the 
training  now  received  under  more  favorable  conditions.  But  I  must  not  dwell 
on  the  past.  The  present,  with  all  its  added  facilities  and  advantages,  com- 
mands our  admiration.  And  those  of  us  whose  memories  link  us  with  the 
necessary  disadvantages  and  struggles  of  the  formative  period,  rejoice  greatly 
at  what  we  now  witness  of  what  has  been  accomplished  by  other  workers  in 
the  fourteen  years  of  the  School's  history  during  which  we  have  been  absent. 
I  cannot  close  these  brief  remarks  without  referring  to  another  matter  that 
has  claimed  our  attention  on  this  occasion.  I  have  listened  with  great  pleas- 
ure to  what  representatives  oe  the  "Old  St.  Lawrence  Academy"  have  had 
to  say  of  the  remarkable  work  done  for  Northern  New  York  by  that  pioneer 
and  noble  school.  It  certainly  laid  good  foundations  on  which  to  build  the 
present  State  Normal  School,  an  institution  of  much  wider  scope  and  enjoying 
superior  facilities  for  more  advanced  work  in  modern  lines  of  educational 
effort.  I  cannot  express  in  too  strong  terms  my  appreciation  of  the  help  ren- 
dered me  when  1  was  called  to  organize  the  Normal  School  twenty-live  years 
ago,  by  the  men  who  received  largely,  if  not  wholly,  their  education  in  the 
"Old  St.  Lawrence  Academy,"  or  who,  at  least,  were  deeply  interested  in  its 
management  and  success.  The  first  Local  Board  of  this  Normal  School  was 
composed  of  just  such  men.  It  would  be  invidious  upon  my  part  to  make  any 
comparison,  yet  I  cannot  refrain  from  saying  that  to  its  first  Local  Board  this 
Normal  School  owes  largely  its  present  enviable  position  among  the  Normal 
Schools  of  this  State.  It  is  true  that  I  was  personally  charged  with  the  diffi- 
cult task  of  organizing  and  conducting  the  school,  under  conditions  far  less 
favorable  to  Normal  School  work  than  now  exist  in  Potsdam  and  throughout 
the  entire  State,  but  it  is  just  for  me  to  say,  and  I  delight  in  doing  so,  that  to 
the  wise  counsel  and  self  sacrificing  efforts  of  the  men  composing  the  first 
Board,  some  of  whom  have  gone  to  their  reward,  I,  and  the  Faculty  associated 
with  me,  owe  our  success  in  laying  true  foundations,  on  which  other  Local 
Boards  and  other  Faculties  may  safely  build  for  all  time  to  come.  I  sincerely 
congratulate  the  present  Local  Board,  the  present  Principal  and  Faculty,  the 
inhabitants  of  Potsdam  and  St.  Lawrence  county  and  the  friends  throughout 
the  State,  and  particularly  the  Alumni,  on  the  great  success  that  has  been  ac- 
complished during  the  first  twenty-five  years  of  the  existence  of  the  school. 
What  has  been  done,  however,  is  only  a  beginning.  You,  the  Alumni  of  the 
School,  through  consecrated  devotion  to  your  chosen  profession  and  to  your 
Alma  Mater,  make  the  next  twenty-five  years  of  her  history  ten-fold  more  suc- 
cessful than  th&  twenry-five  years  just  closed.  That  you  may  have  given  to 
you  this  consecrated  devotion  is  the  best  that  I  can  wish  for  yourselves  and 
for  your  Alma  Mater,  in  whose  prosperity  I  shall  ever  be  deeply  interested. 

Gen.  Morgan  in  his  happy  manner  congratulated  the 
Alumni  and  the  officials  upon  the  successful  history  of  the 
Normal  School,  and,  after  expressing  his  confidence  in  the 
future  of  the  Institution,  on  account  of  the  lateness  of  the 
hour  excused  himself  from  more  extended  remarks. 

It  was  announced  that  Dr.  Cook  would  be  reserved  for 
the  evening  banquet.  We  regret  that  we  have  not  a  full 
report  of  his  address. 

The  history  of  the  St.  Lawrence  Academy  by  the  last 
and  only  surviving  principal,  Prof.  George  H.  Sweet,  A. 
M.,  LL.  B.,  completed  the  program.     (See  Page  5). 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

URBANA 


< 

X 


o 


(pfye  School  Building. 


— >>&<♦ 

The  trustees  of  St.  Lawrence  Academy,  on  the  20th  of 
December,  1866,  made  a  proposition  to  the  State  Commis- 
sion constituted  by  Chapter  466  of  the  Laws  of  1866  under- 
taking- in  case  one  of  the  Normal  and  Training  Schools 
mentioned  in  said  act  should  be  located  in  the  Village  of 
Potsdam,  to  grant  and  confirm  to  the  State  the  use,  so  long 
as  the  same  should  be  used  for  the  purpose  of  such  Normal 
and  Training  School,  of  a  piece  of  land  situated  in  said 
village,  easterly  of  the  Public  Park  being  20  rods  in  width 
between  Elm  and  Main  streets,  and  16  rods  upon  each  side 
of  said  streets,  being  the  premises  used  and  belonging  to 
St.  Lawrence  Academy,  upon  which  was  a  stone  structure 
known  as  the  "South  Academy  Building,"  also  the  stone 
structure  known  as  the  "North  Academy  Building." 

These  buildings  constitute  the  South  and  North  wings 
of  the  present  somewhat   modified  T-shaped  structure. 

Between  the  two  Academy  Buildings  stood  the  old  Pres- 
byterian church  which  was  joined  with  the  two  wings  de- 
scribed and  which  forms   the  body  of  the  T. 

In  1885  a  special  appropriation  of  $40,000  was  made  by 
the  State  Legislature  for  the  purpose  of  enlarging,  heat- 
ing and  ventilating  the  school  building  and  the  East  wing 
was   constructed  which  constitutes  the  base  of  the  T. 

The  present  building  is  a  three  story  and  basement  struc- 
ture built  of  Potsdam  sandstone  and  containing  all  mod- 
ern appliances  and  conveniences  for  instruction.  Upon  the 
first  floor  are  the  Principal's  Office,  Faculty  Room,  Par- 
lor, Gymnasium,  Music  Hall,  Janitor's  Rooms  and  the  of- 
fices, assembly  and  recitation  rooms  of  the  Schools  of  Prac- 
tice. Upon  the  second  floor  in  the  middle  front  is  the  Ref- 
erence Library  ;  in  the  body  of  the  T  the  Normal  Hall;  the 


190  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


remainder  of  this  floor  is  devoted  to  the  Preceptress'  of- 
fice, two  study  halls,  six  recitation  rooms,  text  book  library 
and  cloak  rooms.  The  west  third  floor  contains  the  socie- 
ty rooms,  two  recitation  rooms,  the  museum,  Art  studio 
and  the  Piano  Conservatory.  The  East  third  floor  is  de- 
voted to  the  chemical  laboratory,  science  lecture  room  and 
apparatus  rooms.  The  building  is  heated  throughout  by 
steam  and  hot  air,  and  there  is  a  fine  system  of  ventilation 
by  means  of  fans  and  heated  pipes.  The  basement  is  ce- 
mented, dry  and  in  perfect  sanitary  condition.  The  entire 
building  is  supplied  with  gas  from  a  local  gasoline  plant. 
The  boilers  are  in  a  separate  building. 

The  extreme  measurements  are  :  length  of  front  232  feet, 
depth  180  feet.     The  body  of  the   T  is  100  feet  in  length. 


formal  biterar^  Societies. 


The  Baconian   Societies, 

"Eloquence  is  one  of  the  mightiest  factors  which  move 
mankind."  These  words  from  a  paper  written  by  Prof.  E. 
D.  Blakeslee,  and  read  before  the  young  men  connected 
with  the  Potsdam  Normal  School  constituted  the  corner 
stone  of  the  Baconian  Literary  Society.  Beginning  with 
a  small  membership,  and  that  composed  largely  of  those 
who  had  little  experience  in  conducting  debating  societies, 
it  was  greatly  aided  by  Professor  Blakeslee,  through  whose 
efforts  it  was  formed,  and  who  became  one  of  its  charter 
members.  The  formal  organization  was  effected  in 
1870.  The  meetings  were  held  in  one  of  the  class  rooms  of 
the  Normal  Building,  going  from  one  to  another,  until  the 
Faculty  appointed  the  room  immediately  over  the  Office 
as  "Society  Room."  This,  though  used  during  the  day  for 
class  work,  afforded  a  permanent  home  for  the  society  for 
many  years.  While  here  a  portion  of  the  members  with- 
drew and  formed  another  society,  the  Zeta  Rho.  By 
friendly  contests  in  private  and  public  debate  both  were 
strengthened.  After  a  time  the  Zeta  Rho  was  discon- 
tinued. 

In  the  early  days  of  the  Baconian  Society,  though  em- 
barrassed somewhat  by  inexperience  and  the  lack  of  a  well 
fitted  society  room,  the  members  were  given  an  opportuni- 
ty to  practically  test  the  value  of  "Cushing's  Manual"  in 
parliamentary  tactics,  and  sharpen  their  wits  in  debate. 
Live  questions  were  discussed,  making  it  necessary  to  ran- 
sack books  and  newspaper  files  for  "munitions  of  war." 
Some  started  here  in  their  career  as  public  speakers,  who 
have  reached  high  places  of  honor  at  the  Bar  and  in  public 


192  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


assemblies.  It  was  considered  an  honor  to  be  elected  a 
member  of  the  Baconian  Society. 

From  the  proceeds  of  an  entertainment,  aided  by  sub- 
scriptions from  the  members,  the  society  accumulated  a 
fund  with  which  a  table  and  chairs  were  purchased;  soon  a 
bookcase  was  added  and  the  nucleus  of  a  library  gathered. 
The  sense  of  ownership  increased  the  feeling  of  import- 
ance, and  in  response  to  a  request  from  the  society,  the 
Local  Board  set  apart  for  its  use  an  unused  room  on 
the  third  floor  of  the  building.  The  numbers  were  so 
augmented  that  it  became  necessary  in  1876,  to  divide 
the  membership,  thus  forming  the  Roger  and  the  Francis 
Baconian  Societies.  Fach  now  possesses  a  fraternity  room  for 
its   exclusive  use,  furnished  and    fitted  at  its  own    expense. 

From  small  beginnings  this  organization  has  contin- 
ued in  all  its  history  as  one  of  the  potent  educational 
factors  of  the  school,  the  fruitage  of  which  has  been  in- 
creased facilities  in  public  speaking,  skill  in  perceiving  the 
weakness  of  an  adversary's  argument,  alertness  of  thought, 
ready  use  of  language  and  familiarity  with  the  method  of 
conducting  public  assemblies,    besides  other  important  ad- 


vantages in  oratorical   training. 


Charles  C.  Townsend,  '73- 

Ladies'   Literary  Societies. 

Very  early  in  the  history  of  the  school  the  Alpha  Socie- 
ty was  organized  for  "the  purpose  of  improvement  in  com- 
position and  debate  and  such  other  things  as  rightfully 
pertain  to  literary  culture."  The  charter  members  were: 
Misses  A.  II.  Austin,  F.  N.  Armin,  C.  Blatchley,  F.  R. 
Clifford,  E.  M.  Dayton,  H.  A.  Fisher,  A.  C.  Green,  L.  S. 
Smith,  M.  M.  Hanna,  E.  A.  Judd,  M.  E.  Lord,  L.  L.  Marsh, 
A.  M.  Martin,  F.  A.  Parmeter,  A.  C.  Phelps. 

The  Calliopean  society  was  organized  either  in  the 
spring  of  '81  or  fall  of  '82  with  the  following  charter  mem- 
bers: Misses  Mary  Coffeen,  Nelly  Lang,  Florence  Seeley, 
Edith  Wilcox,  Hattie  Call,   Mary  Sanborn,    Mary  Packard, 


Normal  Literary  Societies.  193 

Minnie  Stone,  Annie  Hickey,  Carrie  Miller,  Ida  Stone, 
Mary  Sanford,  Franc  Sullivan,  Lillian  McComber,  Belle 
Parmeter,  Alice  Swift,  Jennie  Brodie,  Carrie  Benton,  Jen- 
nie Barnes,  Mary  Call,  Mary  Coon,  Jessie  Crandall,  Gert- 
rude Giffin,  Hattie  Crane,  Esther  Porter,  Harmie  Miller, 
Nellie  Miller,  Hattie  Wood,  Helen  Porter. 

Both  societies  have  carried  out  earnestly  aud  enthusias- 
tically the  purpose  of  their  organization  as  has  been  evi- 
denced not  only  by  their  public  meetings,  where  they  have 
often  contended  in  debate  and  essay  with  brother  societies 
with  credit  and  honor,  but  in  their  regular  weekly  meetings 
where  earnest  work  has    characterized  all  their  efforts. 

The  regular  program  consists  of  a  debate,  recitation,  es- 
say and  music,  both  vocal  and  instrumental,  with  an  occa- 
sional indulgence  in  a  mock  faculty  meeting  or  other  form 
of  comedy  which  in  no  way  counteracts  or  interferes  with 
the  more  serious  work  of  the  societies  but  represents  the 
blossoms  on  the  shoot 

"Where   wisdom's  ripe  potato 
Still   lingers  at  the  root." 


Q.  C.  H.  13, 


Distinctive  peatutes  of  +I7G  Potsdam  School. 


Some  of  the  distinctive  features  of  our  school  may  be 
briefly  summarized    as  tol  ows  : 

1.  That  ''Methods  of  Teaching"  are  as  applicable  to 
Secondary  Instruction  as  to   Primary. 

2.  That  every  Teacher  of  "Methods"  should  be  in  im- 
mediate contact  with  the  Schools  of  Practice.  Teachers 
of  subject  matter  teach  Methods  and  follow  the  same  sub- 
ject as  critics  in  the  Schools  of  Practice. 

a.  All  visionary  schemes  are  eliminated  from  method 

teaching. 

b.  The  practicability  of  everything   is  tested  at  once. 

c.  Supervision  and    criticism    is   given  by    specialists 

and  experts. 

d.  The  individuality  of  the  pupil  teacher  is  strength- 

ened. 

3.  Graduate  Course.      See  page  195. 

4.  The  special  course  for  music  The  only  course  of 
the  kind  in   the   United  States. 

Rare  advantages  in  music  and  drawing  are  afforded 
through  the  connection  of  the  Normal  School  with  a  Con- 
servatory of  Music  and  a  School  of  Design.  By  this  means 
pupils  may  acquire  thorough  musical  and  artistic  training, 
and  at  the  close  of  such  course,  study  the  most  approved 
methods,  and  have  practice  in  teaching  in  all  grades  from 
low  Primary  to  the  High  School. 

5.  A  new  departure  is  about  to  be  made  in  such  affilia- 
tion of  the  Normal  School  with  the  Thomas  S.  Clarkson 
Memorial  School  of  Technology  (now  being  established  in 
Potsdam)  that  all  students  may  have  a  course  in  manual 
training  which  shall  qualify  them  to  take  charge  of  such 
work  in  the  schools  of  the  State, 


Distinctive  Features.  195 

GRADUATE  eOUHSE. 

The  demand  for  teachers  qualified  to  superintend  Train- 
ing Classes  and  to  take  charge  of  Methods  in  Professional 
Schools  is  quite  beyond  the  supply.  School  officials  are 
discovering  that  to  "teach  teachers"  is  quite  distinct  from 
teaching  academic  pupils.  To  adjust  mind  to  subject  mat- 
ter calls  for  a  different  type  of  Training  from  that  which 
prepares  to  train  teachers  for  instructing  others  how  to 
make  such  adjustment. 

To  meet  this  demand,  and  to  induce  graduates,  who 
have  been  deprived  of  the  opportunity  of  special  pedagogi- 
cal study,  to  continue  advanced  work  in  Methods  of  Teach- 
ing, a  special  course  of  training  for  five  months  has  been 
introduced  into  the  State  Normal  and  Training  School  at 
Potsdam,  which  has  been  named  the  Graduate  Course. 

Conditions  of  Entrance. 

Graduates  of  this  Normal  School  and  of  other  similar  In- 
stitutions, who  have  taught  at  least  tivo  years  since  gradua- 
tion, will  be  admitted  to  this  course  upon  satisfactory  evi- 
dence of  the  requisite  moral,  intellectual  and  professional 
qualifications. 

Certificates  signed  by  the  President  and  the  Secretary  of 
the  Local  Board  and  by  the  Principal  will  be  given  such 
persons  upon  the  completion  of  the  course  of  work  pre- 
scribed, indicating  special  fitness  to  take  charge  of  Train- 
ing Classes  or  to  act  as  Critics  or  Teachers  in  Normal  and 
Training  Schools. 

OUTLINE  OF  COURSE. 

Methodology. — Five  periods  per  week  will  be  required  in  review  of 
some  branch  of  methodology  (the  particular  branch  will  be  arranged  to  meet 
the  needs  of  the  candidate). 

Schools  of  Practice. — Ten  periods  per  week  will  be  required  in  the 
superintendence  of  teachers-in-training,  and  in  giving  criticism  under  super- 
vision; and  five  periods  per  week  in  actual  teaching  under  criticism. 

Teaching  advanced  classes  in  the  Science  Laboratories,  in  advanced 
Mathematics,  or  in  English  Composition  and  Rhetorical  Work,  may  be  elected 
in  place  of  one  of  the  periods  of  criticism. 


ig6  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Psychology. — Five  periods  per  week  will  be  devoted  to  advanced 
studies  in  Psychology  (including  the  topics  Apperception,  Association,  Habit, 
Tastes,  Intuitions,  Instincts,  Attention). 

Institutes  of  Pedagogics. — Weekly  discussions  with  theses  upon  The 
Educational  Ideals  of  the  Renaissance;  The  Systems  of  the  Jesuits,  Comenius, 
Rousseau,  Pestalozzi,  Froebel,  Herbart. 

The  educative  values  of  specific  subjects — how  determined,  how  affected; 
The  correlation  and  the  concentration  of  studies;  The  continuation  of  subjects 
through  successive  terms  or  their  completion  in  shorter  time;  The  relative 
value  of  grading  and  of  "individual  teaching;"  Preparation  of  daily  programs 
with  special  reference  to  correlation  or  cooperation;  Study  of  individual 
pupils  with  written  reports. 

The  following  works  will  be  studied,  and  portions  will  be  made  the  sub- 
jects of  discussion  and  theses. 

Philosophy  of  Education — Rosenkranz. 

The  Science  and  Art  of  Education — Joseph  Payne. 

The  Senses  and  the  Will — Preyer. 

The  Development  of  the  Intellect — Preyer. 

The  Institutes  of  Education — Laurie. 

Principles  of  Education — Mac  Vicar. 

Philosophy  of  Teaching — Tompkins. 

Outlines  of  Pedagogics — Rein-VanLiew. 

German  Psychology  of  To-day — Ribot. 

Apperception — Lange. 

European  Schools — Klemm. 

Prussian  Schools — Parsons. 

Emile — Rousseau. 

Levana — Richter. 

The  work  in  the  Laboratories  consists  in  taking  charge  of  groups  of 
pupils,  directing  their  experimentation,  caring  for  apparatus,  etc. 

Students  in  charge  of  Rhetorical  divisions  will  assign  topics  for  written 
work  on  special  subjects,  find  material  for  reading  on  the  themes  assigned, 
and  select  recitations  which  will  fairly  represent  the  subject  in  hand;  they 
will  assume  the  responsibility  of  the  written  orations  which  will  be  presented 
before  the  school. 

In  English  Literature  they  will  be  required  to  make  a  particular  study  of 
special  topics  which  in  the  capacity  of  teachers  they  will  present  to  the  class 
in  Literature. 

The  work  for  the  first  half  of  the  year  '95-'96  will  be  a  study  of  the  great 
tragedies  of  Shakespeare  from  their  historical,  technical,  and  literary  stand- 
points. Comparison  will  be  made  with  the  great  dramatic  literatures  of  other 
peoples,  showing  that  the  drama  is  just  as  truly  an  exponent  of  national  life 
and  thought  as  is  the  record  of  more  material  events. 

There  will  be  an  interpretative  .study  of  each  play;  there  will  also  be  special 
papers  given  by  members  of  the  class  on  the  ethical,  psychological  and 
aesthetic  aspects  of  these  dramas. 


Distinctive  Features.  197 


Works  recommended  for  this  study; 
Eolfe's  edition  of  Shakespeare. 

An  introduction  to  the  Study  of  Shakespeare — Hiram  Carson. 
Shakespeare  as  a  Dramatic  Artist — Eichard  G.  Moulton. 
Shakespeare's  Life,  Art  and  Character — Hudson. 
Shakespeare's  Dramatic  Art — Ulrici. 
Characteristics  of  Women — Mrs.  Jameson. 
Shakespeare,  His  Mind  and  Art — Dovvden. 
System  of  Shakespearian  Drama — Snider. 
The  Ancient  Classical  Drama — Richard  G.  Moulton. 
The  work  for  the  second  half  of  the  year  will  consist  of  a  general  study 
of  English  and  American  Fiction. 

The  Romantic  type  as  represented  by  Scott,  Cooper  and  Hawthorne. 
The    Realistic   type   as   represented   by  Thackeray,     George   Eliot,    and 
Howells. 

The  Idealistic  type  as  represented  by  Dickens. 

Students  are  expected  to  have  a  general  familiarity  with  the  works  of 
each  of  these  authors. 

The  relative  merits  of  these  schools  of  fiction  will  be  discussed  and  papers 
will  be  given  by  members  of  the  class  on  the  ethical,  psychological  and  social 
problems  presented  in  the  various  novels. 

At  least  two  periods  per  week  will  be  required  in  class-room  work. 


(pl?e  formal  aAlamni  ^Association  of  |4^W  ^ofk. 


Mahlon  M.  Wagner,  '75. 

It  had  long  been  the  desire  of  certain  members  of  the 
Alumni  to  have  a  reunion  of  the  graduates  aud  friends  o 
the  school  residing  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York  City,  and 
in  the  fall  of  1893  it  was  decided  to  make  an  effort  to  carry 
this  plan  into  execution.  Accordingly  an  informal  meeting 
was  held  at  the  residence  ot  Mr.  M.  M.  Wagner,  in  Brook- 
lyn, Miss  Agnes  Hale,  Miss  Elizabeth  Hale,  Mrs.  Harriet 
Crane  Bryant,  Dr.  C.  H.  Leete,  Mr.  A.  D.  Stetson,  Dr.  L. 
A.  Coffin  and  Mr.  S.  G.  Sheehan  being  present,  and  as  a 
result  of  this  conference  it  v*  as  determined  to  give  a  recep- 
tion and  dinner  to  Dr.  and  Mrs.  MacVicar,  at  the  St.  Denis 
Hotel,  on  Saturday  evening,  February  3rd,  1894. 

The  reception  was  a  marked  success,  and  at  an  early 
hour,  greatly  to  the  surprise  as  well  as  gratification  of  the 
the  committee  in  charge,  the  parlors  of  the  St.  Denis  were 
crowded.  A  large  delegation  was  present  from  Potsdam, 
among  others  Mr.  Wm.  R.  Weed,  of  the  Local  Board,  Dr. 
and  Mrs.  Stowell  and  Prof.  Mann.  Mr.  H.  L.  Harter, 
Mrs.  H.  H.  Howe  and  Mrs.  Mary  Wood  Norris,  Ex-mem- 
bers of  the  Faculty,  were  also  present,  and  added  largely 
to  the  pleasure  of  the  occasion. 

After  some  discussion  it  was  decided  to  perfect  a  per- 
manent organization,  and  a  liberal  constitution  was  adopt- 
ed. There  are  no  dues,  and  members  may  be  either  resi- 
dent or  non-resident.  Any  person  residing  within  the  ra- 
dius of  one  hundred  miles  from  the  Brooklyn  Bridge,  who 
is  or  has  been  a  member  of  the  Local  Board  or  Faculty,  or 
who  shall  have  attended  the  school  at  least  one  year  and 
left  in  good  standing  is  entitled  to  resident  membership. 
Any  person  similarly  qualified  residing  without  the  limits 
above  described  is   entitled  to  non-resident   membership. 


New    York  Association.  199 

In  accordance  with  the  constitution,  the  following  offi- 
cers were  elected  for  one  year.  President,  Mr.  M.  M. 
Wagner,  ' 75 ;  Vice  President,  Miss  Agnes  L.  Hale,  '75;  Sec- 
retary and  Treasurer,  Dr.  Chales  H.  Leete,  'Si;  Executive 
Committee,  Dr.  L.  A.  Coffin,  '78;  Mr.  A.  D.  Stetson,  '79; 
Frederick  W.  Clark,  Esq.,  '78,  Mrs.  Harriet  Crane  Bryant, 
Mrs.  Hattie  Leete  Clapp,  (the  President,  Vice  President', 
and  Secretary  being  members  ex-officio). 

At  seven  o'clock  the  members  of  the  Association  to  the 
number  of  102  adjourned  to  the  banquet  hall,  and  it  was 
nine  by  the  dial  when  the  cofiee  was  served  and  the  speech- 
making  began.  The  president,  acting  as  toastmaster,  first 
called  upon  Dr.  MacVicar  whose  response  was  naturally 
in  a  reminiscent  vein  and  was  keenly  appreciated.  It  was 
a  very  happy  circumstance  that  the  first  principal  of  the 
school  and  his  wife  could  be  present  as  the  guests  of  the 
Association  at  its  first  meeting. 

Dr.  C.  H.  Leete,  Dr.  Stowell,  Mr.  J.  F.  Quigley,  F.  VV. 
Clark,  Esq,  Dr.  W.  C.  Phillips,  and  Mr.  E.  A.  Fay  re- 
sponded to  regular  toasts,  after  which  Mr.  W.  R.  Weed,  of 
the  Board  and  Prof.  W.  B.  Gunnison,  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
University  Alumni,  were  called  on  and  responded  briefly. 

The  following  resolutions,  offered  by  Mr.  D.  A.  Stetson, 
'79;  were  unanimously  adopted. 

Whereas,  It  is  usual  for  the  Alumni  of  Educational  Institutions  to  be  rep- 
resented in  their  governing  bodies  and  such  representation  is  not  only  gratify- 
ing to  the  Alumni  but  greatly  to  the  advantage  of  su  m  institutions,  and 

Whereas,  The  Alumni  Association  of  the  Potsdam  Normal  School  is  now 
twenty-five  years  old  and  numbers  among  its  members  representative  men  in 
every  walk  of  life,  be  it 

Resolved,  That  it  is  the  sense  of  this  Association  that  the  Alumni  should  be 
represented  in  the  Local  Board  of  the  Potsdam  State  Normal  School; 

Resolved,  That  a  copy  of  these  resolutions  be  forwarded  to  the  Local  Board 
and  to  the  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  with  the  request  that 
they  give  the  matter  consideration. 

As  an  inducement  for  the  Alumni  of  the  Potsdam  Normal 
and  of  St.  Lawrence  University  to  attend  the  June  Com- 
mencements in  1895,  an  excursion  was  planned  from  New 
York  City  to   Canton  and  to  Potsdam,  an*d  return,   by  Mr. 


200  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


H.  F.  Gunnison,  Secretary  of  the  St.  Lawrence  University 
Club,  and  the  President  of  the  Normal  Alumni.  More  than 
one  hundred  took  advantage  of  this  low  rate,  and  the  ex- 
cursion, from  every  point  of  view,  was  more  than. ordinari- 
ly successful. 

On  the  evening  of  February  2nd,  1895,  the  second  annual 
reception  and  dinner  was  given,  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Thos.  J. 
Morgan  being  the  invited  guests  of  the  x\ssociation,  but 
much  to  the  regret  of  every  one,  Mrs.  Morgan  was  pre- 
vented by  illness  from  being  present.  Again  the  parlors 
were  thronged,  though  not  as  many  were  present  as  was 
hoped  for,  and  again  ample  justice  wras  done  to  the  excel- 
lent dinner  provided  by  the  St.  Denis. 

The  speaking  was  begun  by  the  President,  who  cordial- 
ly greeted  the  members  and  friends  of  the  Association. 
He  then  briefly  referred  to  the  work  accomplished  by  the 
Alumni  during  the  year — the  most  eventful  year,  perhaps, 
in  the  history  of  the  school — and  the  important  place  now 
occupied  by  the  New  York  Association  in  relation  to  the 
school. 

In  accordance  with  the  program  Dr.  L.  A.  Coffin  '78  was 
then  introduced,  who,  in  flattering  terms,  welcomed  Dr. 
Morgan  in  behall  of  the  Association.  The  response  of  Dr. 
Morgan  was  extremely  felicitous,  referring  to  the  old  days 
in  Potsdam  and  the  many  friends  there,  and  then  very 
briefly  to  his  work  in  later  years  in  the  education  of  negro 
and  Indian  children. 

Regular  toasts  were  then  responded  to  by  Miss  Julia 
Ettie  Crane,  Mr.  H.  F.  Gunnison,  Miss  Clara  L.  Russell, 
Mr.  A.  D.  Stetson,  S.  G.  Sheehan,  Esq.,  Mr.  James  F. 
Williams,  Gen.  E.  A.  Merritt  and  Dr.  T.  B.  Stowell. 

Prof.  Mann  being  called  out  responded  in  a  very  earnest 
little  speech  expressing  his  pleasure  at  meeting  so  many  of 
the  early  graduates. 

An  invitation  having  been  extended  to  the  Association 
by  Mr.  Don  C.  Seitz,  business  manager  of  the  New  York 
World,   to  visit  the  office   and   witness  the  printing  of  the 


Hew    York  Association.  2ol 

Sunday  Edition,  a  large  number  adjourned  to  the  World 
office  after  the  dinner,  where  they  were  met  and  every 
courtesy  was  shown  them  by  Mr.  Seitz. 

In  conclusion  it  may  be  proper  to  state  in  concise  form 
the  objects  of  the  Association,  which  are: 

First,  To  promote  a  fraternal  feeling  among  the  Alumni 
and  friends  of  the  school  residing  in  the  vicinity  of  New 
York  City. 

Second,  To  insure  to  each  member  one  good  dinner  an- 
nually and  an  evening  of  social  enjoyment. 

Third,  To  advance  in  everv  way  possible  the  best  inter- 
ests of  the  Potsdam  State  Normal  School  and  its  Alumni. 


Music  Department. 


In  the  early  history  of  the  school  the  music  was  taught 
by  instructors  who  led  the  hymns  in  the  chapel,  prepared 
music  for  the  different  public  exercises  of  the  school  and 
gave  one  lesson  every  day  for  twenty  weeks  to  the  "C" 
grade.  As  the  school  grew  a  demand  for  piano  lessons 
called  for  a  teacher  who  would  give  private  instruction  in 
this  department.  The  plan  was  then  formed  of  engaging 
a  teacher  who  should  give  one  period  each  day  to  the 
school  work,  lead  the  morning  singing  and  prepare  music 
for  public  entertainments,  while  the  rest  of  his  time  was 
devoted  to  giving  piano  lessons. 

This  plan  was  followed  until  1884  when,  the  music  teach- 
er having  resigned,  Mr.  Watkins,  then  President  of  the 
Board,  asked  Miss  Crane  to  take  charge  of  the  music  in 
the  school.  In  talking  over  the  matter  Miss  Crane  told 
Mr.  Watkins  that  it  had  long  been  her  desire  to  put  music 
in  the  Normal  school,  upon  the  same  basis  as  that  of  the 
other  subjects,  making  it  a  Normal  not  an  Academic  study, 
giving  such  instruction  as  was  necessary  to  fit  teachers  of 
music  for  the  public  schools,  including  methods  in  music, 
observation  and  teaching  of  music  in  the  Training  School. 
Such  a  plan  as  this  required  an  entirely  new  arrangement 
of  the  school  program,  more  time  devoted  to  music  both 
by  the  pupils  and  the  teacher.  Mr.  Watkins  saw  the  value 
of  such  a  course,  but  could  not  then  see  a  way  of  accom- 
plishing it,  but  promised  Miss  Crane  that  if  she  would  give 
the  time  to  the  school  formerly  required  of  a  music  teach- 
er he  would  use  his  influence  and  help  her  in  every  way 
toward  the  accomplishment  of  the  result  so  much  to  be  de- 
sired. 

Dr.  Cook  became  Principal  of  the  school  at  this  time, 
and  entered   heart  and  soul   into  the  project,   re-arranging 


Music  Department.  203 


the  program  to  fit  the  needs  of  the  new  plans.  Two  years 
were  spent  in  preparing  the  Normal  pupils  for  their  work 
before  any  pupil  teachers  were  allowed  to  work  in  the  Prac- 
tice School,  such  work  as  was  done  here  being  carried  on 
by  Miss  Crane  herself.  The  first  pupil  teachers  who  began 
teaching  music  undertook  the  work  with  a  timidity  which 
ihreatened  failure,  but  the  children  soon  became  so  enthu- 
siastic that  all  gained  courage,  and  the  plan  then  started 
has  continued  to  the  present  time  with  results  far  beyond 
the  fondest  hopes  of  those  who  inaugurated  it. 

In  1888  was  graduated  the  first  Special  Music  Teachers' 
Class,  and  since  then  every  year  has  seen  one  class,  and 
some  years  two  classes  of  young  people  go  out  from  the 
school  specially  fitted  to  take  charge  of  the  music  in  the 
public  schools.  The  work  with  the  children  has  created  so 
great  an  interest  in  music  that  the  piano  department,  which 
was  formerly  managed  by  the  regular  music  teacher  of  the 
school,  now  requires  two  teachers  for  its  work  alone,  and 
voice  culture  has  also  become  a  department  requiring  two 
assistant  teachers. 

The  value  of  the  work  accomplished  through  the  pupil 
teachers  is  attested  by  every  choir  in  town,  where  young 
people,  who  "learned  to  read  notes"  in  school,  sing  a  class 
of  music  that  would  be  impossible  to  untrained  singers. 
The  homes  of  the  poorest  are  enlivened  and  refined  by 
the  songs  the  children  learn  at  school,  and  the  teachers 
who  go  out  from  here  take  up  the  good  work  all  over  the 
country.  Music  for  the  masses  is  possible  only  through 
the  schools  of  the  country,  and  the  schools  are  impotent 
until  the  teachers  are  trained  for  the  work. 

On  the  first  day  of  January,  1896,  a  circular  was  issued 
by  the  State  Superintendent  giving  full  regulations  govern- 
ing the  uniform  examinations  of  the  State.  A  music  cer- 
tificate is  added  to  those  which  have  already  been  granted 
by  the  State.  In  regard  to  music  certificates  the  Superin- 
tendent says;  "Certificates  of  this  kind  may  be  granted  to 
candidates   who  establish   to  the  satisfaction   of  the  State 


204  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Superintendent  that  they  are  qualified  to  teach  vocal 
music.  Such  certificates  shall  entitle  the  holder  to  teach 
music  only,  and  shall  not  entitle  its  holder  to  teach  any 
other  subject  in  the  public  schools." 

"These  certificates  shall  be  issued  for  a  term  of  three 
years." 

"Upon  their  expiration,  from  time  to  time,  these  certifi- 
cates shall  be  renewable  the  same  as  first  grade  certifi- 
cates." 

"A  school  district  employing  the  holder  of  a  music  cer- 
tificate for  the  full  period  for  each  day  for  the  required 
number  of  days  (160)  shall  be  entitled  to  a  full  district 
quota." 

These  new  certificates  bring  our  music  course  under  the 
same  legal  status  as  the  regular  Normal  courses,  as  there 
seems  to  be  no  doubt  that  graduates  from  these  courses 
will  be  granted  these  certificates  upon  the  completion  of 
their  work.  J.  E.  C. 


*m 


mki 


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METHODS  AND  MATTER  IN  GEOGRAPHY. 

— -}t£— €^-» 

Charles  H.   Leete,  '81;  A.   M.,   Ph.   D.,     Headmaster  Dr.   Sachs'  School 
for  Girls,  New  York  City. 

In  speaking  on  methods  and  matter  in  geography  it  is  not  my  intention  to 
offer  plans  for  a  complete  course  in  detail,  but  rather  to  suggest  some  means 
by  which  in  certain  parts  of  a  course  the  method  of  procedure  or  the  subject 
matter  may  perhaps  be  changed  for  the  better. 

In  primary  work  which  concerns  itself  with  the  most  obvions  forms  of  land 
and  water  and  with  those  phenomena  of  weather,  crops,  occupations,  etc., 
that  the  neighborhood  affords,  the  chief  need  is  an  adequate  supply  of  visible 
material,  true  to  nature,  to  round  out  the  out-door  home  supply. 

Sooner  or  later  pupils  must  study  representations,  and  a  pretty  full  series 
of  pictures,  including  also  those  of  matter  known  directly,  is  invaluable.  I 
do  not  intend  however  to  give  a  list.  The  chief  obstacle  to  a  large  employ- 
ment of  such  materials  is  of  course  the  expense.  But  after  several  years 
experience  with  a  pretty  large  outfit  I  am  convinced  that  so  much  surer 
results  are  reached  by  these  means  and  with  such  an  evident  growth  of  inter- 
est on  the  part  of  both  teacher  and  pupils,  that  it  is  a  wise  policy  to  be  even  a 
little  extravagant  in  this  direction. 

Intermediate  work.  Land  and  water  forms,  as  such,  having  been  acquired, 
the  work  now  in  geography  concerns  itself  with  the  interrelations  of  individ- 
ual land  and  water  forms,  climatic  phenomena,  etc.,  and  at  first  with  the 
more  easily  comprehended  relations  and  with  the  larger  land  and  water 
forms,  since  the  relations  to  be  studied  do  not  obtain  between  the  smaller 
forms  with  distinctness  enough  to  make  them  objects  of  study.  Here  is  the 
parting  of  the  ways  for  the  teachers  who  go  in  for  details  of  surface,  or  topo- 
graphy, and  those  who  consider  only  those  surface  features  important  that 
preeminently  affect  the  phenomena  which  determine  the  distribution  of  living 
forms  and  condition  the  existence  of  mankind.  I  will  try  to  make  this  dis- 
tinction clear. 

The  teacher  of  topography  has  before  him  a  lengthy  list  of  capes,  bays, 
islands,  peninsulas,  rivers,  lakes,  mountain  systems,  mountain  ranges,  groups 
of  mountains  and  single  peaks,  oceans  and  seas,  straits  and  isthmuses,  coun- 
ties, states,  countries,  capitals  and  other  cities.  These  he  endeavors  to  drill 
into  the  memory  of  the  pupils.  He  assists  the  process  by  imaginary  journeys, 
by  alphabetic  lists  and  various  mnemonic  devices,  by  tagging  a  bit  of  history 
to  one    or    another  locality,  or  showing  a  picture  of  some  prominent  building. 

The  class  room  exercise  is  chiefly  repetition  of  lessons  learned  at  home.  The 
favorite  examination  question  is  "What  and  where?"  The  productions  of  a 
country  are  learned  by  association.  Now  all  this  is  the  same  as  to  say,  after 
the  pupils  have  come  to  a  comprehension  of  the  various  land  and  water  forms 
home   products,  occupations,  etc.;     "Now    children    there    are    a  great  many 


206  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

rivers  in  the  world,  a  great  many  mountains,  many  countries  all  with  capitals , 
many  places  where  wheat  is  grown,  many  places  where  shoes  are  made,  and  a 
great  many  cities;  we  will  now  devote  the  rest  of  our  lives  to  learning  where 
all  these  are  and  by  what  names  they  are  called." 

Geography  as  taught  is  shunned  and  avoided  because  it  deals  with  its  sub- 
ject matter  in  such  a  way  that  memory  cram  is  the  chief  exercise.  The  very 
sameness  of  procedure  deadens  the  interest,  both  of  pupil  and  teacher. 

In  physical  geography  we  have  a  full-fledged  revolt  in  the  recommendations 
for  the  study  of  physiography  in  the  report  of  the  conference  on  geography. 
As  I  look  at  it,  the  teachers  and  investigators  have  tired  of  the  physical  aspect 
of  the  earth  in  separated,  detached  sections,  each  standing  still  as  it  were,  to 
be  studied,  and  have  determined  to  busy  themselves  with  their  action  one  on 
the  other.  They  recommend  studies  on  the  development  of  a  river  basin,  and 
on  the  full  life  history  of  a  river  from  the  first  simple  rill  on  the  mountain 
side  to  the  lazily  flowing  tidal  stream  of  the  level  plain.  The  sculpture  of  the 
land,  the  re-formation  of  the  surface  by  physical  forces,  in  short,  physical 
geography  in  motion,  in  space  and  time,  this  is  the  demand  of  the  physio- 
grapher. Human  interest  in  cause  and  effect,  in  action  and  interaction, 
asserts  itself  and  is  no  longer  to  be  stopped  with  things.  It  seizes  on  their 
relationships  and  must  know  of  each  "How  came  this  so  and  what  will  it  be- 
come?" This  illustration  may  serve  to  make  clear  my  meaning  when  I  sajr 
that  in  intermediate  geography  the  source  of  greatest  interest  will  be  found 
not  in  the  usual  facts,  but  in  the  perception  of  the  relations  existing  between 
one  set  of  facts  and  another,  or  others;  and  the  value  as  a  teaching  factor  of 
any  set  of  facts  will  be  great  or  small  as  those  facts  are  near  or  remote  in 
their  effect  on  human  life. 

Instead,  therefore,  of  a  multitudinous  detail  of  surface  features,  it  seems  a 
far  better  plan  to  study  the  more  prominent  features  and  those  most  potent 
in  their  influence  on  climate  and  the  various  forms  of  life;  and  having  estab- 
lished the  general  relationships  to  ascertain  the  importance  or  the  position  of 
any  individual  fact  by  finding  its  place  in  the  larger  series  of  which  it  forms 
a  part. 

To  do  this  requires  again  visible  materials  for  observation,  particularly 
such  as  have  some  form  or  color  similarity  to  the  subject  matter  portrayed. 
The  facts  of  surface  outline  and  latitude  are  common  to  all  maps.  Tempera- 
ture is  shown  in  maps  by  isothermal  lines.  Rainfall  is  indicated  best  by 
shadings,  supplemented  by  division  lines  with  inches  cf  annual  precipitation. 
The  winds  are  shown  by  arrows;  barometric  minima  and  maxima  by  inclos- 
ing lines  and  figures;  ocean  currents  by  lines  or  arrows.  The  chief  vegetation 
regions  are  represented  in  colors  or  rulings,  and  crop  areas  find  easy  repre- 
sentation by  the  same  means.  In  many  geographies  the  names  of  crops  and 
other  productions  are  printed  on  the  maps.  Colors  are  also  used  to  indicate 
the  industrial  preeminence  of  various  sections,  and  shades  of  one  color  show 
density  of  population. 

With  some  such  series  of  maps  an  intermediate  class  beginning  with  North 
America  would   be  led  to   notice  and   record,  (1)  chief  features   of  outline,  of 


Geography  Methods.  207 


surface  and  the  great  political  subdivisions;  (2)  different  temperatures  obtain- 
ing in  various  parts  of  the  continent,  in  different  countries,  at  different  eleva- 
tions, over  various  bodies  of  water  and  at  different  degrees  of  latitude;  (3) 
zones;  (4)  distribution  of  vegetation  as  conditioned  by  temperature;  (5)  distri- 
bution of  rainfall  as  conditioned  by  sea  temperature*,  by  winds,  by  moun- 
tains, by  seasons;  (6)  effect  of  rainfall  on  vegetation;  (7)  distribution  of 
animal  life  as  conditioned  by  temperature  and  vegetation;  (8)  location  of  the 
chief  agricultural  areas  with  their  crops;  (9)  location  of  mines;  (10)  leading 
industrial  section;  (11)  areas  of  greatest   lensity  of  population. 

I  should  expect  a  class  to  be  able  to  tell  me,  for  example,  that  the  prevail- 
ing winds  on  the  northwest  coast  of  North  America  were  from  the  west;  that 
they  came  laden  with  moisture  from  seas  made  relatively  warm  by  the  Kuro 
Siwo  drift,  that  a  very  heavy  rainfall  occurred  in  southern  Alaska,  western 
Canada  and  northwestern  United  States  by  reason  of  the  presence  of  the 
mountain  ranges  there  forcing  the  winds  into  higher  altitudes;  that  dense 
forests  grew  in  this  rainy  area;  that  east  of  the  Cascade  mountains  the  rain- 
fall was  scanty,  the  vegetation  sparse,  agricultural  area  small,  grazing  a  lead- 
ing occupation  after  mining,  population  scanty,  cities  small.  This  is  what  I 
mean  by  a  study  of  the  relationships  or  as  it  may  be  otherwise  expressed,  the 
arrangement  of  facts  in  dependent  sequence. 

After  a  series  of  lessons  on  general  features  and  the  most  obvious  sequences 
of  phenomena,  the  study  of  the  relation  of  minor  facts  to  general  should  be 
taken  up.  Take  a  single  crop.  The  study  of  its  climatic  conditions  and  dis- 
tribution as  determinable  from  maps,  would  give  as  a  completed  statement 
something  like  the  following.  Wheat  is  grown  in  North  America,  chiefly  in 
Iowa,  Illinois.  California,  Indiana,  Ohio,  Missouri,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota  and 
the  province  Ontario.  The  July  temperature  of  the  wheat  belt  is  about  70 
degrees  Fahrenheit,  the  rainfall  from  32  to  44  inches  in  a  year.  The  surface 
of  the  wheat  area  is  nearly  all  relatively  level  and  low.  The  leading  cities 
in  this  area  are  Chicago,  111.;  St.  Louis,  Mo.;  Minneapolis  and  St.  Paul,  Minn.; 
Indianapolis,  Ind.;  San  Francisco,  Cal. ;  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  and  Toronto,  Out., 
of  which  Chicago  is  the  largest.  Wheat  can  be  sent  from  Chicago  to  New 
York  by  way  of  the  Great  lakes,  the  Erie  Canal  and  Hudson  river  or  by 
various  railways.  It  can  be  sent  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  from  St.  Louis  on  the 
Mississippi  river. 

Or  let  a  single  state  form  the  basis  of  observation  and  from  the  various 
maps  the  pupil  will  compile  his  facts  embracing  latitude,  boundaries,  surface 
features,  January  and  July  temperatures  annual  rainfall,  character  of  the 
forests,  the  crops,  animal  products,  forest  products,  minerals,  manufacturing 
importance,  density  of  population  and  the  chief  cities.  Descriptive  matter 
may  be  read  and  pictures  shown  during  such  a  course,  if  thought  desirable, 
but  the  greatest  value  lies  in  the  processes  of  observation,  inference  and  ex- 
pression in  the  active  use  of  which  the  pupils  form  habits  of  search  and 
acquire  related  knowledge. 

And  when  pupils  have  so  studied  the  various  series  of  phenomena  that 
obtain  in  North  America,  including  the  West  Indies  and  Central  America,  or 


208  Potsdam  Normal  School. 

as  will  be  seen,  the  phenomena  of  a  quadrant  of  latitude,  they  are  able  to 
deduce  from  latitude  and  surface  the  general  climatic  conditions  of  any  other 
quadrant  or  any  continent,  and  will  state  with  reasonable  accuracy  the  possi- 
ble vegetation,  crops,  animal  forms  and  determine  the  most  suitable  situa- 
tions for  the  large  cities.  In  the  study  of  details  that  follow,  select  such 
countries  or  surface  features  as  are  of  importance  and  let  the  pupils  work  out 
their  relations  to  the  general  phenomena,  thus  doubling  the  probabilities  of 
remembrance.  Let  them  form  the  habit  of  using  a  gazetteer  or  index  for 
information  on  points  of  minor  importance.  Life  is  too  short  to  learn  every- 
thing. Be  brave  enough  to  leave  out  a  great  deal.  Teach  your  pupils  how  to 
find  the  unimportant  facts.  Don't  cram  them.  There  is  really  nothing  that 
is  worth  teaching.     We  merely  have  pupils  worth  being  taught. 

In  the  upper  intermediate  grades  comes  the  close  study  of  various  countries 
of  the  world  with  particular  attention  to  the  physical  basis  of  each  and  its 
influence.  Here  a  text  book  is  necessary  and  its  statements  take  the  place  of 
maps  no  longer  possible  in  adequate  detail  and  in  fact  no  longer  necessary.  So 
soon  as  a  new  land  is  studied,  such  of  its  features  as  occur  in  principle  else- 
where should  be  compared  with  those  previously  studied;  e.  g.  the  dry  inter- 
ior of  the  Spanish  plateau  with  that  of  Mexico,  the  consequent  need  of  irri- 
gation in  both  regions  and  the  building  of  aqueducts  in  the  latter  by  the  con- 
quering Spaniards  whose  model  was  brought  to  Spain  by  the  conquering 
Eomans  from  Italy,  likewise  a  land  of  deficient  rainfall. 

Differences  too  are  valuable  to  notice,  for  while  southern  Spain  in  latitude 
37  is  so  wprm  that  the  cotton  plant  survives  the  winter,  yet  in  the  American 
cotton  belt  which  lies  south  of  36  the  absence  of  a  protecting  mountain  wall 
allows  the  cold  waves  from  the  north  to  sweep  the  region  and  compels  a 
yearly  seeding. 

Compare  the  Riviera,  the  southern  Crimea,  the  south  slope  of  the  Caucasus, 
the  sheltered  coast  of  southern  Persia,  the  valley  of  the  Ganges  and  the 
southerly  counties  of  New  Hampshire  and  discover  the  effect  of  such  moun- 
tain walls.  Search  North  America  for  five  great  zones  of  production  like 
those  of  Russia.  How  does  the  Mohawk  Hudson  depression  compare  in  com- 
mercial importance  with  the  Burgundian  gate,  the  Moravian  gate  or  the 
Cilician  gates  1 

Why  are  the  rivers  of  Siberia  of  much  more  value  than  those  of  northern 
Canada? 

How  do  the  Black  lands  of  Russia  compare  in  their  principal  productions 
with  the  American  prairies,  with  the  Black  lands  of  Siberia,  or  those  of  India 
or  the  loess  formations  of  China  or  of  China's  red  soil,  and  with  which  of 
these  does  America  compete  in  the  market  of  the  world? 

Take  the  three  great  northern  continental  masses,  North  America,  Europe 
and  Asia  and  study  the  effects  of  differing  latitudes  on  the  climatic  conditions 
which  are  caused  by  the  presence  on  their  southern  borders  of  the  three  great 
bodies  of  water,  the  Mexican  gulf,  the  Mediterranean  sea  and  the  Indian 
ocean. 


Geography  Methods.  209 


Study  the  effect  of  the  different  contours  of  the  three  continents  on  the 
climate  as  varied  by  the  differences  in  latitude  and  note  the  resulting  habit- 
ability. 

Compare  Chicago  with  Odessa,  Detroit  with  Constantinople  and  explain  the 
relative  importance  of  each. 

In  what  way  is  the  situation  of  Orleans  like  that  of  Cincinnati  and  what 
advantage  does  such  a  situation  afford? 

How  have  the  passes  of  the  Alps  affected  the  growth  of  Italian  cities?  Com- 
pare the  function  of  such  a  pair  of  cities  as  Suez  and  Cairo  with  Yakutsk  and 
Okhotsk,  Montreal  and  Portland,  Trieste  and  Vienna. 

In  these  last  questions  I  come  as  near  to  topography  as  seems  ever  neces- 
sary. When  the  minor  surface  features  have  been  of  influence  in  causing  a 
concentration  of  population  at  a  given  spot,  have  guided  the  migrations  of 
men  or  the  course  of  commerce,  then  topography  enters  into  a  proper  study 
of  geography,  but  not  before. 

I  can  give  only  hints,  but  before  I  close  I  want  to  suggest  a  field  for  geog- 
raphy in  the  high  school.  Some  of  the  matter  of  the  upper  intermediate 
grades  is  capable  of  prolonged  and  profitable  study  by  older  pupils.  But 
there  is  this  field,  namely  the  influence  of  geographic  factors  on  the  character 
and  fate  of  a  people  and  on  historical  movement. 

The  Alps  offered  obstacles  to  the  northward  movement  of  the  Roman,  but 
the  sea  was  open,  the  valley  of  the  Rhone  and  the  Aude  beckoned  him  on,  so 
that  it  was  Gaul  that  was  Romanized  and  notGermania.  The  walls  of  Hadri- 
an and  Antoninus  were  near  the  northern  limit  of  the  British  lowlands  and 
the  highlanders  are  still  Keltic  like  their  mountainous  neighbors  the  Welsh, 
with  separate  languages  and  separate  churches  from  the  English.  The  Monte- 
negrins in  their  land  of  Black  mountains  retained  their  individuality  through 
long  years  of  the  Mongolian  deluge.  The  Pueblos  and  the  Moquis  have 
been  saved  to  us  by  mesas  and  the  cliffs.  Southern  Italy  is  far  more  illiterate 
than  the  Po  valley,  80  to  90  per  cent  as  against  60,  and  the  Sardinian  uses 
forms  of  speech  long  since   swept  out   of  use  on  the  mainland. 

We  can  study  the  influnce  of  a  peninsular  home  on  its  Inhabitants,  of  a  cen- 
tral position  on  the  destinies  of  a  weak  and  of  a  strong  people. 

A  fringe  of  islands  breeds  navigators;  a  rich  soil  sustains  a  wealthy  people, 
but  if  its  area  be  small  that  people's  history  is  past  when  a  larger  area  breeds 
a  people  in  whose  path  the  smaller  lies.  There  were  long  wars  between  the 
Egyptian  and  the  Assyrian,  but  Egypt  withstood  Rome  a  brief  span  merely, 
and  Admiral  Seymour's  cannon  took  but  a  few  hours  to  subjugate  the  land  of 
the  Pharaohs. 

It  would  be  easy  to  spend  many  weeks  in  tracing  the  development  of  British 
empire  back  to  the  causes  that  made  that  development  possible. 

Kirchhoff  lays  great  stress  on  the  superb  physique  and  high  venturesome 
spirit  of  the  English  people  and  dwells  on  the  climate,  the  hearty  exercise, 
the  strong  food  and  drink  and  the  proximity  of  all  parts  of  the  island  to  the 
sea  and  the  influence  of  maritime  spirit  on  the  whole  people.  Lavisse  sees 
Q.  C.  H.  14. 


2io  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


particularly  their  genius  for  order  and  traces  it  to  the  inevitable  discipline  of 
the  ship.  Consider  the  aristocracy  and  we  find  great  estates  dating  back  to 
the  conquest.  Who  were  the  conquerers?  Normans  from  France  where  they 
had  settled  by  virtue  of  their  prowess.  They  came  by  ship  and  were  a  race 
of  navigators.  We  see  them  scouring  the  seas  to  the  Shetlands,  to  Iceland,  to 
America,  to  the  Mediterranean.  Why?  The  fringe  of  islands  on  the  Norwe- 
gian coast,  the  abundance  of  food  in  the  sea,  the  inhospitable  land  of  which 
to-day  but  two  per  cent  is  tillable,  these  factors  pushed  them  out  and  led 
them  on  till  one  might  say  that  out  of  the  very  bleakness  and  barrenness  of 
Norway  sprang  the  race  of  sailors,  who  to-day  own  55  per  cent  of  all  the  ton- 
nage of  the  world.  And  why  did  this  particular  swarm  of  sea  robbers  come 
to  possess  such  rich  booty  rather  than  the  Illyrian  pirates?  They  found  a 
favorable  environment  for  their  development,  No  Pompey  drove  them  from 
the  seas,  nor  doge  of  Venice,  and  the  land  of  which  they  possessed  themselves 
yielded  the  material  wealth  to  aid  them  and  was  protected  by  that  silver 
streak  of  the  channel's  waves  that  made  the  18th  century  and  still  guards  its 
established  institutions.  Spirit,  discipline,  strength,  wealth  and  the  institu- 
tions of  an  insular  independent  people,  take  these  factors  and  study  each  con- 
quest and  each  acquisition  to  the  empire.  Now  one,  now  another  won  the 
day. 

To  come  nearer  home  let  a  class  consider  the  gradually  changing  politics  of 
Alabama  and  see  how  much  of  it  is  to  be  explained  by  that  mass  of  iron  ore, 
those  thick  layers  of  coal,  those  hills  of  limestone,  that  are  changing  the  in- 
dustrial character  of  the  state  and  with  it  the  opinions  of  the  people,  till 
what  was  infamy  is  justice  and  what  was  a  traditional  right  becomes  a  nuis- 
ance and  an  object  of  objurgation. 

Or,  take  geographical  names,  explain  their  meaning  and  pertinence  and  you 
lay  open  a  gateway  into  fields  where  one  may  wander  with  delight  and  find 
no  satiety.  The  Ebro  river  recalls  the  Iberians,  first  owners  of  Hispania. 
Saguntum  tells  of  Greeks  from  Zakynthos,  Cartagena  of  the  Carthagenian 
conquest  of  Spain.  Saragossa  commemorates  Caesar  Augustus,  Andalusia 
the  Vandals,  Catalonia  the  Goths.  Gibraltar  was  Tarik's  rock  and  marks  the 
advent  of  the  Arab  and  the  Moor.  Guadiana  was  the  river  Anas  with  the 
Arabic  wady.  Castile,  Old  and  New,  stand  for  the  castles  in  Spain  that  are 
there. 

Even  the  name  Spain  goes  back  through  Hispania  to  the  word  which  the 
Phoenicians  used  and  means  the  land  of  conies,  and  these  conies  live  on  the 
scanty  vegetation  of  the  barren  rocks  of  which  the  causes  go  back  across 
massive  mountains  to  prohibited  winds  for  whose  origin  and  cause  we  search 
the  seas  and  call  in  the  dynamics  of  a  revolving  sphere.  There  is  a  great  plen- 
ty but  I  would  rather  stop  than  tire  you.  All  of  it  I  havvj  found  available  in 
teaching  geography. 


Statistical  Tables. 


211 


Numerical  Table  of  Graduates,  1871- 

94. 

Normal. 

Normal. 

« 

S=H 

i 

< 

w 

o 
o 
B 
o 

< 

H 
< 

i-i 
<j 
o 

< 

o 

6 

M 

H 

M 
O 

B 

w 

P3     • 
<  B 

H    GO 

6 

S 

w 

P. 
O 

H 

|  o 

m  w 
P  t= 

Eh  « 

m 

to 

Music 
Teachers' 
Course. 

1869  . . . 

1870  . . . 

* 

1871  . . . 

7 

2 

5 

1 

8 

1872  . . . 

l 

14 

4 

3 

8 

1 

16 

1873  . . . 

6 

12 

7 

7 

4 

1 

19 

1874  . . . 

6 

13 

11 

8 

4 

23 

1875  . . . 

5 

21 

.    13 

7 

6 

4 

30 

1876  . . . 

8 

17 

16 

8 

1 

4 

29 

1877... 

5 

18 

7 

12 

4 

2 

2 

27 

1878  . . . 

10 

13 

11 

7 

5 

6 

29 

1879  . . . 

6 

11 

4 

8 

5 

5 

22 

1880  . . . 

6 

7 

4 

7 

2 

3 

16 

1881  . . . 

9 

24 

11 

8 

14 

1 

34 

1882  . . . 

2 

14 

3 

5 

8 

3 

1 

20 

1883  . . . 

9 

16 

10 

8 

7 

5 

30 

1884  . . . 

2 

13 

4 

5 

6 

7 

22 

1885  . . . 

6 

29 

9 

14 

12 

2 

37 

1886  . . . 

9 

27 

4 

5 

18 

9 

4 

40 

1887  . . . 

10 

30 

18 

3 

15 

4 

7 

1 

48 

1888  . . . 

11 

28 

8    ' 

2 

19 

10 

2 

1 

*7 

49 

1889  . . . 

15 

32 

6 

4 

26 

11 

2 

4 

7 

60 

1890  . . . 

7 

38 

9 

3 

21 

12 

1 

5 

4 

55 

1891  ... 

14 

41 

12 

5 

26 

12 

4 

3 

5 

67 

1892  . . . 

20 

87 

22 

4 

39 

42 

1 

2 

6 

161 

1893  . . . 

13 

45 

23 

3 

32 

1 

1 

14 

74 

1894  . . . 

21 

66 

27 

10 

50 

1 

1 

7 

96 

201 

623 

243 

39 

355 

187 

71 

22 

50 

967 

*  One  in  Singing  Course. 


Attendance 

by  Counties. 

Albany 

Broome 

2 

3 

Herkimer . 
Jefferson  . 
Kings  .... 
Lewis 

Livingston 
Madison .  . . 

14 

262 

5 

82  j 

1 

4! 

St.  Lawrence 

Saratoga 

Seneca  

3247 

Cayuga 

Chatauqua 

Chenango 

Clinton 

2 

1 
....       6 

. ...   132 
....       6i 

4  i 
.  . . .       & 
....       6 
....       4 
....     47 
. ...  204 

1 

....       1 

1 

Suffolk 

Sullivan 

Tioga 

2 
1 
5 

Columbia 

Cattaraugus  .  .  . 
Delaware 

Monroe  .  . . 
Montgomer 
Niagara. . . 

2| 

y.            .       2  ! 
........       2  i 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Westchester 

Wyoming 

New  York 

42  Counties  Represe 

TotalNo.  of  Studen 

1      since  organization 

5 
5 

1 

Dutchess 

Erie 

Oneida  .  .  . 

11 

3 

.     29 

1 

Essex 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Genesee 

Oswego.  . . 
Putnam.  . . 
Rensselaer 
Rockland.  . 

1 

::::::::  !' 

1 

5 

nted. 

ts 
3685 

212 


Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Table  of  Attendance,  1869-1894. 


Normal 
Departm't 

Academic 
Departm't 

Interme- 
diate 
Departm't 

Primary 
Departm't 

Grand 
Total. 

Normal 
Departm'nt 
Av'r'ge  Age 

< 

H 

w 

H 

w 

H 

H 

H 

w 

H 

K 

£ 

u 

z 

o 

£ 

O 

55 

o 

£ 

O 

H 

fc 

w 

fe 

H 

r-   £ 

H 

W 

£ 

>h 

§ 

£  3 

s  < 

m 

8  5 

S 

£  3 

g 

S  < 

GO 

J 

5  o 

Hi 

9  fi 

►j 

5  o 

J 

9  n 

J 

9  o 

W 

a 

"*  § 

J 

^  s 

j 

3  fc 

J 

3  £ 

a 

3  £ 

Cfi 

i-3 

o 

«  a 

o 

P5  m 

O 

Pi  w 

o 

*  H 

o 

°3  H 

W 

< 

Cd 

rt 

W  H 

A 

H  H 

A 

H  £ 

« 

£  H 

P3 

H  H 

hJ 

S 

m 

>  H 

g 

>  H 

fc 

>  H 

fc 

>  H 

(Q 

>   H 

< 

W 

CO 

W 

«j«j 

H 

<< 

S 

«j«j 

H 

<M 

H 

<M 

S 

S 

1869* 

137 

51 

109 

47 

152 

102 

145 

99 

543 

299 

19 

18 

1870 

328 

161 

137 

58 

160 

117 

142 

134 

767 

470 

19.4 

19.2 

1871 

301 

163 

160 

73 

150 

114 

146 

139 

757 

489 

19.9 

20.3 

1872 

363 

180 

203 

87 

136 

117 

146 

113 

848 

497 

19.2 

19.3 

1873 

402 

184 

167 

64 

187 

117 

114 

86 

870 

451 

19.3 

19 

1874 

365 

169 

173 

59 

143 

120 

114 

85 

795 

433 

19.6 

18.3 

1875 

362 

183 

163 

38 

126 

72 

125 

77 

776 

370 

18.5 

17 

1870  . 

377 

257 

102 

45 

135 

85 

123 

63 

737 

450 

20 

19.2 

1877 

314 

163 

100 

53 

119 

70 

120 

75 

653 

361 

21.3 

20.1 

1878 

258 

145 

63 

33 

103 

71 

109 

70 

533 

319 

20.06 

19.77 

1879 

302 

170 

37 

29 

68 

60 

96 

76 

503 

335 

19.6 

20 

1880 

342 

180 

28 

23 

84 

57 

100 

82 

554 

352 

19.5 

20.2 

1881 

385 

180 

50 

13 

133 

87 

103 

73 

671 

353 

18.1 

20.6 

1882 

406 

228 

94 

38 

110 

67 

126 

74 

736 

407 

20 

19 

1883 

381 

205 

152 

66 

131 

84 

115 

78 

779 

433 

19.5 

19.3 

1884 

289 

185 

110 

.  68 

120 

92 

103 

88 

622 

433 

20.5 

20.4 

1885 

325 

232 

100 

65 

107 

95 

108 

98 

640 

490 

19.7 

19.9 

1886 

425 

288 

64 

45 

li5 

99 

109 

95 

713 

527 

21.2 

19.6 

1887 

i  425 

292 

73 

49 

136 

113 

154 

124 

788 

578 

20 

19 

1888 

432 

313 

100 

64 

134 

110 

159 

129 

825 

616 

19.8 

19.7 

1889 

466 

343 

108 

71 

133 

110 

160 

134 

867 

658 

20.2 

20.3 

1890 

463 

346 

169 

114 

140 

105 

152 

125 

924 

690 

18.9 

19.6 

1891 

528 

343 

153 

107 

140 

112 

164 

134 

985 

086 

19.5 

20 

1892 

1  490 

395 

182 

134 

137 

113 

180 

139 

989 

781 

21 

20 

1893 

;  409 

329 

205 

152 

148 

143 

168 

131 

930 

755 

20.3 

20.5 

1894 

I  453 

375  1  170 

117 

134 

131 

167 

133 

924 

756 

19.87 

19.03 

*  Spring  Term. 


Attendance  from  Other  States  and  Countries. 


States. 

Illinois 10 

Indiana 1 

Iowa 1 

Kansas 1 

Massachusetts 4 

Michigan 5 

Minnesota 3 

Montana 1 

New  Hampshire 2 

New  Jersey 1 


Oregon 1 

Pennsylvania 7 

South  Carolina 1 

Texas 1 

Vermont 22 

Wisconsin 3 

17  States  Represented. 
Foreign. 

Ireland 1 

Ontario 10 

Quebec 4 

Turkey 1 


total  No.  Normal 
since  the   organi- 


The 
pupils 
zation 3,685 

The  number  of  Aca- 
demic pupils  from  1879 
to  1894 741 

The  percentage  of  Nor- 
mal pupils  who  have 
gradated  from  the  School 
is 23  + 


fpl?e  (onstifuer\cy  of  tl?e  formal. 


From  the  foregoing-  Exhibit  it  appears  that  the  territory 
from  which  the  principal  membership  of  the  school  is  de- 
rived is  St.  Lawrence,  Franklin,  Jefferson  and  Lewis  coun- 
ties; in  the  early  years  of  the  school  Clinton  and  the  coun- 
ties immediately  south  also  came  within  the  patronizing 
territory,  but  the  establishment  of  the  Plattsburgh  school 
made  that  institution  more  accessible  to  the  North  Eastern 
portion  of  the  State.  A  considerable  number  of  students 
is  received  from  more  remote  counties  of  the  State,  but 
these  are  in  the  minority. 

The  students  are  characterized  by  earnestness  of  pur- 
pose, devotion  to  their  work  and  faithfulness  to  their  agree- 
ment to  teach  in  the  schools  of  the  State. 

A  stud)7  of  the  biographical  sketches  reveals  the  fact 
that  a  large  proportion  of  the  Academic  graduates  have 
taught  for  a  considerable  number  of  years.  Failure  to 
realize  the  importance  of  professional  training  and  financial 
considerations  have  led  many  to  take  the  shorter  course 
and  enter  upon  the  work  of  teaching  without  special  prep- 
aration. 

Students  graduate  from  the  schools  of  practice  before 
they  are  of  sufficient  age  to  rank  as  Normal  students;  these 
continue  their  Academic  studies  until  they  are  of  legal  age 
and  then  take  the  entrance  examinations.  The  number  of 
Academic  students  proper  is  practically  smaller  than  the 
Exhibit  would   indicate. 

The  biographies  also  disclose  the  fact  that  most  of  the 
students  receive  their  preparatorv  education  in  the  com- 
mon schools  of  the  State,  a  very  important  consideration 
for  sending  our  alumni  into  these  schools  to  better  prepare 
students  for  the  profession.  In  recent  years  there  has  been 
a  marked  increase  in  the  attendance  of  graduates  from 
High  Schools  and  Academies,  and  a  decrease  in  the  "Pre- 
paratory class." 


214  Potsdam  Normal  School. 


IN  MEMORIAM. 


The  most  precious  legacy  which  any  institution  can  in- 
herit is  the  record  of  those  who  represent  its  culture, 
whose  lives  are  the  product  of  its  own  life.  "By  their  fruits 
shall  ye  know  them." 

The  most  sacred  boon  which  the  Alumni  can  leave  to 
their  Alma  Mater  is  the  record  of  unsullied  lives;  unselfish 
devotion  to  humanity,  to  the  uplifting  and  the  inspiring  of 
the  youth  who  have  been    placed  in  their  care. 

A  nation  felt  the  power  of  Dr.  Arnold;  the  work  of  Hor- 
ace Mann  in  Massachusetts  is  the  most  precious  gift  of  any 
man  to  that  Commonwealth.  David  Page  lives  anew  in 
the  generations  of  teachers  who  receive  inspiration  from 
his  Theory  and  Practice  of  Teaching.  The  scientific  world 
can  never  forget  the  life  and  labors  of  the  immortal  Agas- 
siz.  Dr.  Barnard,  who  is  still  spared  to  the  educational 
world,  at  the  advanced  age  of  more  than  four-score  years, 
is  still  at  work  upon  his  American  Journal  of  Education. 

We  are  not  to  measure  the  work  of  the  teacher  by  the 
span  of  a  lifetime.  The  germs  of  manliness  implanted  in 
the  schoolroom  not  only  develop  into  noble  manhood,  but 
they  form  the  bulwark  of  national  strength.  The  founda- 
tions of  character  laid  in  youth  by  teachers  of  high  aims 
do  not  fail  under  the  pressure  of  superposed  responsibility, 
whose  inherent  strength  is  only  measured  as  men  raise  the 
towering  superstructure,  a  lasting  monument  to  the  integ- 
rity of  work  done. 

Time  would  fail  should  we  attempt  to  review  the  lives 
or  to  rehearse  the  deeds  of  our  loved  Alumni,  who  though 
absent,  are  not  forgotten,  for  their  lives  have  become  im- 
mortal and  repeat  themselves  in  the  teachers  of  genera- 
tions who  succeed  them. 

It  is  a  cause  for  gratitude  that  from  the  more  than  one 
thousand  who  have  graduated  from  our  institution  (June 
'95)  only  forty-five  have  been  called  from  their  immediate 
labors.  We  cherish  the  holy  memory  of  lives  of  devotion, 
and  pray  that  we  may  in  turn  prove  worthy  of  grateful  re- 
membrance. 


Addenda.  2i$ 


MEMBERS  OF  THE  FACULTY  WHO    COULD  NOT  BE  FOUND. 

Russell-Bogue,  Mrs.  Sybil  E. ;  the  first  teacher  of  Elocution,  Reading  and 
Calisthenics,  Oct.  1869 — Jan.  1871.     Latest  address,  Portland,  Ore. 

Sprott,  Miss  Mary;  assistant  and  critic  in  the  Intermediate  Department, 
1870—1871. 

Williams-Anderson,  Mrs.  Florinda  E.;  assistant  and  critic  in  the  Interme- 
diate Department,  1869 — 1870.     Latest  address,  Selnia,  Cal. 

Yawger,  Miss  Sarah  L.;  teacher  of  Composition,  Rhetoric  and  Mathematics, 
Feb.  1875— July  1877. 

GRADUATES  OF  CONSERVATORY.— Names  Misplaced. 

Allen,  Mabel  Ethel — P.  '95;  entered  from  Malone;  private  pupils.  Malone, 
N.  Y. 

Bemis,  Eva  Frances — P.  '95;  entered  from  Norfolk;  at  home.  Norfolk,  N.  Y. 

Bower,  Edith  Clark — T.  '95;  graduate  of  the  Waddington  Union  Free 
School;  at  home.     Waddington,  N.  Y. 

Brown,  Elizabeth  Margaret— T.  '95;  entered  from  Fort  Covington;  gradu- 
ate course  at  the  Conservatory. 

Howe,  Leila — P.  '95;  nearly  completed  the  Academic  course;  '95  organist, 
First  M.  E.  Church,  Potsdam;  '96  organist,  Grace  (Episcopal)  Churoh, 
Cortland,  N.  Y. 

Lockwood,  Mrs.  Kathryn  Fuller — T.  '95;  portrait  artist  with  N.  L.  Stone 
and  Son;  '95-6  at  home.     Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

Packard,  Nellie  Parker — P.  '95;  entered  from  Madrid;  '95-6  pianoforte. 
Bridport,  Vt. 

Rule,  Janet — T.  '95;  a  teacher  of  large  experience;  entered  from  Wadding- 
ton; '95-6  Superintendent  of  Music,  Dover,  N.  J. 

Stone,  Minnie  May — T.  '95;  see  p.  466. 

Young,  Helen  Margaret — T.  '95;  entered  from  Parishville;  '95-6  Director 
of  Music,  Normal  and  Collegiate  Institute,  Asheville,  N.  C. 

B1VRATA. 

Mrs.  Eleanor  Jones,  p.  83  should  read  Miss. 

Thomas  C.  Aitchison,  p.    08  should  read  Atchison. 

Ezra  John  Guoyott,  p.  114  should  read  Guyott. 

Helen  M.  Blachard,  p.  115  should  read  Blanchard. 

Ella  G.  Roberts,  p.  126  should  read  Ellen  G.  Barber. 

Rolnda  H.  Williams,  p.  145  should  read  Roland. 

Mhry  A.  Joy,  p.  161  should  read  Mary. 

Elsie  A.  Kerans  p.  1 6 1  should  read  Kearns. 

Gabriel  Collins,  p.  171  should  read  Gabrielle. 

Charles  F.  Murphy — C;  omitted  from  the  class  of  '96;  entered  from  Nor- 
wood.    Norwood,  N.  Y. 

Sheridan-Shaver,  M.  Louise — E.;  omitted  from  the  class  of  '91  p.  144; 
entered  as  a  graduate  of  the  Waddington  Union  Free  School;  taught 
before  and  since  graduation.     Waddington,  N.  Y. 


Unbei  of  lfrersone, 


^-^^-.,. 


Abbott,  Martha  S.,  117,  168. 
Abbott,  Minnie  D.  E.,  125. 
Adams,  Herbert  C,  105. 
Aitchison,  Ellen,  155. 
Aitchison,  James  W.,  Prof.  62,  128. 
Aitchison,  Libbie  E. ,  142. 
Akin,  Hattie  S.,  125. 
Aldrich,  Emma  G.,  112. 
Allen,  AdaR.,  162,  172. 
Allen,  Mrs.  A.  D.,  115. 
Allen,  Albion  B.,  142. 
Allen,  Bertha  L.,  126. 
Allen,  F.  H.  Prof.  63,  125. 
Allen-Trapnell,  Mrs.  M.  A.,  57,  175. 
Allen,  Mabel  Ethel,  215. 
Allen,  Nellie  M.  128. 
Alumni  N.  Y.  Association,  198. 
Alumni  Sketches,  104,  172. 
Anderson,  Anna  M.,  105. 
Anderson,  Mrs.  Joanna.,  104. 
Andrews,  Elizabeth,  159. 
Andrews,  Helen  M. ;  108. 
Andrews,  H.  Murray,  159. 
Anniversary,  Twenty-fifth,  173. 
Anthony,  Cornelia  F.,  147. 
Armin,  Wilbur  H.,  165. 
Armstrong,  Abbie  S. ,  i  51 . 
Armstrong,  Emma  O.,  124. 
Armstrong,  Jennie  Ada.,  155. 
Armstrong,  Susan  G.,  159. 
Association,  New  York,  198. 
Atchison,  Thomas  C,  108,  215. 
Attendance,  Counties,  211. 
Attendance,  Departments,  212. 
Attendance,  Foreign,  212. 
Attendance,  Numerical,  211. 
Attendance,  Other  States,  212. 
Attendance,  by  years,  212. 
Atwater,  Lizzie,  122. 
Austin,  Annette  B.,  107. 
Austin,  Edith  M.,  170. 
Austin-Bramley,  Mrs.  H.  D.,  63, 

105,  173,  180. 
Axtel,  Ezra  P.,  117. 
Avery,  Lillian  A.,  » 47. 
Avery,  Nathan  E.,  155. 


Babcock,  Alma  D.,  155. 
Bacon,  Lucy  A.,  114. 
Bacon,  Mrs.  M.  E.  Lord,  64,  108. 
Baconian  Societies,  191. 
Bailey,  Ida  C,  110. 
Bailey,  Julia  F.,  171. 
Baldwin,  Alice  B.,  139. 
Baldwin,  Mary  A.,   156. 
Baldwin,  Minnie  E.,  116. 
Baltz,  Frank  P.,  147. 
Banister,  Harriette  L.,  126. 
Barber,  Ella  G.,  126. 
Barber,  LinaE.,  131. 
Barker,  Mary  L.,  121. 
Barnard,  Mrs.  Belle  P.,  169. 
Barnett,  John  T.,  141. 
Barnett,  Katherine  E.,  139. 
Barnett,  Mary  A.,  152. 
Barnett,  C.  A.,  122. 
Barnes,  Jennie  M.,  166. 
Barnes,  Hannah  B.  104. 
Barnhart,  Kittie  L.,  166. 
Barnum,  Edith  L.,  169. 
Barrows,  Delia  M.,  145. 
Barry,  Mary  E.,  147. 
Bartholomew,  Ella  M.,  128. 
Bartholomew,  Hattie  V.,  116. 
Bartlett,  Mrs.  Nellie  Lang,  103, 

152,  166. 
Bartlett,  Jennie  C,  112. 
Batchelder,  Mary  Frances,  168. 
Bateman,  Mary  E.,  136. 
Baum,  M.  Elizabeth,  142. 
Beaman,  L.  Belle,  124. 
Beaman,  Fannie,  160. 
Beaman,  Julia  A.,  159. 
Beard,  Geo.  P.,  Prof.  65. 
Bell,  Anna  G.,  152. 
Bell,  ElvaL.,  134. 
Bell,  Leslie  R.,  162. 
Bell,  Miss  Maud,  66. 
Bemis,  Eva  Frances,  215. 
Benedict,  Addie  C,  119. 
Benham,  Nina  A.,  147. 
Bennett,  Edwin  J.,  156. 
Benson,  Alice  M.,  124. 
Benson,  Mary  L.,  158. 


Index  of  Persons. 


2\J 


Benson,  Nettie  I.,  143. 
Benton,  Carrie  E.,  122. 
Bents,  Alberta  C,  162. 
Besio,  Grace  L.,  139. 
Besio,  Jennie  L.,  128. 
Best,  Fred  W.,  115. 
Bibbins,  Elizabeth  A.  J.,  106. 
Bicknell,  William  C.,  117. 
Bid  well,  Franeiene  E.,  133. 
Billings,  Nettie,  121. 
Bishop,  Carrie  J.,  112. 
Bissell,  Annis  H.,  124,  126.. 
Bissell,  Carrie  A.,  152,  171. 
Bixby,  Mary  E.,  171. 
Blake,  MyraM.,  171. 
Blakeslee,  E.  D.,  Prof.  66,  176. 
Blanchard,  Emma  J.,  112. 
Blanchard,  Helen  M.,  115. 
Blatchley,  Celestia,  104. 
Bliss,  Lettie  M.,  124. 
Bodman,  Henry  M.,  160. 
Bogert,  Taylor  0.,  113. 
Bond,  Willis  E.  Prof.,  68. 
Bonney,  Carleton  H.,  142. 
Bonner,  Edward  J.,  152. 
Bouton,  Ida  J.,  147. 
Bower,  Edith  Clark,  215. 
Boyd,  Lena  C.,  128. 
Boyle,  Johannah  M.,  147. 
Boyle,  Julia  A.,  136. 
Boynton,  A.  L.,  167. 
Boynton,  D.  Newell,  156. 
Boynton,  Frank  D.,  131,  184. 
Boynton,  Mary  N.,  152,  171,  173. 
Bradley,  Harriet  B.,  158. 

Braun,  Emily  A.,  134,  139. 

Brettell,  Amelia  L.,  68. 

Bridge,  Gertrude  D.,  108. 

Bridges,  Minnie  J.,  122. 

Briggs,  Eva  E.,  152. 

Briggs,  IdaC,  113. 

Briggs,  Harriet  E.,  139. 

Briggs,  Myron  D.,  109. 

Brill,  Edith  V.,  152. 

Brodie,  Jennie  A.,  122. 

Bromley,  Mae  H.,  162. 

Bronson-Brown,  Mrs.  Elizabeth,  68. 

Brosnan,  Hanna  F.,  115. 

Brown,  Abner  B.,  136. 

Brown,  Berton  L.,  126. 

Brown,  Elizabeth  Margaret,  215. 

Brown,  Hattie  E.,  169. 

Brown,  J.  Fred.,  136. 

Brown,  Lemuel  P.,  156. 

Brown,  Lizzie  B.,  126. 

Brown,  Mary  E.,  131. 

Brown,  Silas  E.,  113. 

Brown,  S.  Pope,  141. 


Brown,  Walter  A.,  164. 
Brown,  W.  G.,  122. 
Brownell,  D'Ette,  168. 
Bruner,  Madge  S.,  151. 
Brunson,  Bertha  C.,  156. 
Brush,  Grace  L.,  139. 
Bryan,  Hattie  J.,  116. 
Building,  Normal,  189. 
Bullis,  Helen  M.,  156. 
Burdick,  Hattie  F.,    156. 
Burdick,  Edward  S.,  147. 
Burke,  Katherine  P.,  145. 
Burn,  Miss  Alice  M.,    69. 
Burnap,  Fannie  E.,  142. 
Burnap,  Georgetta  L.,  134. 
Burnham,  William  H.,  Prof.,  59. 
Burns,  Angie  M..  116. 
Burns,  May  F.,  139. 
Burns,  M.  Vesta,  114. 
Burr,  Hattie  L.,  170. 
Burrows,  L.  Estelle,  134. 
Burt,  Martha  I.,  105. 
Burton,  Gertrude  A. ,  145. 
Buss,  Nellie  A.,  158. 
Butler,  Kate,  128. 
Butler,  StanardI).,  147. 
Butrick,  Miss  Jane  F.,  70,  117. 
Butrick,  Sarah  J.,  118. 
Buxton,  Dora  E.,  134. 
Byrns,  Loella  M.,  142. 


Cahill,  Hannah  A.,  140. 
Call,  Harriet  E.,  126. 
Call,  Mary  F.,  169. 
Cameron,  Sarah,  131. 
Campbell,  Katherine,  154. 
Carpenter,  Eva  M.,  106. 
Carpenter,  Elizabeth  W.,  169. 
Carpenter,  Mary  L.,  164. 
Carpenter,  Mattie  S.,  104. 
Carr,  Katherine  L.,  156. 
Carroll,  Katherine  B.,  156. 
Cartwright,  Elizabeth  J.,  136. 
Carver,  C.  Winona,  152. 
Cauble,  Laura  A.,  131. 
Chaney,  Ethel  I.,  171. 
Chandler,  Julia  C,  145. 
Chaney,  Celia  S.,  114. 
Chaney,  Grace  E.,  154. 
Chaney,  Ildah  M.,  143.  170. 
Chappell,  Maude  C,  154. 
Chase,  Florence  L..  168. 
Chase,  Mrs.  Ellen  S.,  115. 
Chase,  Giles  A.,  162. 
Chase-Burroughs,  Mrs.  O.  A..,  71. 
Cheney,  A.  Augusta,  129. 


218 


Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Cheney,  Viola  V.,  156. 

Cheney,  Warren  J.,  121. 

Chilton,  Lillian  H.,  147. 

Chollar,  Miss  Sarah  V.,  71. 

Church-Marsh,  Mrs.  Lillian,  72, 117. 

Church,  Katherine  M.,  152. 

ClaDper,  Frank,  156. 

Clark  Alice  M.,  147. 

Clark,  Clara  L.,  126. 

Clark,  Cressida  May,  160. 

Clark,  Darwin  H.,  122. 

Clark,  Ettie  E.,  113. 

Clark,  Evelyn,  M.  H.,  110. 

Clark,  Fred  W.,  114. 

Clark,  Georgiana  E.,  147. 

Clark,  Horace  N.,  147. 

Clark,  IdaB.,  156. 

Clark,  Jennie  P.,  170. 

Clark,  Mrs.  Jessie  Gale,  143. 

Clark,  Charlotte  A.,  129,  170. 

Clark,  Mary,  134. 

Clark,  Mattie  G.,  112. 

Clark,  Pliny  J.,  166. 

Clark,  William  H.,  117. 

Clark,  Xenia  A.,  110. 

Clarke.  Charlotte  M.,  145. 

Clarke,  Mrs.  S.  A.,  169. 

Clarkson,  Emilie  V.,  165. 

Clay,  Jennie  U.,  167. 

Clifford,  Elizabeth,  117. 

Clifford,  EllaR..  106. 

Clifford,  Lydia  A.,  114. 

demons,  William  D.,  145. 

Cleveland,  Georgia  M.,  142. 

Cleveland,  Mildred  A.,  131. 

Close,  Sarah  J.  123. 

Close,  Francis  M.,  162. 

Coats,  AdaB.,  152. 

Cobb,  George  H.,  128. 

Cochran,  Maggie,  121. 

Coffeen,  Julia  A.,  118. 

Coffin,  Lewis  A.,  114. 

Coffeen,  Mary,  168. 

Coffeen.  Nettie  E.,  110. 

Cole,  Lilla  V.,  143. 

Collins,  AlvinzaB.,  106. 

Collins,  M.  Gabrielle,  171. 

Collins,  Lester  G. ,  145. 

Collins,  Mabel  P.,  143. 

Colnon,  John  P.,  166. 

Colnon,  Redmond  S.,  123. 

Colnon,  Virginia  J.,  131. 

Connolly,  J.  Francis,  156. 

Conservatory,  202,  215. 

Constituency,  213. 

Converse,  Florence  A.,  130.   , 

Cook,  E.  H.,  Priii.,  48,  175,  188. 

Cook,  Miss  Juliet  A.,  72. 


Cooke,  Mrs.  Frances  Crary,  147. 
Cooley,  Minnie  E.,  170. 
Coolidge,  Mary  Hannah,  160. 
Coonley,  Laura  A.,  130. 
Coonley,  Lura  S.,  130. 
Corbin,  Aaron  B.,  152. 
Cosgrove,  Delos  M.,  154. 
Covey,  Almena  M.,  148. 
Covey,  George  H.,  160. 
Covey,  Sidney  R.,  131. 
Cowper,  M.  Augusta,  121. 
Crabbe,  Mrs.  Emma  M.,  156. 
Craig,  AlidaB.,  151. 
Craig,  Margaret  J.,  158. 
Craig,  Naomi  E.,  158. 
Craig,  Orra  A.,  115. 
Cramer,  Nelly  R.,  158,  171. 
Crandall,  Edith  M.,  128,  166. 
Crandall,  Jessie  M.,  124. 
Crandall,  Orletta,  148. 
Crane,  Harriet  M.,  126,  169. 
Crane,  Jerome  A.,  121. 
Crane,  Jessie  M.,  164. 
Crane,  Miss  Julia  Ettie,  72,  107, 

202,  215. 
Crane,  Mary  E.,  162. 
Crary,  Ella  A.,  106. 
Crane,  Solon  E.,  160. 
Crapser,  Lizzie  E.,  147. 
Cross,  C.  E.  S.  Mrs.,  125. 
Crossman,  Nora,  130. 
Crowley,  Agnes  T.,  128. 
Crowley,  Edna  C,  145. 
Crowley,  William  H.,  139. 
Cruikshank,  Clara  A.,  156. 
Cruikshank,  Eleanor  M.,  156. 
Crystal,  Alice  L.,  143. 
Crystal,  Theresa  A.,  154. 
Cubley,  Frank  L.,  147. 
Cubley,  Minnie  M.,  169. 
Culver,  Agnes  F.,  107. 
Culver,  H.  Gertrude,  112. 
Curran,  John  M.,  131. 
Curtis,  Elsie  A..  136. 
Curtis,  H.  C,  123. 


Daggett,  Grace,  152. 
Daghistanlian,  Hagopos  T.,  160. 
Daily,  Mary  A.,  137. 
Dake,  Cyrus  G.,  114. 
Dalzell,  John  A.,  165. 
Daniels,  Warren  O.,  152. 
Derdis,  Mary  E.,  145. 
Davis,  BurtB.,  152. 
Davis  Francis  D..  166. 
Davis,  Jennie  M.,  143. 


Index  of  Persons. 


219 


Davis,  Mae  DeEtte,  154. 

Emerson,  Mina  J.,  145. 

Davis,  M.  Bessie,  126. 

Errata,  215. 

Davis,  Minnie  L.,  158,  171. 

Erwin,  Hon.  Geo.  Z.,  28. 

Davis,  William  Chalmers,  160. 

Erwin,  Emma  G.,  113. 

Dayton-Streibert,  Mrs.  E.  M.  74,  105. 
Dayton,  Grace  M.,  148. 

Esterly,  Ola,  75. 
Everett,  Cynthia  E.,  121. 

Dayton,  Harriet  May.,  145. 

Everett,  Frederick,  160. 

Dayton,  Nettie  E.,  108. 

Everett,  Margaret  M.,  132. 

DeClark,  Emma,  112. 

Evans,  Elsa  E.,  163. 

Delong,  Hattie  M.,  119. 
Delong,  Mary  E.,  107. 
Deming,  Aaron  N.,  26. 

F 

Denison,  Nellie  A.,  137. 

Faber,  Henrietta  L.,  154. 

Derby,  S.  Elizabeth,  113. 

Fairfax,  Mary  C,  146. 

Dewev,  Fred  L.  Prof.,  75. 

Farlinger,  Janet  A.,  164. 

DeWolfe,  Jessie  F.,  130. 

Farmer,  Frances  A.,  108. 

Dimond,  Nellie  M.,  148. 

Fay,  Ernest  A.,  167. 

Distinctive  Features,  194. 

Fay,  William  E.,  145. 

Dixon,  Mabel  K.,  160. 

Features,  Distinctive,  194. 

Dodds,  Nellie  B.,  132. 

Feltt,  Laura  Alta,  168. 

Dodge,  Lamira  S.,  164. 
Dollar,  Minnie  A.,  162. 

Ferguson,  Jessie,  132. 
Ferris,  Hortense  E.,  137. 

Donaghue,  F.  Isabella,  106. 

Fife,  Ella,  146. 

Donald,  Myrem  H.,  143. 

Fisher,  Dr.  Ebenezer,  24. 

Donovan,  Katherine,  162. 

Fisher,  Emma  C,  128. 

Donovan,  Katherine  A.,  168. 

Fisher,  Hattie  A.,  105. 

Donovan,  Mary  A.,  116. 

Fisher,  Jennie  E.,  113. 

Donovan,  Mary  J.,  152. 

Fisher   William  Edward,  160. 

Dorchester,  Delia  DeEtte,  124,  160. 

Flagg,  Edward  W.  Prof.  76. 

Dorwin,  Ella  C,  121. 

Fletcher,  Edwin  L.,  114. 

Doud.  Jessie  Maria,  160. 

Fletcher-Faulk,  Mrs.  M.  L.,  76, 

113 

Douglass,  Jeanette  E.,  158. 

Fletcher,  Willis  J.,  113. 

Douglass,  M.  Elizabeth,  142. 

Flint,  Ada  M.,  139. 

Dove,  Alice  L.,  124. 

Flint,  G.  Clayton,  171. 

Dove,  Edith  L.,  167. 

Flint,  Walter  S  ,  131. 

Dove,  Nettie  C,  143. 

Flower,  Harriet  F.,  137. 

Dowsey,  Anna  S. ,  143. 

Fobes,  Augusta  C,  107. 

Dovvsey,  Fred.  Ar.  D.,  163. 

Fobes,  Merton  P.,  133. 

Drake,  Cyrus  G., 
Driscoll,  James  F.,  163. 

Foley,  Elias  H.,  156. 
Foote,  Clark  M.,  123. 

Drown,  Mary,  163. 

Foote,  L.  Alton,  111'. 

Dry  den,  Grace  Hannah,  160. 

Ford,  Frank  E.,  126. 

Duffy,  FredE.,  167. 

Forest,  David  A.,  110.  164. 

Dutcher,  John  A.,  165. 

Foster,  Alberta  E.,  127. 

Dwinnell,  Alice,  125. 

Foster.  Clara  A.,  148,  170. 

Dyke,  Libbie  L.,  137. 

Foster,  Clara  J.,  140. 
Foster,  Mabel  B.,  133. 

E 

Fox,  Henry  W.,  137. 

Eastman,  Susie  Lura,  160. 
Eddy,  Pauline,  148. 
Editorial,  3. 

Elderkin,  Hon.  Noble  S.,  25. 
Ellis,  Alice  A.,  107. 
Ellis,  Eva  V.,  106. 
Ellis,  Harriet  L.,  169. 
Ellis,  Marv  Helen,  156. 
Elmore,  Ada  L.,  108. 


Fox,  Wayne  C,  137. 
Francis,  Frnces  A.,  143. 
Frauton,  Dora  M.,  169. 
Freeman,  Florence  I.,  160. 
Freeman,  Milton  H.,  160. 
Freeman,  Sarah  A.,  134. 
French,  Flora  L.  160. 
French,  Oscar  W.,  137. 
Fuller,  EllaD.,  119. 
Fuller,  Emma  J.,  105. 


220 


Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Fuller,  Ettie  A.,  112. 
Fuller,  Eugene  A,,  142. 
Fuller,  Frank  J.,  136. 
Fuller,  George  W.,  136. 
Fuller,  Gertrude  M.,  137. 
Fuller,  Harriette,  148. 
Fuller,  IdellaM.,  146. 
Fuller,  Maria,  107. 
Fuller,  M.  Vanche,  156. 
Fullerton,  Nellie  M.,   160. 


Gadbois,  Elizabeth  M.,  157. 
Gaines,  Dr.  A.  G.,  30. 
Gale,  Albert,  116. 
Gale,  Arthur  W.,  168. 
Gale,  Jessie  H.,  143. 
Garlock,  LuNette  M.,  143. 
Garrity,  Margaret  M.,  171. 
Garvin,  Fiances  A.  M  ,  139. 
Gary,  Minnie  A.,  159. 
Gaynor,  Anna  M.,  153. 
Gaynor,  Ellen  E.,  122. 
Gaynor,  Margaret  A.,  159. 
Geer,  Herbert  G.,  167. 
Geer,  Lucy  A.,  154. 
Geer,  Seth  H.,  140. 
Geography,  Methods  and  Matter, 

205-210. 
George,  William  S.,  154. 
Gibson,  Leon  L.,  168. 
Giffin,  Luna  A.,  148. 
Giffin,  Gertrude  T.,  124. 
Gifford-Toby,  Mrs.  Carrie  M.,  76. 
Gilbert-Sweet,  Mrs.  Julia  S.,  77, 

175. 
Gilbert,  Hon.  Johnl.,  25. 
Gilbert,  Katie,  115. 
Gill,  Katherine  J.,  160. 
Gill,  LutheraL.,  163. 
Gillette,  Annette  E.,  121. 
Gillette,  Fletcher  A.,  118. 
Gillis,  Minnie  E.,  134. 
Gilman,  Eva  G.,  112. 
Gilmour,  Maggie  E.,  119. 
Goldthrite,  Evelyn  T.,  148. 
Goodale;  Grace  H.,  151. 
Goodnough,  Sibyl  C,  157. 
Goodnow,  Ella  J.,  148. 
Goodnow,  Lena  R.,  153. 
Goggin,  Hannah  C,  163. 
Goodspeed,  Emma,  117. 
Gordon,  Bertha  E.,  109. 
Gorman,  Florence,  156. 
Gorman,  Katherine  M.,  154. 
Gorrie,  Frances  A.,  115. 
Gouldin,  Anna  O.,  148. 


Graduate  Course,  195-7. 

Grant,  Emma  E.,  134. 

Grant,  Mary  A.,  148. 

Grant,  Margaret  M.,  148. 

Graves,  James  M.,  Prof.,  77-134. 

Greene,  Ida  B.,  140. 

Griffin,  Elizabeth  V.,  140,  173,  182. 

Griffith,  Mildred  E.,  163. 

Growe,  Delphine  I.,  153. 

Gurley,  Cora  M.,  132. 

Gurley,  Emma  A.,  110. 

Guyott,  Ezra  J.,  114. 


Hackett,  Flora  B.,  146,  170. 
Hadley,  Fred  A.,  137. 
Hadley,  Lillian  E.,  148. 
Hadley,  Mary  A.,  148. 
Haggerty,  Chas.  T.,  137. 
Haggerty.  Margaret  G.,  154. 
Haggett,  Carrie  E.,  137. 
Haig,  Joanna  S.,  104. 
Hale,  Arthur  B.,  160. 
Hale,  Elizabeth  H.,  148. 
Hale,  H.  Louise,  157. 
Hale,  Miss  Agnes  L.,  108. 
Haley,  Adele  M.,  78,  116. 
Haley,  Mary  A.,  J 61. 
Hall,  Jennie  M.,  121. 
Hall,  Miss  Mary  F.,  40,  78. 
Halleck,  Liel  D.,  106. 
Hallock,  Emily  L.,  131. 
Hamblin,  Cora  A.,  140 
Hamblin,  Hattie  E.,  109. 
Hamlin,  Florence  M.,  146. 
Hamlin,  Mary  E.,  134. 
Hamlin,  Mildred  D.,  153. 
Hammill,  Edward  P.,  165. 
Hanlon,  Elizabeth  M.,  148. 
Hapgood,  Harriet  A.,  148. 
Hapgood,  Sarah  M.,  170. 
Hardy,  Gustavus  S.,  16 1. 
Hargrave-Eeynolds,  Mrs.  E.,  79, 

104. 
Hargrave,  Luther  R.,  112. 
Harkness,  Irving  J.,  137. 
Harper,  Jennie,  149. 
Harrington,  John  W.,  137. 
Harrington,  Mary  K.,  148. 
Harris,  Clara  B.,  139. 
Harter,  Henry  L.,  Prof.,  79. 
Hartford,  Patricia  M.,  133. 
Hartley,  Nellie  R.,  145. 
Hartness-Schermerhorn,  Mrs. 

A.  E.,  80,  113. 
Hatch,  Belle,  132. 
Hatch,  Carrie,  157. 


Index  of  Persons. 


221 


Hatch,  Mattie  A.,  119. 
Hatfield,  jfhebe  A.,  154. 
Hathorne,  Frank  E.,  Prof.,  8< 
Havens,  Eleanor,  119. 
Haywood,  Alice  M.,  119. 
Haywood,  Elva  M.,  129,  169. 
Hawkins,  Libbie  H.,  109. 
Hawkins   Watson  S.,  107. 
Hawley,  Bertie  S.,  164. 
Hawley,  Giles  P.,  Prof.,  81. 
Hawley,  Lucia  E.,  111. 
Hawley,  Lucius  E.,  106. 
Hawley,  May,  129. 
Hawley,  Sarah  E.,  132. 
Hay,  Anna  J.,  166. 
Hay,  Helen  M.,  165. 
Hay,  Lillian  A..  140. 
Haydon,  Benjamin  L.,  143. 
Haydon,  Margaret  T.,  163. 
Hayes,  Kate  G.,  136. 
Hayes,  Hannah  A.,  155. 
Haynes,  Miss  Phebe  M.,  82. 
Hazelton,  Lulu  A.,  143. 
Healey,  Elizabeth  L.,  16  i. 
Healey,  Jennie  M  ,  136. 
Heaton,  Thomas  L.,  107. 
Henderson,  Edward  W.,  167. 
Herrick,  William  S.,  148. 
He  ward,  Grace,  172. 
Hewett,  Cyrus  W,  105. 
Hickey,  AnnaL.,  127. 
Hickey,  Minnie  A.,  123. 
Hildreth,  Amy  B.,  161. 
Hill,  William  M.,  149. 
Hitchcock,  Arthur,  129. 
Hitchcock,  John,  129. 
Hitchcock,  Lottie,  132. 
Hitchcock,  W.  F.,  128. 
Hoadley,  Charlotte  L.,  151. 
Hodge,  DeFrance  M.,  159. 
Hodgkin  Blanche  A.,  163. 
Hoffman,  Hattie  E.,  140. 
Holcomb,  Helen  C,  111. 
Holcomb,  Miss  Julia,  82. 
Holden,  Lola  E.,  153. 
Hollister,  Agnes  E.,  143. 
Hooper,  Mida  L.,  159. 
Horr,  Louise  S.,  153. 
Horton,  Ettie  E.,  163. 
Houghton,  Alice  H.,  170. 
Hourihan,  Julia  M.,  159. 
Howard,  Myrtle  M.,  161. 
Howard,  Nellie  M. ,  146. 
Howard,  Seraphina  I.,  104. 
Howe,  Alice  M.,  119. 
Howe,  Grace  T.,  169. 
Howe,  Mrs.  H.  H.,  83. 
Howe,  Leila,  215. 


Howe,  MaryS.,  167,  169. 
Howe,  Nellie  E.,  116,  165. 
Hulburd,  Katherine  L.,  153. 
Hulett,  Edwin  L.,  163. 
Humphrey,  Bessie  E..  153,  171. 
Humphrey,  Franc  J..  132. 
Humphrey,  Harvey  W.,  155. 
Hutchins,  Julia  L.,  131. 
Hutchins,  Lillian  A.,  157. 
Hutton,  J.  Gertrude,  146. 
Hyde,  Belle  W.,  149. 


In  Memoriam,  214. 
Irish,  Sumner  D.,  119. 


Jackson,  Esther  T.,  153. 
Jackson,  Matilda  L.,  159. 
Jenkins,  Orpha  E.,  113. 
Jones,  Miss  Eleanor  E.,  40,  83. 
Jones,  Herbert  J.,  117. 
Jones,  Jennie  M.,  127. 
Jones,  Lura  S.,  129. 
Johnson,  Jeannette  B.,  140. 
Jordan,  Agnes  J.,  161. 
Jordan,  Alice  B.,  157. 
Joy,  Frances  L.,  134. 
Joy,  Mary  A.,  161. 
Joy,  Minnie  A.,  161. 

K 

Keams,  Elsie  A.,  161. 
Keeler,  Luna  B.,  163,  172. 
Keenan,  Clara  M.,  153. 
Keenan,  Mary  A.,  149. 
Keener,  Clara  L.,  125. 
Kellam,  Harriet  A.,  137. 
Kellas,  Miss  Eliza,  84,  137. 
Kellas,  Katherine  M.,  149. 
Kelley,  Wm.  E.,  167. 
Kellogg,  Alice  E.  P.,  169. 
Kelley,  Jennie  M.,  153. 
Kelton,  Isadore  A.,  118. 
Kenneday,  Theresa,  143. 
Keyes,  Angela  E.,  137. 
Kibbie,  Allie,  161. 
King,  Clarence  H.,  168. 
King,  Mollie  E.,  157. 
King,  Eufus  E.,  115. 
Kingston,  Ella,  124. 
Kingston,  Mabel  XL,  149. 
Kinney,  M.  Jennie,  125. 
Kirby,  Minnie  E.,  161. 
Kitts,  Leta  A.,  171. 


Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Knowles,  Grace  R.,  164. 
Knowles,  Mary  Mel.,  113. 
Kyle,  Miss  Mary  M. 


Ladies'  Literary  Societies,  192. 

Lake,  Charles  E.,  167. 

LaLime,  Ola  M.,  140. 

Lalone,  Eva  F.,  157. 

Lane,  Eva  M.,  127. 

Lane,  Libbie,  119. 

Lang,  Nellie  R.,  103,  152,  166. 

La  very,  Addie  I.,  140. 

Leahy,  Katherine  L.,  159. 

Leary,  Catharine  M.,  149. 

Leary,  Elizabeth,  159. 

Leary,  Ellen  A.,   159. 

Lee,  Augusta  E.,  164. 

Lee,  MyraR.,  119. 

Lee,  Sarah  T.,  140. 

Leete,  Charles  H.,  118,  205. 

Leete,  Edward  W.,  164. 

Leete-Clapp,  Mrs.  H.  A.,  85, 

107,  164. 
LeFaire,  CeliaE.,  117. 
Lenney,  James  C,  149. 
Lenney,  Teresa  M.,  149. 
Lent,  Edith  M.,  161. 
Leonard,  Bertha  M.,  169. 
Leonard,  Emma  E.,  155. 
Leonard,  L.  Kittie,  168. 
Leonard-Reynolds,  Mrs.  L.  A.,  85. 
Leonard,  May f red,  122. 
Lester,  Charles  H.,  107. 
Lewis,  'Alice  S.,  128,  169. 
Lewis,  Anna  A.,  119. 
Lewis,  Fred  H.,  149. 
Lewis,  Ida  R.,  149. 
Lewis,  L.  Candace.  109. 
Lewis,  Mrs.  Mary  L.,  135. 
Lewis,  Susan,  157. 
Liddle,  Susie  J.,  149. 
Lincoln.  Margaret  C.,l  49. 
Linnell,  William  J.,  135. 
Liscomb,  Carrie  E.,  138. 
Liscomb,  Helen  W.,165. 
Literary  Societies,  191. 
Littlejohn,  Adelaide  E.,  140. 
Littlejohn,  Sarah  H.,  143. 
Local  Board,  22. 
Lock  wood,  Eleanor  J.,  170. 
Lock  wood,  Gertrude,  149. 
Lockwood,  Kathryn  Fuller,  215. 
Lock  wood,  SarahE.,  109. 
Looker,  Frances  I.,  113. 
Loomis,  Eugene  S.,   Prof.,  86. 
Loope,  Clara  G.,  611. 


Lord,  Eliza  E.,  109. 
Lord-Bacon  Mrs.  M.  E.,  64,  108. 
Lottridge,  Lily  M.,  149. 
Lottridge,  Alice  D.,  Mrs.  140. 
Lucas, — Goetz,  Mrs.  Minnie  R.,  87. 
Lucey,  D.  B.,  123. 
Lynch,  Jermiah  J.,  149. 
Lynch,  Margaret  T.,  149. 
Lynch,  Mary  E.,  138. 
Lyon,  Martha  V.,  146. 
Lytel,  LucindaE.,  107. 

/W 

MacDonald,  Alfaretta,  164. 
MacDonald,  Alfonso  E.,  108. 
MacDonald,  E.  W.,  123. 
MacDougall,  Lydia  A.,  113. 
Macomber,  Lillian,  123. 
MacRae,  Margaret,  150. 
Mac  Vicar,  Malcolm,  Prin.,  33,  187. 
Mahoney,  Jerry,  132. 
Mahoney,  John  C,  118. 
Maltby,  AnnaF.,  144. 
Manley,  Anna  M  ,  172. 
Manley,  Gilbert  B.,  Prof.,  87. 
Mann,  Warren,  Prof.,  61,  198. 
Marks-Conkey,  Mrs.  M.  S.,  58. 
Marsh,  James  M.,  167. 
Marsh,  William  D.,  Prof.,  89,  108. 
Marshall,  Agnes  H.,  107. 
Marshall,  Tompkins,  166. 
Martin-Reynolds,    Mrs.  A.  H., 

104. 
Mason,  Helen  R.,  13?. 
Matteson,  F.  May,  142. 
Mawson,  Charlotte  L.,  132. 
Mawson,  Helena  A.,  144. 
Mawson,  Jessie,  135. 
Maxson,  Frederick  L.,  168. 
May,  Hattie  E.,  164. 
Maynafd,  Myrtle  C,  140. 
Mayne,  Frederick  W.,  111. 
Mayne,  Harry  Z.,  161. 
Mayne,  Mvra  L.,  155. 
McBrien,  Gertrude  D.,  132. 
McBrien,  Lilly  A  ,  129. 
McCarthv,  Lucy  L.,  161. 
McCarthy,  Mary,  150. 
McCarthy,  Nellie  H.,  127. 
McCasland,  Herbert  S.,  143. 
McCleland  Lila  S.,  169. 
McCloy,  Hannah,  122. 
McCormick,  Harriet,  170. 
McCormick,  Velma  A.,  139. 
McCormick,  William,  150. 
McDonald,  Edwin  F.,  124. 
McDonald,  Robert  A.,  127. 


Index  of  Persons. 


223 


McDoniels,  Joseph  W.,  Jr.,  161. 
McFadden, — Anderson,  Mrs.  A. 

.A..  88,  101. 
McGary,  Hatty  C,  172. 
McGill,  Lillian  E.,  153. 
McGill,  Nellie  F.,  161. 
McGill,  Robert  C,  135. 
McGilvary,  Anna,  146. 
McGregor,  Annie  F.,  170. 
McGregor,  Mary  H.,    170. 
McGruer,  Harriet  A.,  123. 
Mclntyre,  Hon.  J.  G.,  30. 
McKenty,  Jennie  E.,  150. 
McKenty,  Sarah  A.,  140. 
McKimm,  Evaline  L.,  144. 
McKnight,  Theron  L.,  150. 
McLaury,  Miss  Anna,  88. 
McLaury,  H.  May,  124. 
McNeil,  Merton  W.,  159. 
Mead,  Harriet  W.,   155. 
Mein,  Agnes  B.,  151. 
Melhinch,  LuellaA.,  151. 
Melrose,  Nellie,  171. 
Memoriarn,  214. 
Merchant,  106. 
Merithew,  Jennie  M.,  151. 
Merriam,  Carrie  E.,  144. 
Merriam-Eastman,  Mrs.  E.  J.,  89. 
Merrick,  Emma  L.,  127. 
Merrick,  Winona  D.,  157. 
Merrill,  Alice  K.,  157. 
Merrill,  Linnie  E.,  163 
Merritt,  Pres.  Gen.  E.  A.,  59,  175. 
Merritt,  Edwin  A..  Jr.,  165. 
Merritt-Rodee,  Mrs.  E.  J.,  40,  90. 
Merritt,  Julia  E.,  153. 
Miller,  C.  Antoinette,  135. 
Miller,  Clara  L.,  161. 
Miller,  George  A.,  138. 
Miller,  George  W.,   157. 
Miller,  John  H.,  153. 
Milne-Glidden,  Mrs.  M.  C,  91. 
Mitchell,  Martha  A.,  146. 
Moore,  Miss  A  ice  L.,  92. 
Moore,  Carrie  E.,  169. 
Moore,  Frank  W.,  164. 
Morehouse,  Albert  W.,  Prof.,  92. 
Morey,  Miss  Amelia.  39.  59,  175. 
Morgan,  Thomas  J.,  Prin.,  45,  188. 
Morgan,  HattieM.,  109. 
Morgan,  Sarah  E.,  144. 
Morrell,  Lizzie  E.,  146. 
Morse,  Carrie  M.,  133. 
Morton,  Helen  S.,  120. 
Morton,  Lina  A.,  129. 
Mulligan,  Mary  H.,  155. 
Munson,  J.  Horton,  115. 
Murphy,  Charles  A.,   157. 


Murphy,  Charles  F.,  215. 
Murphy,  N.  Ruth,  125. 
Murphy,  Robert  R.,  167. 
Music  Department,  202. 
Myers,  Florence  M.,  161. 
Myers,  Ida  E.,  115. 
Myers,  Julian  H.,  106. 

N 

Needham,  Demis  E.,  138. 
Nelson,  Cora  A.,  153. 
Nelson,  Cora  M.,  124. 
Nichols,  Hattie  M.,  136. 
Nichols,  Minnie  A.,  129. 
Nichols^  Sadie  M.,  157. 
Niles,  Ella  J.,  140. 
Niles  T.  Frank,  144. 
Normal  Building,  189. 
Normal  Idea,  The,  12. 
Normal  School,  Potsdam,  20. 
Normal  Schools,  State,  18. 
Norris.  Adelaide,  123. 
Norse,  Stansbury,  Prof.,  93. 
Northup,  Margaret  G.,  171. 
Norton,  AmyC,  161. 
Numerical  Table,  211-212. 


O'Brien,  Dennis  B.,  155. 
O'Connor,  Elizabeth,  161. 
O'Connor,  Evangeline,  155. 
O'Leary,  Johanna  M.,  162. 
Oliver,  Joanna  M.,  171. 
Ollard,  Wilfred  F.,  144. 
Olley,  Minnie  B.,  153. 
Olmstead,  Bertha  S.,  144. 
Olmstead,  Emma  G.,  127. 
Olney,  Bessie,  157. 
Osier,  Matilda,  104. 
Owens,  George  C,  157. 


Packard,  Nellie  P.,  215. 

Palmer,  Carrie  M.,  142. 

Pardee,  Edith  G.,  153. 

Parker,  Anna  E.,  105. 

Parker,  Hon.  A.  X.,  26,  177. 

Parker,  Celia  M.,  105. 

Parker,  Ethan  H,  151. 

Parker,  Harriet  L.,  133. 

Parker,  Mabel  D.,  168. 

Parker,  Nellie  F.,  131. 

Parmeter,  Abbie  M.,  129. 

Parmeter,  Miss  Frances  A.,  90,  104. 

Parmeter,  George  C,  166. 


224 


Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Partridge,  Julia  A. ,  1 25. 
Patterson,  Ella  E.,  118. 
Payne,  Francis  M.,  Ill,  181. 
Peake,  Willow  M.,  133. 
Pelsue,  Joel  M.,  131. 
Pendleton,  Mary  O.,  150. 
Peppers,  L.  Anna,  117. 
Peppers,  G.  Estelle,  170. 
Perkins,  Sidney  A.,  129. 
Perrin,  Lucy  O.,  120. 
Perry,  Amy  L. ,  1 23. 
Perry,  George  M. ,  1 62. 
Perry,  Nettie  S.,  112. 
Perry,  Millard  F.,  111. 
Pettibone,  Eos  well  G.,  26. 
Pettit,  Sophia  E.,  153. 
Phelps,  Miss  Ida  J.,  94. 
Phelps,  Lillian  L.,  110. 
Phillips,  Lois  I.,  120. 
Philp,  Mary  I.,  157. 
Phippin,  B.  Jennie,  120. 
Phippin,  Emma  E.,  140. 
Pierce,  Jennie  B.,  150. 
Pierce,  Mary  A.,  138. 
Pike,  A.  Stanley,  146. 
Pitcher,  Charles  D.,  157. 
Plank,  Charles  S.,  132. 
Plumb.  EffieE.,  163. 
Porter,  Rollan  M.,  112. 
Porter,  Roy  N.,  157. 
Porteus,  Carlotta  M.,  146. 
Poste,  William  A.,  29. 
Potsdam  Normal  School,  20,  1 94. 
Powers,  C.  W.,  132. 
Powers,  John  W.,  144. 
Powers,  Samuel  E.,  167. 
Pratt,  M.  Emma,  155. 
Priest,  Addie  N.,  111. 
Pringle,  Margaret  J.,  153. 
Professional  Training,  15. 
Puffer,  Florence  A.,  135. 
Purves,  Jennette  Maria,  162. 
Purves,  Jane,  127,  170. 
Putnam,  Susie  A.,  121. 


Qua,  Miss.  M.  Amelia,  94,  109. 
Qua — Blakeslee,  Mrs.  Emma  L.,  95. 
Quain,  Bernard  R. ,  1 63. 


Radford,  Helen  Mar,  1 62. 
Ransom,  Mary  E.,  111. 
Ray,  Aletta  V.,  134. 
Raymond,  Sarah  Y.,  120. 
Read,  W.  W.,  166. 


Reay,  C.  Anna,  130. 

Reed,  Burt  W  ,  1 29. 

Reed,  Jennie  D.  E.,  150. 

Reeve,  Mary  A.,  141. 

Reeve,  Rose  E.,  144. 

Regan,  Katherine,  162. 

Reilly,  Agnes  T.,  144. 

Remley,  Dora  E. ,  1 57. 

Remley,  Elizabeth  F.,  157. 

Remley,  Lee  E.,  135. 

Remley,  M.  Belle,  141. 

Reynolds,  Elsie  M.,  163. 

Reynolds,  James  I.,  163. 

Reynolds,  Leonard  J.,  159. 

Reynolds,  Dr.  Jesse,  24. 

Reynolds,  Mary,  141. 

Reynolds,  Sara  L.,  157. 

Reynolds,  Wilbur  H.,  120. 

Rich,  Fred  W.,  112. 

Richardson,  AmyL.,  142. 

Richmond,  William  B.,  139. 

Ricketson,  Fannie  K.,  125. 

Ricketson,  Eva  A.,  141. 

Riggs,  Jennie  E.,  150. 

Roberts,  Margaret  E. ,  1 24. 

Roberts,  Matilda  J.,  118. 

Roberts,  David  E.,  115. 

Robinson,  Celia  C,  134. 

Rockwell,  John  C.,  127. 

Rodee,  Leslie  E.,  135. 

Rogers,  Flora  A.,  109. 

Rosegrant,  C.  A.  Prof.,  95. 

Rule,  Janet,  215. 

Rundell,  Forrest  P.,  164. 

Russell,  Miss  Clara  M.,  96,  117,  176. 

Russell— Bogue,  Mrs.  Sybil  E.,  2 1 5. 

Rutherford,  Arthur  R.,  142. 

Rutherford,  M.  Alice,  142. 


Sabin,  Lena  V.,  158. 
Sanburn,  Mary  E.,  125. 
Sanford,  Mary  E.,  166. 
Sanford,  Sarah  E.,  170. 
Santway,  Minnie  R.,  144. 
Savage,  Helen  A. .  1 55. 
Sawyer,  Edith  A.,  135. 
Sayles,  Mabel  C,  150. 
Schools,  Management  of,  42. 
Schull,  Georgia  Anna,  171. 
Schutts,  G.  C.  Prof.,  97. 
Schwarz,  Lena  Estella,  162. 
Searles,  Eloise  M.,  144. 
Selleck,  Ellen  E.,  109. 
Selleck,  Willard  F.,  116. 
Shaughnessy,  Hattie  M.,  154. 
Shaw,  EllaB.,  141. 


Index  of  Persons. 


225 


Shaw,  Flora  L.,  138. 

Sheals,  Augustus,  165. 

Shearer,  Mary  A.,  130. 

Sheehan,  Ellen  E.,  141. 

Sheehan,  Simon  G.,  144. 

Sheldon,  Carrie  M.,  113. 

Shepard,  Iola  D.,  153. 

Sheridan,  M.  Louise,  215. 

Sherman,  Mary  B.,  159. 

Shields,  Emma,  123. 

Shields,  Willis  J.,  135. 

Shoemaker,  Geo.  W.,  123. 

Shoemaker,  Hiram  E.,  116. 

Shoemaker,  Martha  E.,  1 24,  130. 

Shumway,  Edgar  S.  Prof.  97. 

Signor,  Charles,  141. 

Simpson,  Charles  F.,  154. 

Sisson,  Geo.  W.  Jr.  120. 

Smith,  CarletonE.,  168. 

Smith,  Carolyn  E,  150. 

Smith.  Clara  A.,  122. 

Smith,  Dante,  150. 

Smith,  Demis  E.,  120. 

Smith,  Evan  J.,  134. 

Smith,  FredM.,  130. 

Smith,  Fred  E.,  165. 

Smith,  G.  W.  F.,  Prof.  98,  106. 

Smith,  Helena  A.,  153. 

Smith,  JohnB.,  135. 

Smith,  Joseph,  135. 

Smith,  Leona  S.,  105. 

Smith,  Nellie  G.,  144. 

Smith,  Eosa  M.,  150. 

Smith,  W.  Palmer,  158. 

Smithers,  Wilbur  S.,  110. 

Snaith,  Susanna  E.,  116. 

Snell,  Bertrand  H.,  138,  141. 

Snell,  Webster  G.,  151. 

Snell,  William  M.,  155. 

Snowe,  Lillian  S.,  154. 

Societies,  Literary,  191,  192. 

Southwick,  Lizzie,  122. 

Spaulding,  Frank  B.,  133. 

Spaulding,  Fred  Le Verne,  141,  167. 

Spaulding,  Sarah  M.,  130. 

Spencer,  Nettie  M.,  122. 

Sprague,  Marion  G.,  127. 

Spratt,  Thomas,  32. 

Sprott,  Miss  Mary,  215. 

St.  Lawrence  Academy,  5. 

Stanley,  Lena  M.,  438,  169. 

Stanton,  Alice  M.,  130. 

Stanton,  J.  Frank,  115. 

Statistics,  211,  211. 

State  Normal  Schools,  18. 

Stearns,  Clara  A.,  154. 

Stearns,  Cora  M.,  133. 

Stearns,  Edgar  J..  111. 


Stearns,  Florence  D.,  111. 

Stearns,  Harriet  B.,  104. 

Stearns,  Howard  E. ,  165. 

Stearns,  Wayland  D.,  120. 

Stetson,  Arthur  D.,  116. 

Stevens,  Alice  C,  104. 

Steyer,  Miss  Ida  B.,  98. 

Stickney,  Minnie  L.,  138. 

Still,  Helen  I.,  146. 

Stimets,  George  M.,  168. 

Stone,  Adula,  104. 

Stone,  Emma  E.,  169. 

Stone,  Ida  A.,  166. 

Stone,  Minnie  M.,  166,  215. 

Stone,  N.  Clark,  166. 

Stone,  Herbert  C,  163. 

Storie,  Fannie  J.,  130. 

Storrs,  Carrie  L.,  169. 

Story,  Harvev  M.,  Jr.  125. 

Story,  Helen  M.,  59. 

Stowell,  Edwin  W.,  108. 

Stowell,  T.  B.,  Prin.,  51,  174. 

Stowers,  Isabelle  M.,  150. 

Strough,  Meta  V.,  162. 

Stuart— Dayton,  Mrs.  M.  L.,  99,  106. 

Sullivan,  Franc  E.,  127. 

Sullivan,  Julia  E.,  158. 

Sullivan,  Maggie,  133. 

Sullivan,  Margaret,  163. 

Swan,  Frederick  T.,  153. 

Sweeney,  Jerry  W;,  138. 

Sweet,  Adelaide,  J.,  150. 

Sweet,    Geo.  H.,  Prof.,  5,  21,  23,  30, 

175,  188. 
Sweet,  Herbert  E.,  151. 
Swift,  Alice  G.,  124. 
Swift,  Charlotte,  108. 
Swift,  Francene.  105 
Swift,  Gertrude  E.,  155. 


Taber,  Bertha  M.,  163. 
Table,  Numerical,  211-212. 
Taft,  George  A.,  135. 
Taft,  Maryl.,  155. 
Taggart,  C.  Estelle,  144. 
Tambling,  Elfreda  E.,  170. 
Tappan,  Hon.  Charles  O.,  23. 
Taylor,  Lottie  E.,  110. 
Taylor,  Eeuben,  A.,  130. 
Teachers'  Classes,  17. 
Teachers'  Institutes,  17. 
Teachers,  Qualifications  of  40,  55. 
Teachers,  Training  of,  15,  43. 
Thew,  Martin  E.,  133. 
Thomas,  Margaret  A.,  136. 
Thompson,  Edith  C,  133. 


220 


Potsdam  Normal  School. 


Thompson,  Florence  E.,  110. 

Thompson,  Howard  E.,  106. 

Thompson,  Lizzie  E.,  141. 

Thompson,  Marion  H.,  163. 

Thorne,  Annie,  138. 

Thorne,  Emily  S.,  136. 

Thorne,  Mary,  138. 

Tichenor,  Francis  H.,  108. 

Tilden,  Ella  A.,  138. 

Tisdale,  Clara  L.,  120. 

Tolman,  Ida  B.,  155.  , 

Toomey,  Anna  K.,  163.  ' 

Torrance,  William  A.,  159.. 

Towne,  Fannie  L.,  172. 

Towne,  Mary  A.,  151. 

Townsend,    Charles  C,  Prof.,  99,  100, 

191. 
Townsley,  Clarence  f.,  164. 
Train,  Grace  M.,  158. 
Training  of  Teachers,  15,  43. 
Tryon,  Howard  I.,  135. 
Turner,  Belle  C,  124. 
Tyner,  Emma  M.,  158. 

V 

Valley,  EllaR.,  158. 
Vance,  Carroll  H.,  171. 
Vance,  Ethel  Mette,  170. 
Vance,  Hon.  John  A.,  31. 
Van  Kennen,  George  E.,  120. 
Vert,  Charles  J.,  154. 

W 

Wadleigh,  L.  Ogden,  127. 
Wadsworth,  Lizzie  B.,  133. 
Waggoner,  Mabel  L.,  125. 
Wagner,  Mahlon  M.,  108,  176,  198. 
Wain wright,  Delia  M.,  144. 
Wait,  Emma  S.,  111. 
Walbridge,  Mary  L.,  151. 
Waldo,  Cornelia  E..  110. 
Waldo,  M.  Adela,  111,  170. 
Walker,  Frank  R.,  114. 
Walker,  Laura  A.  E.,  135. 
Wall,  Eliza  J.,  105. 
Wallace,  Frank  H.,  158. 
Wallace,  Mary  H.,  122/ 
Wallace,  William  H.,  28. 
Walling,  Julie  T.,  144,  170, 
Walling,  M.  Louise,  150. 
Walling,  William  W.,  167. 
Walseman,  Mrs.  Grace  D.,  171. 
Walton,  Arloine  May,  162. 
Ward,  Ellen  Irene,  162. 
Ward,  Lester  W.,  150. 
Ware,  Jessie  E.,  158. 


Warren,  Mary  L.,  150. 
Warriner,  Virgil  C,  158. 
Waterbury,  Clara  E..  141. 
Waterbury,  Willard  H.,  167. 
Watkins,  Henry  A.,  Prof.  100,  167. 
Watkins,  Pres.  Henry,  23. 
Watts,  EUaL.,  151. 
Webb,  Belle  R.,  154.  ' 
Webb,  Judson  T.,  Prof.,  100. 
Webster,  Abigail  H.,  150.       '  •• 
Webster,  Frances  L.,  109. 
Weed,  William  P.,  31. 
Welch,  EllaM.,  109. 
Welch,  Erean  C,  107. 
Welch,  Harvey  J.,  164. 
Wellings,  Jennie  Marie,  162. 
Wellington,  Eva  M.,  171. 
Wells,  Mary  C,  172. 
Weston,  Anna  A.,  106. 
Wheeler,  John  O.,  109. 
Wheelock,  Dora  Ethelyn,  162. 
White,  Annie  G.,  158. 
White,  Flora,  128. 
White.  Laura  C,  110. 
White,  Maria  L.,  113. 
Whitmarsh,  Jennie  L.,  158. 
Whitney,  Belle,  135. 
Whitney,  Gertrude  E.,  170. 
Whitney,  Marion  E.,  141. 
Wiggins,  Martha  A.,  159. 
Wilcox,  Edith  S.,  166. 
Wilcox,  George  Francis,  138. 
Wilkinson,  M.  Ella,  109. 
Williams,  Ella  Maude,  171. 
Williams- Anderson,  Mrs.  F.  E.,  215. 
Williams,  Frank  F.,  116,  165. 
Williams,  James  F.,  117. 
Williams,  Margarete  L.,  158. 
Williams,  Roland  H.,  145. 
Willson,  William  H.,  151. 
Wilmarth,  Mary  E.,  139. 
Wilson,  Mrs.  Alberta  A.,  171. 
Wilson,  Henry  S.,  164. 
Wires,  Frank  C,  151. 
Witherbee,  William  Daniel,  168. 
Wolcott,  Charlotte  A.,  150. 
Wood,  Alice  M.,  105. 
Wood,  Eliza  M.,  145. 
Wood,  EmmaM.,  138,  169. 
Wood,  HattieM.,  138,  169. 
Wood-Norris,  Mrs.  MaryL.,  101. 
Wood,  Squire  S.,  158. 
Wood,  Tacie  Lewella,  162. 
Woodard,  Miss  Amanda  A.,  102. 
Woodard,  Arthur  A.,  151. 
Woodard,  Silas  H.,  14L 
Woodworth,  Fred  D\,  110. 
Wright,  Anna  J.,  165. 


Index  of  Persons. 


227 


Wright,  Miss  Ella  S.,  102. 
Wright,  HelenS.,  102. 
Wright,  Jennie  Freeman, 
Wright,  Jessie  M.,  141. 
Wright,  Rosa,  165. 
Wright,  Veneta  E.,  151. 
Wright,  William  Wesley, 
Wright,  Winona  D.,  115. 


130. 


162. 


Yawger,  Miss  Sarah  L.,  215. 
Young,  Helen  Margaret,  215. 
Yoimg,  James  K.,  151. 
Young,  Jessie  M.,  146. 
Young,  Rebecca  Emily,  139. 


Zoller,  Abbie  M.,  133. 


THE  UBHAKY  OF  THE 

MAY  9  -1941 

mVEHSlTY  Of  ILLINOIS 


* 


rt$j3j 


life      ^IS 


• 


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